Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fx Anjar Trilaksono
Date of Birth:
Nationality:
December, 22
1993
Indonesia
Age:
18
Sex:
Identity
Card No:
Male
Female
3327102212900064
Marital Status:
Single
Correspondence
Address:
Tel:
Mobile:
Married
Divorce
087832570624
Email:
Widow/Widower
anjartrilaksono@gmail
.com
Name of University/
Higher Learning Institution:
Address and contacts of
University/Higher Learning
Institution:
Post-graduate
Diponegoro University
Geological Engineering, Pertamina Sukowati Building, Prof Sudarto
Street, Tembalang, Semarang city Indonesia
Tel:
(024) 76480786
Fax:
Fax:
Fx Anjar Trilaksono
Essay
The Union Electric Company of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., recently announced
plans for the development of a solid waste utilization system capable of handling all of the
solid waste generated in the metropolitan St. Louis region. The precident of Union Electric
stated that the system to be built, owned, and operated by the company, without governmental
subsidy, will provide a long term, economically self-supporting solution to the metropolitan
areas solid waste disposal problems. The system expected to be fully operational by mid1977. The announcement by Union Electric followed a succesful pioneering and experimental
prototype system which has been in operation since April 1972. That experimental system was
a joint venture of the company, the city of St. Louis and the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The economic justification for the estimated $70 milion in capital
costs and $11 million ini annual operating costs will come from the heating value of the
burnable material, dumping fees and the sale of non-burnable recyclable materials. Apart from
utilization of the tremendous heating value of solid waste, which will save millions of tonnes
of fuel, the project offers a noteworthy solution to municipal waste disposal problems.
Since April 1972, the Union Electric Company in cooperation with the city of St. Louis
has been engaged in a test programme to determine the suitability of burning processed
household refuse in electric utility boiler. The purpose of the project was to find out whether
domestic solid waste, milled to a small particle size, could serve as a supplementary fuel for
firing in a utility boiler. The plan envisaged replacing only a small portion of the total fuel
fired so that there would be little difference on the boiler whether 100 per cent coal was being
burned or not.
The facilities for processing the solid waste have been financed by the city of St. Louis
and the EPA. The storage for the processed refuse and the boiler firing facilities located at the
Meramec Plant, which is 20 miles from the processing facility, belong the Union Electric.
The prototype performed satisfactorily during the first year of its operation with the
exception of the milled solid waste have been financed by the city of St. Louis and the EPA.
The storage for the processed refuse and the boiler firing facilities located at the Meramec
Plant, which is 20 miles from the processing facility, belong to Union Electric.
The prototype performed satisfactorily during the first year of its operation with the
exception of the milled solid waste mechanical handling systems. During this period, only
magnetic metals were separated from the milled refuse prior to firing in the boiler; crushed
glass and other non magnetic particles were left ini, which occasionally caused jamming in the
feed mechanism. There was also an excessive quantity of non-combustible material with the
bottom ash. In 1973, a mechanical air separator was added to the processing plant following
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the milling operation. This has alleviated the equipment jamming and bottom ash
problems. It has been concluded from the experience with the prototype that the processed
solid waste, with a heat value of around 2800 kcal/kg, has been a suitable supplementary
boiler fuel.
The city of St. Louis has provided facilities to process raw refuse at a rate of 45 tonnes
per hour. In a single shift of 8 hours, an average of 300 tonnes of refuse is processed, which
provides sufficient supplementary fuel for the replacement of 10 per cent of the coal
requirement of the Meramec plant for 24 hours.
The hammermill is a horizontal shaft mill powered by a direct connected 1250 hp, 900
rpm motor. The mill grate has openings of 2-1/4 inches by 3-1/4 inches but most milled
particles are less than 1-1/2 inches in size. The provides a controlled feed into the entrance of
the air classifier. Those components which are light and combustible are carried with the air
flow and discharged through the top of the classifier, while the heavy particles fall out through
the bottom onto a conveyor belt. These then pass under a magnetic belt separator for removal
of magnetic materials. The magnetic materials are then transported to the Granite City Steel
company for use as scrap for charging blast furnaces.
The heavy fraction remaining after the removal of the magnetics is currently being taken
to landfill. However, plans are under way to provide for separation of the glass, organics, and
non-ferrous metals into different components. The light fraction is carried by air to cyclone
separator and discharged on a conveyor belt to the storage bin. The material withdrawn from
the bin is compacted into conventional 75 cubic yard, self-unloading, transfer trailer trucks
and transported approximately 20 miles to the Meramec Plant.
Trucks discharge the combustible portion of the solid waste into a receiving bin. The
supplementary fuel is then conveyed by four pneumatic feeders to a boiler furnace through
separate pipelines. The length of the four pipelines is approximately 225 m each. The air
velocities are about 25 m/sec and the velocities of particles depend on their mass but are in the
range of 15 to 20 m/sec. The boilers were manufactured by Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Each boilers is of the tangentially-fired type having four coal burners in each corner and burns
about 56,5 tonnes/hr of coal at a load of 125 Mw. At full load, the amount of supplementary
fuel is about 12,5 tonnes/hr or 300 tonnes/24-hr day and has a heating value of 10 per cent of
the coal fed to the boiler.
Refuse-burning ports hard to be installed in the furnace, between the two middle
tangential coal burners, to make it suitable for the supplementary fuel. While the solid waste
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fuel is burning, the heavy particles and non-burnable items fall to the bottom ash hopper
and dumped with the bottom ash.
The controls on the boiler govern the rate of firing of the pulverized coal but the
supplementary fuel is maintained at a constant rate for a given load. If for any reason the
boiler trips suddenly, an automatic control mechanism stops the supply of solid waste fuel. It
is believed that 10-20 per cent of the total heat input to the boiler can be supplied by solid
waste fuel. Between April 1972 and March 1974, nearly 24000 tonnes of this fuel were used in
the Meramecs plant.
The Union Electric Company and the Environmental Protection Agency are conducting
comprehensive tests on the effect of burning refuse on the environment. No adverse effects on
the environment have, so far, been noticed.
In February 1974, the company announced its plan to develop a solid waste utilization
system which would handle all the solid waste generated in the metropolitan St. Louis region.
The company will set up centres for collection of waste-a total of 2,5 3,0 million tonnes per
year. Private and public haulers will deliver the refuse at the centres and from there it will be
transferred to processing facilities at the companys power plants. The raw waste will include
household waste, appliances, commercial wastes, lumber, industrial solid and liquid wastes.
The processing will reduces the particle size to one inch or smaller.
By the year 2000 we will have to become a highly disciplined society. On account of the
limited quantities of raw materials, and their increasing consumption everything will have to
be recycled in the very near future.
Not only will beer cans and coke bottles be returned, but every material will have to be
reused constantly. In fact, attempts will be made to recycle material indefinitely and virgin
resources will be the make-up material for the amounts losts in use and new production.
Thus industrial philosophy will be completely reversed-scrap will be the primary material
and new material will be the secondary material.
Products will be manufactured to last longer than now, and be easily repairable with
standard replaceable parts. At a recent international motor-car show in Frankfurt, Porsche
displayed a car designed to have a 20-year life or 200.000 miles but assured the industry that it
had no intention of putting the car in production.
In the recycle society, it will be standard practice to return the old item to a store at the
time of purchasing a new item. The manufactures would recycle the old used products-either
repair them for instance in the case of TVs and radios, or use them as scrap to build the item
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again. This recycling will apply to clothing, bedding, carpeting, paper products and of
course to hardware.
Besides saving of raw materials, the recycle society will be far less energy-sensitive. For
example, recycled steel requires 75 per cent less energy is used in recycling paper than in
using virgin pulp; 91 per cent less energy is used to recover aluminium from scrap than to
produce primary aluminium. A society designed to reuse most of its resources systematically
could effect enormous energy savings.
Such a system will not only save enormous amounts of energy but it will to a lesser
degree also affect the environment favourably. Our industrial system will make more efficient
uses of energy, hence less waste heat will be injected into the environment. System will be
designed to make maximum use of waste heat for agriculture or space heating. Waste water
and sewage water will be recycled as a routine matter, reducing the drain on our lakes and
rivers. Any water going to the lakes and rivers will be clean.
Do more with less will be the theme of future societies. Scientific research and
technological innovations will be guided by this. There is every reason to believe that better
results can be obtained with less amounts. As an example, a satellite which weighs one-tenth
of a tonne can do the same work which a transatlantic cable weighing 75000 tonnes does. In
electronics, the size of the basic devices has been reduced by a factor of ten, roughly every
five years. As explained in the chapter on transportation, communication as a substitute for
transportation can result in great savings. It is conceivable that with the progress in
communications a housewife will be able to survey local supermarkets by means of a
videophone and computer and have the things she order delivered to her door. A simple
supermarket with a small fleet of trucks can serve thousands of customers, eliminating the
paving over of large parking areas and the operation of an elaborate market. In an age of such
advanced communications, she will be able to consult books in distant libraries or hold
meetings through TV. She will have the leisure to do what she wants.
It is safe to speculate that in the future our working world will be served mainly by a
communication system and public transportation based on reuse of every material.
According to Glenn T. Seasborg, The 1990 will be a period characterized mainly by
the need to stimulate maximum creativity in a tightly controlled social and physical
environment. The reason he gives is that by that time, the world will be making the transition
from an open-ended world to a steady state one.
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