APPLIED

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PHYSICS
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Introduction

Lecture-1

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1. According to Planks quantum

theory, energy is emitted in the form
of packets or quanta called Photons.

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2. According to Planks law, the energy

of photons per unit volume in black
body radiation is given by
E=85[exp(h/kT) -1]

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Waves-particles
Lecture-2

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According to Louis de Broglie since

radiation such as light exhibits dual nature
both wave and particle, the matter must
also posses dual nature.
The wave associated with matter called
matter wave has the wavelength =h/m
and is called de Broglie wavelength

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Characteristics of matter waves

Lecture-3

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Since =h/m,
1. Lighter the particle, greater is the wavelength
associated with it.
2. Lesser the velocity of the particle, longer the
wavelength associated with it.
3. For v=0, =. This means that only with
moving particle matter wave is associated.
4. Whether the particle is charged or not, matter
wave is associated with it. This reveals that these
waves are not electromagnetic but a new kind of
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waves.

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6.No single phenomena exhibits both particle nature

and wave nature simultaneously.

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7. While position of a particle
is confined to a
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particular location
at
any time, the matter wave
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associated with
it has some spread as it is a wave.
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Thus the
wave
nature of matter introduces an
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uncertainty
in the location of the position of the
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Heisenbergs uncertainty principle is
Fparticle.
based on this concept.
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Difference between matter wave

and E.M.wave::

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E.M.wave

Matter waves
1.Matter wave is associated
with moving particle.
2Wavelength depends on the
mass of the particle and its
velocity =h/m
3. Can travel with a velocity
greater than the velocity of
light.
4.Matter wave is not
electromagnetic wave.

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1.Oscillating charged
particle
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genergy of photon

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give rise to e.m. wave.

2.Wave length depends on the
=hc/E
3. Travel with velocity of light
c=3x108 m/s
4.Electric field and magnetic
field oscillate perpendicular to
each other.
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Lecture-4

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Davisson and Germer provided

experimental evidence on matter wave
when they conducted electron diffraction
experiments.
G.P.Thomson independently conducted
experiments on diffraction of electrons
when they fall on thin metallic films.

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Heisenbergs uncertainty principle

Lecture-5

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It is impossible to specify precisely
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variables that describe the
behavior
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measurements
of position and momentum
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principle.
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simultaneously the values of both
members of particular pair of physical
atomic system.

If x and p are the uncertainties in the

of a system, according to uncertainty
xp

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9.If E and t are the uncertainties in the

measurements of energy and time of a
system, according to uncertainty
parinciple.
Eth/4

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Schrdinger wave equation

Lecture-6

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Schrodinger developed a
differential equation whose solutions
yield the possible wave functions
that can be associated with a
particle in a given situation.
This equation is popularly known as
schrodinger equation.
The equation tells us how the wave
function changes as a result of
forces acting on the particle.

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The one dimensional time

independent schrodinger wave
equation is given by
d2/dx2 +
[2m(E-V)/ 2] =0
(or)
d2/dx2+ [82m(E-V) / h2] =0

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Physical significance of Wave

function
Lecture-7

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1. The wave functions n and the corresponding

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energies En, which are often called eigen functions

and eigen values respectively, describe the
quantum state of the particle.

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2.The wave function has no direct physical

meaning. It is a complex quantity
representing the variation of matter wave.
It connects the particle nature and its
associated wave nature.

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3.* or ||2 is the probability density

function. *dxdydz gives the probability

of finding the electron in the region of
space between x and x+dx, y and y+dy and
z and z+dz.If the particle is present

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*dxdydz=1

4.It can be considered as probability

amplitude since it is used to find the
location of the particle.

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Particle in one dimensional

potential box
Lecture-8

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Quantum mechanics has many

applications in atomic physics.
Consider one dimensional potential well
of width L.
Let the potential V=0inside the well and
V= outside the well.

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Substituting these values in Schrdinger

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wave equation and simplifying we get

the energy of the nth quantum level,

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En=(n222)/2mL2= n2h2/8mL2
When the particle is in a potential
well of width L, n=(2/L)sin(n/L)x
& En = n2h2/8mL2,n=1,2,3,.
When the particle is in a potential
box of sides Lx,Ly,Lz n=(8/V)sin(nx
/Lx) x sin (ny /Ly) ysin (nz /Lz)z.
Where nx, ny or nz is an integer
under the constraint n2= nx2+ny2+ nz
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2.

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