JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR.

Ananthapuramu-515 002(A.P)
Ph.D/M.Phil 2013-14 Course work- Assignments
Faculty: Mechanical Engg
Subject with Code: THERMAL ENGINEERING

Unit - I Assignment 1
1. a) Explain the concept of available and unavailable energy. When does the system
become dead.
b) A pressure vessel has a volume of 1 m3 and contains air at 1.4 MPa, 175C. The air
is cooled to 25C by heat transfer to the surroundings at 25C.

Calculate the

availability in the initial and final states and the irreversibility of this process. Take P0
= 100 kPa.
1. a) Define the term irreversibility. Derive a general expression for irreversibility to the
non-flow process.
b) Air enters an adiabatic compressor at atmospheric conditions of 1 bar, 15C and
leaves at 5.5 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.01 kg/s and the efficiency of the compressor
is 75%. After leaving the compressor, the air is cooled to 40C in an after-cooler.
Calculate
(i) The power required driving the compressor
(ii) The rate of irreversibility for the overall process (compressor and cooler).
2. a) Drive the Maxwell relations and explain their importance in thermodynamics
b) Derive the equations for internal energy and enthalpy.
c) For perfect gas show that the difference in specific heats is cp - cv = R/T
UNIT II Assignment - 2
1. a) Explain briefly Dalton law and Dibbs Dalton law.
b) Is a mixture of ideal gases also an ideal gas? Why?
c) 0.5 kg of helium and 0.5 kg of nitrogen are mixed at 20C and at a total pressure of
100 kPa. Find (a) the volume of the mixture, (b) the partial volumes of the
components, (c) the partial pressures of the components, (d) the mole fractions of the

components,

(e) the specific heats P c and V c of the mixture, and (f) the gas

constant of the mixture.

2. a) Write short notes on
i. Enthalpy of formulation and
ii. Enthalpy of combustion.
b) ) Enthalpy of combustion at reference temperature T 0 for benzene vapor (C6H6) at
250C is 3301000 kJ/mole with H2O in the liquid phase. Caluclate Enthalpy of
combustion for H2O in the vapour phase.
3. a) Write short notes on
i) First law analysis of reacting systems
ii) Adiabatic flame temperature
iii)second law analysis of reacting systems
b) Propane at 25C and 1 atm is burned with 400% theoretical air at 25C and 1 atm.
The reaction takes place adiabatically, and all the products leave at 1 atm. The
temperature of the surroundings is 25C. Compute the entropy change and the
maximum work and compare these to values from an isothermal reaction.
UNIT III Assignment - 3
1. a) Explain the difference between Otto cycle and diesel cycle . Derive an expression
for air standard efficiency of Otto cycle and diesel cycle. Hence show that efficiency
of diesel cycle is always lower than efficiency of Otto cycle for the same compression
ration.
b) An air standard limited pressure cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and
compression begins at 0.1 MPa, 40C. The maximum pressure is limited to 6 MPa
and the heat added is 1.675 MJ/kg. Compute (a) the heat supplied at constant volume
per kg of air, (b) the heat supplied at constant pressure per kg of air, (c) the work done
per kg of air, (d) the cycle efficiency, (e) the temperature at the end of the constant
volume heating process, (f) the cut-off ratio, and (g) the m.e.p. of the cycle.
2. a) Derive the expressions of efficiency in the following cases
i) Stirling Cycle

ii) Ericsson cycle

and iii) Brayton cycle

b) In a Stirling cycle the volume varies between 0.03 and 0.06m3 , the maximum
pressure is 0.2 MPa, and the temperature varies between 540C and 270C. The
working fluid is air (an ideal gas). (a) Find the efficiency and the work done per cycle
for the simple cycle. (b) Find the efficiency and the work done per cycle for the cycle
with an ideal regenerator, and compare with the Carnot cycle having the same
isothermal heat supply process and the same temperature range
3. a) Describe the different operations of the Rankine cycle. Derive also the expression
for its efficiency.
b) State the methods of increasing the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle.
c) In a reheat cycle, the initial steam pressure and the maximum temperature are 150
bar and 550C respectively. If the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar and the moisture at
the condenser inlet is 5%, and assuming ideal processes, determine (a) the reheat
pressure, (b) the cycle efficiency, and (c) the steam rate.
UNIT IV Assignment - 4
1. a) Why do turbine and compressor efficiencies have such a significant effect on the
overall cycle performance?
b)An air-standard Brayton cycle has air enter the compressor at 27 0 C and 100 kPa.
The pressure ratio is 10, and the maximum allowable temperature in the cycle is
13500 K. Determine the pressure and temperature at each state in the cycle, and the
compressor work, the turbine work, and the cycle efficiency per kg of air
2. a)Explain reheating and inter-cooling in an open gas turbine cycle
b)A gas turbine unit operates on a regenerative-reheat cycle with compressor
inter stage cooling. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa and 290K and is
compressed to 410 kPa; it is cooled at constant pressure until the temperature
drops by 130C and is finally compressed to 7 50 kPa. The regenerator has an
effectiveness of 70%. The products of combustion enter the turbine at 1350 o K
and expand to 410 kPa, where they are reheated to 1350K. The exhaust
pressure is 100 kPa. The fuel has a heating value of 44 186 kJ /kg. Determine
the fuel air ratio in each combustion chamber, the compressor work, the total
turbine work, and the overall thermal efficiency where all expansion and

compressor processes are isentropic and no pressure drops occur in the

regenerator.
3. a)Why does a regenerator improve the efficiency of a Brayton cycle? Explain
regenerator effectiveness.
b) What would be the temperature of the products exiting an ideal regenerator?
c) A gas turbine unit receives air at 100 kPa and 300 0 K and compresses it
adiabatically to 620 kPa with a compressor that has an isentropic efficiency of 88%.
The fuel has a heating value of 44186 kJ/kg, and the fuel/air ratio is 0.017 kg fuel/kg
air. The turbine internal efficiency is 90%. Determine per unit mass the turbine work,
the compressor work, and the thermal efficiency.
A regenerator with an effectiveness of 60% is added to the gas turbine unit for the
above. There are pressure drops across the regenerator. There is a 20-kPa drop on the
air side and a 3.4-kPa drop on the exhaust side of the regenerator. Determine the new
fuel air ratio to achieve the same value of T3 In addition determine the new net work
and cycle efficiency.UNIT V Assignment - 5
1. a) What is the need to have general differential equation for heat conduction in three
separate coordinate systems? Give their examples.
b) A plane wall of thickness 0.1mand k=25W/mK having volumetric heat generation
of 0.3MW/m3 is insulated on one side and is exposed to a fluid at 920C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient between the wall and fluid is 500W/m 2K.
Determine I) Maximum temperature in the wall ii) Temperature at the surface
exposed to the fluid iii) Draw the temperature profile.
2. a) Derive an expression for critical thickness of insulation in case of electric cable.
Explain the significance of critical thickness.
b)A small electric heating application uses wire of 2mm diameter with 0.8mm thick
insulation (K = 0.12 W/moC ). The heat transfer coefficient (h) on the insulated
surface is 35 W/m2oC.Dtermine the critical thickness of insulation in this case and
percentage change in the heat transfer rate if critical thickness is used, assuming the

temperature difference between the surface of the wire and surrounding air remains
unchanged.
3. a) Write short notes on hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers. What is the
importance of these boundary layers in heat transfer?
b) Dry air at atmospheric pressure and 20 0C is flowing with velocity of 3m/s along
the length of a long flat plate 0.3m wide maintained at 100 0C. Calculate the following
quantities at x = 0.3m: i) boundary layer thickness ii) local friction coefficient iii)
average friction coefficient iv) Thickness of the thermal boundary layer v) Local heat
transfer coefficient vi) Average heat transfer coefficient vii) rate of heat transfer from
the plate between x = 0 and x = 0.3 viii) total drag force on the plate between x = 0
and x = 0.3
4. a) Sketch and explain temperature and velocity profiles in free convention on a
vertical plate
b) A hot plate 30cm high and 1,2 cm wide at 140 0C is exposed to ambient air at 200C.
Using the approximate solution calculate the following a) Boundary layer thickness at
12 cm from the leading edge of the plate b) local heat transfer coefficient at 12 cm
from the leading edge of the plate c) Average heat transfer coefficient over the
surface of the plate. d) total heat transfer from the plate and e) temperature rise of the
water.
UNIT VI Assignment - 6
1. a) Discuss briefly the various regimes in boiling heat transfer.
b)Determine the stable film boiling heat transfer coefficient for the film boiling of
saturated water at atmospheric pressure on an electrically heated 1.6mm diameter
horizontal platinum wire with a temperature difference of T s Tsat =2550C. What
would be the power dissipation per unit length of the heater.
2. a) Distinguish between film wise condensation and drop wise condensation. Which of
the two gives a higher heat transfer coefficient? Why?
b) Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 2.45 bar condenses on the surface of a vertical
tube of height 1m. The tube surface temperature is kept at 1170C. Estimate the

thickness of the condensate film and the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of
0.2m from the upper end of the tube.
3. a)Draw and explain the boiling curve for pool boiling of water and show the burnout
point. What is its significant?
b) A horizontal metal cylindrical heating element , 10mm diameter and of surface
emissivity 0.85 is submerged in a water bath. Surface temperature of the heating
element is 3000C. If the water is at atmospheric pressure calculate the power
dissipation per unit length of the water.
4. a)Mention few industrial applications where boiling and condensation are important.
b) Saturated steam 54.50C condenses on the out side surface of a 25.4mm outer
diameter,3.66 m long vertical tube maintained at a uniform temperature of 43.3 0C.
Because of occurrence of ripples on the surface of the condenser film the actual heat
transfer coefficient is about 20% higher than that obtained by Nusselts equation.
Determine the average condensation heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of
the tube and the rate of condensate flow at the bottom of the tube. Check that the
flow is laminar.
UNIT VII Assignment - 7
1. a) Describe the four-stroke cycle internal-combustion engine, noting differences
between compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines
b) Air consumption for a four stroke petrol engine is measured by means of a circular
orifice of diameter 3.5cm. The coefficient of discharge for the orifice is 0.6 and the
pressure across the orifice is 14 cm of water. The barometer reads 76cm of Hg.
Temperature of air in the room is 240C. The piston displacement volume is 1800cm3.
The compression ratio is 6.5. The fuel consumption is 0.13Kg/mim of calorific value
44000KJ/Kg. The break power developed at 2500 rpm is 28kW. Determine: i) air to
fule ratio ii) volumetric efficiency on basis of air alone iii) break mean effective
pressure and iv)Relative efficiency on the break thermal efficiency basis.
2. a) Explain with help of sketches ignition systems for a spark ignition engine.
b) The following particulars were obtained in trail on a four gas engine : Duration of
trail = 1hour, revelations = 14000, Number of missed cycles = 500, Net break load =

1470N, mean effective pressure = 7.5 bar, Gas consumption = 20000 litres, L.C.V . pf
gas at supply condition = 21 kJ / litre, cylinder diameter = 250mm, stroke = 4m and
compression ratio = 6.5:1. Calculate : i0 indicated power ii) break power iii)
mechanical efficiency iv) Indicated thermal efficiency v) relative efficiency.
3. a)Explain with help of net sketch a plain tube carburetor showing idling jet and
choke. What is function of choke?
b) A six cylinder four stroke compression ignition engine develops 220kW at
1500rpm with specific fuel consumption of 0.273Kg per kW-hr. Detremine the size of
the single hole injector nozzle if the injection pressure is 160bar and the pressure in
the combustion chamber is 40bar. The period of injection is 300 of crank angle.
Specific gravity of fuel =0.85 and orifice discharge coefficient = 0.9.
4. a) Explain the value timing diagrams of the four-stroke cycle S.I and C.I engines.
b)Compare the performance characteristics of the petrol engine and diesel engine as
regards specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and fuel-air ration. Which
engine is best suited for part load operation and why?
UNIT VIII Assignment - 8
1. a) What factors render the Carnot cycle impractical for refrigeration systems using a
pure Substance and operating in the mixture region?
b) A R-12 vapour compression refrigeration system is operating at a condenser
pressure of 9.6 bar and an evaporator pressure of 2.19 bar. Its refrigeration capacity is
15 tonnes. The values of enthalpy at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator are 64.6 and
195.7 kJ/kg. The specific volume at inlet to the reciprocating compressor is 0.082
m3/kg. The index of compression for the compressor is 1.13 Determine: (a) The
power input in kW required for the compressor (b) The COP. Take 1 tonnes of
refrigeration as equivalent to heat removal at the rate of 3.517 kW.
2. a) Describe a simple vapor compression cycle giving clearly its flow diagram.
b) A vapour compression refrigeration system uses R-12 and operates between
pressure limits of 0.745 and 0.15 MPa. The vapour entering the compressor has a
temperature of 10C and the liquid leaving the condenser is at 28C. A refrigerating

load of 2 kW is required. Determine the COP and the swept volume of the compressor
if it has a volumetric efficiency of 76% and runs at 600 rpm.
3. a) Discus the effect of following on the performance of vapor compression system
i) Superheating

ii) sub cooling

b) A Refrigerant-12 vapour compression cycle has a refrigeration load of 3 tonnes.

The evaporator and condenser temperatures are 20C and 40C respectively. Find
(a) The refrigerant flow rate in kg/s
(b) The volume flow rate handled by the compressor in m3/s
(c) The work input to the compressor in kW
(d) The heat rejected in the condenser in kW
(e) The isentropic discharge temperature.
If there is 50 C of superheating of vapour before it enters the compressor, and 50 C sub
cooling of liquid before it flows through the expansion valve, determine the above
quantities.