Models of Communication

Desi Dwi Prianti., S.Sos., M.Comn

Aristotle (330 B.C)

" Speaker construct messages that bring about persuasive
effects among listeners
" Aristotle saw communication as the means through which
citizens participated in democracy
" ethos (nature of source), pathos (nature of delivery), logos
(logic in the message presented)
" one way flow

Harold Lasswell (1948)

" Who Says What in Which Channel To Whom with What
Effect
" Political Scientist
" Speaker constructs messages, selects a channel, and
thereby brings about a range of effects among listeners
" One way flow

Claude Shannon - Warren Weaver

(1958)

" source encodes messages and transmits through channel

to receiver
" introducing noise in communication
" research undertaken for bell telephone to study the
engineering problems of signal transmissions
" one way flow

Wilbur Schramm
(1954)
" source encodes messages and transmits information
through channel to receiver, if they have a shared field of
experience
" Schramm saw commonness as communication purpose
" One way

Elihu Katz - Paul Lazarsfeld (1955)

" Source encodes messages and transmits information
through mass media to opinion leaders who relay it to
public
" Political scientist
" His research found undecided voters were influenced more
by people around them than by information provided by the
mass media
" some people were consistently more influential than others

" Two step flow (mediated) still one way

Bruce Westley Malcolm MacLean (1955)

" source selectively encodes messages and transmits

information in modified form to receiver who decodes,
encodes, and transmits information in modified form to
other individual(s) with feedback at every step
" circular

" Many of the signals that are important to the

communication process may not be intentionally sent
" Messages changes as they are passed along from one
person to another

Frank Dance (1967)

" Individuals encode and decode messages based on
previous communication experiences
" Helical - spiral
" Process, time

Watzlawick - Beavin - Jackson

(1967)
" individuals exchange messages through behavior, the
meaning of which varies with each person depending
largely upon the communicative relationship between them
" one cannot not communicate, ongoing process

Lee Thayer (1968)

" individuals generate and disseminate, acquire and process
information in an ongoing, dynamic process
" circular

References
" Communication and Human Behaviour 4th edition, Brent
D.Ruben and Lea P. Stewart