PA 2 - Origins and Development - Part 1 - Handout

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ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT- PART 1
Week objectives
Language Objectives:
Explores, analyses and discusses key aspects
surrounding the central theme.
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Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEm6LWh8D_s&feature
=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlzpFjVSpg&feature=re
lated
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRtePAQhwyY&feature=
related
Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs

(shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means. As human cultures
developed and knowledge began to be formalised through oral
traditions and practices, architecture and urban planning
became a craft.
The first true urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C.
in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.
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Early Societies
The transition to farming was a key factor in the

development of cities and eventually civilizations.
Basically, the ability to grow food in one location and
domesticating animals.
Around 9,000 years ago (or before) cities began to emerge

in the present day 'Middle East'.
The first communities were small settlements and their first

efforts to farm exhausted the soil, so they had to move
settlements to new soil. Over several thousands of years
people learned to use soil over and over.
Settlements were usually near rivers (which helped them

learn to irrigate for crop growth.
The domestication of plants and animals gave them a

wider and healthier diet
With surplus food people could stay in one place, lived

longer and began to form permanent villages.
People divided labour and did special jobs and eventually

became truly dependent upon each other. This
development was called a division of labour.
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Mesopotamia
Catal Huyuk
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Gujarat, India
2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100

BCE. It was briefly abandoned and reoccupied
until c.1450 BCE
Its the fifth largest Harappan site in the Indian
subcontinent.
As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently partially

excavated Rakhigarhi, this urban plan included the world's first
known urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes
or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that
appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed
to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only
to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The house-building in some
villages in the region still resembles in some respects the housebuilding of the Harappans.
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Hanging gardens of Babylonia
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Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia
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Ancient China: Yellow River Civilization
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In many ancient civilizations, like the

Egyptians' and Mesopotamians', architecture
and urbanism reflected the constant
engagement with the divine and the
supernatural
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Egyptian Architecture
Egypt and Mesopotamia are the earliest known
recorded civilizations.
Nile River was the driving force for ancient Egypt.
Egyptians worshipped the afterlife and the dead.
These beliefs had a great impact on the culture and its
architecture.
Nile Valley cliffs provided a rich assortment of building
stone (Varieties include sandstone, granite, and
alluvial clay for bricks).
Egyptians commonly imitated nature in their
architecture. In a historical sense, nature is a key
element in architecture, no matter the culture. Only
recently has this process been neglected
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Old Kingdom Architecture:

Mastabas

Saqqara
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Pyramid at Medum

The Pyramids of Giza
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Middle and New Kingdom Architecture :

Mortuary Temples
Mortuary Temples
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Early Societies
These early cities were concentrations of increasingly diverse and
highly stratified populations.

Many originated as or became ceremonial centers, drawing large
numbers of people to participate in rituals.

The exercise of political power, including the symbolic representation
of that power in monumental architecture, played a key role in the rise

of cities.
Cities as ceremonial centers were established at sites that were both
economically and strategically advantageous.

The growth of cities was neither quick nor regular. It was a slow,
varied, and disjointed; but once under way, the process of

accumulating levels of complexity and diversity continued without
cessation or reversal.
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07/05/2012

ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT- PART 1

Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs

The transition to farming was a key factor in the

Around 9,000 years ago (or before) cities began to emerge

The first communities were small settlements and their first

Settlements were usually near rivers (which helped them

The domestication of plants and animals gave them a

With surplus food people could stay in one place, lived

People divided labour and did special jobs and eventually

2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100

As seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently partially

Hanging gardens of Babylonia

Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

Ancient China: Yellow River Civilization

In many ancient civilizations, like the

Old Kingdom Architecture:

Old Kingdom Architecture:

Old Kingdom Architecture:

Old Kingdom Architecture:

Middle and New Kingdom Architecture :

highly stratified populations.

numbers of people to participate in rituals.

of that power in monumental architecture, played a key role in the rise

economically and strategically advantageous.

varied, and disjointed; but once under way, the process of

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