SPE

SPE6752
EFFECTOFWELLBORE
STORAGE
ANDDAMAGE
ON THETRANSIENT
PRESSURE
BEHAVIOR
OF
VERTICALLY
FRACTURED
WELLS
by Heber Cinco-Ley and Fe?nando Samanlego V.,
Members SPE-AIME, Instftuto Mexicano del Petroleo

s Copyright1977,AmericanInstituteof Mining,Mstaihrrglcal.
and PetroleumEn;meera,Inc.
Thispaperwas presentedatthe 52ndAnnualFallTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionof theSocietyof PelroleumEflgineersof AIME, heldin Denver,Colorado,Ott. 9-12,1977.Thematerialicibjectto
correctionty theauthor.Permissionto copyis restrictedto an abstractof not more than300 words. Write:6200 N. CentralExpy,Dallaa,Texas75206.

ABSTRACT
-A model recentlyp?esentedby Cinco et al. for
the transientpressurebehatiorof wells with finite
conductivityverticalfractureswas moafled to
includethe effectsof wellborestorageand fracture
damage. An infinitesimalskinwas consideredaround
the fracture,end it was handledas a dimensionless
factordefinedas (aK/2)
(wd/Xf)[(k/kd)
- 1].
It was found that the well behavioris
importantlyaffectedby the fracturedamage. When
plottedas a functionof log ~D vr3lot tD for short
times,resultsshow flat, almosthorizontallines
that laterbecome concaveupwardcurvesasymptotically approachingthe curve for undamagedfractures,
This behavioris showneven by slightlydamaged
fractwes. It also was found th&t important
iidlmmation about the fracturecharacteristics
may
not be determinedwhen wellborestorageeffectsare
present.
INTROIUCTCON
It has been shownthat the increasein the
productivityofswell createdby hydraulic
fracturingdependson fracturecharacteristics,l-k
such as fractureconductivity,
length,penetration,5?6and also on a possibledamageto the
formationimmediatelysurroundingthe fracture.sfy
Duringthe last few years~therehas been a
continuouslyincreasinginterestin thedetermination
of the characteristics
and orientationof fractures
by means of trsnsientpressure
anaIYSiS,6-20Most of
tkse methodsconsiderthe fractureto be of
infiniteconductivityor of uniformflu%; others
considerfiniteconductivity
fractures. Generally,
thesemethodsassumethat there is no skin damage
aroundthe fracture. Evens14proposeda pressure
analysistechniqueconsideringfractureSW damage.
He assumedthe flow from the formationto the
fractureto be linear,passingthroughtwo porous
media in series,one being the damagedzone around
the fractureand the other the undsmagedformation.
Ramey end Gringarten17discussedthe transientwell
behaviorof verticallyfracturedwellg with large
Referencessnd W&trations

wellborestorage,and suggesteda matchingtechniue

8
for analyzingpressuredata. Recently,Raghaven2
discussedpressureanalysistechniquesfor
verticallyfracturedwells,includingthe effectsof
wellborestorageand skin. He assumedthe fracture
to be of uniformflux, and presentedgeneral
characteristics
of the pressuretransientbehavior
for tinesesystems.
The puxposeof this studyis to preL3ent
solutionsfor the transientwellbme pressm:e
behaviorof swell crossedby a finiteconductivity
verticalfracture,consideringthe effectof a
dsmagedzone aroundthe fracture.
and wellbore
storage. It is also intendedto show the general
flow characteristics
of these fracturedsystems.
MATHFMKJTCALMODELSANDMEWHOLBOF.
SOLUTION
The transientflow towardawell with a finite
conductivityverticalfracturesurroundedby a
damagedzone was studiedby using a modifiedversion
of the model presentedby Cinco et al.lg The
followingassumptions\;ereconsidered.
1. An infinite,homogeneou~,isotropic
reservoirof permeabilityk, porosityo, and
thicknessh.
2. The formationis producedthrougha
verticallyfracturedwell. fhewellboreis intersectedby a fullypenetratingvertical.
fractureof
permeabilitykf?porosityof, width w, and halflengthxf. All productionof fluidis via the
fracture.
3. Therejs a zone of reducedpermeability
causedby fracturingfluid loss aroundthe fraoture.
This regionhas a permeabilityksand width ws.
4. The porousmediumconttis a slightly
compressibleflulcl
of viscosity and cmpresslbility
c.
5, All formation,fractureend fluidproperties
are independentOf pressure.
6. Gravityeffectsare negligibleend pressuse
gradientsare smalleverywhere.

at end of paper.
..

E~~EcTOFwELLBORE

sTORAGEANDD~AGEONTHE

TRANSIENT PRESSURE BEHAVIOR OF VERTICALLY FRACTURED WELLS

?. Initially,the pressureis uniformthroughout the system.

k h (pi - Pwf)
Pw = 141.2qB~
D

8. The wellborehas a finitestoragecapacity.

The systemabcvedefinedis shownin Figs. 1
aiid2, and was dividedinto four parts: (1) wellbore, (2) fracture,(3) damagedzonef~d (4) WIdamagedformation.

~ =o*ooo264kL
D
6P Ct Xfz

The followingdescribesthe flow modelsfor

each of the systemcomponents.

SPE 6752

and

(3)

.(4)

.(5)

. . .

, ,

c
cD=2Tt#hctxf2

WellboreStorageModq&
FractureFlow Model

The transientpreseurebehaviorof a well when

presentcan be obtainedfrom the
~=n$$fects
are

The fractureis consideredas a porousmedium

of heighth, half-length~, width w, and with
propertiesas statedbefore. The well flow rate
is simulatedby a plane sourceof lengthw and
heighth locatedat the wellborecenter. i??uidis
enterin from the formationto the fractureat a
rate qffx?t) per unit of fracturelengthfas shown
in Fig. 3.

D
wD(tD)

[1 - CD d ~.()]

= Jo

T)]

dT

,.

. .

[~
.

tD

D
.

* .

(1)

* cibwensionl.ess
wellborepreswhere pwn end pD are th(.
V

The pressurealong%he fracturemay~ecomputed

sureswith and withoutwclLborestorageeffects?

respectively.tDis the dimensionless
time, andCD

from
kh (pi - pf)

representsthe wellborestoragecoefficientin
dimensionless
form.
A discretizationofthe integralinEq. 1
allowsus to solvefor pw as follows.
I

(tD)=
D

[(1+

{CID,
PD

CD PD (tD - Dn ,)

(~

Dn

-:

Pf

(XD,

tD,

A, Bf,

.(6)

dimensionless
time definedin E@. 4, and A sndB are
the correlatingparametersof the solutiondefinedby
Cinco et EQ.19:

)]

Dn ,)

w @ff Cft
(tD ) -:::
n

(qD

)PD(tD-tD
- qD
n
i
i+l
Pw

-PD@Dn- Dn-l)},

(tD

%xf~ct

i+- 1

)
n-1

pD :tD - tD )+[l+cDg-~J
- qD
n
n-1
n-2

B4=

. 1 - CD

. . . . .(7)

kfffct.

. ($)

Fq. 6 includesA and Bbecausethe pressurebehavior

of the systemdependsupon the propertiesof botihthe
fractureend the formation.

. . . . . . . . . . . (2)

(tD )-P
[PWD
i

n-1

It is convenientto exyressthe flow rate of

fluidgoing from the formationto the fraC%W?? qre
in dimensionless
form? qf ? as
D
2 qf Xf
q.- (xDttD) =- q
(9)

where
Di

B u

wherepf is definedby Eq. 3 of Ref. 19; ~ is the

D
dimensionless
distancealongthe fracture;tD is the

u
p

141.2

D~-~]
.

Di - Di-l

pwD(tDi)~dPD(tDi) me the ~mensioflesspress~es

&t dimensicxil.ess
time t ..
%

Desnajzed-Zone
Flow Model

The limitationsof this model are discussedby

Cinco and Ssmsniego.22It was found that results
accurateenoughfor matchingpurposescan he obtained
by-using this methodof solution.
When this techniqueis appliedto the case of
fracturedwell, the dimensionless
variablesare
..,.
.-.
.
definedas

F??acture
is consideredto be surroundedby a
zone of width W9 and permeabilityk= less than the
formationpermeebilityk. Since the fluid flowing
from the formationto the.fracturehas to go through
thts zone, a> <xtrapressuredropAp9 is createdthat
can be computedfrom
Ap

I
I

443.6qf

hk

Wg-

k
[-1
ka

(10]

It was consideredthat linearflow occursin the

SPE 6752

HEBERCINCI-LEY AND FERNANDO SA!4ANIEGOV;

Fq. 10 may be obtainedby combining

two equationsfor pressuredrop acrossthis zone;
the firstone considersthe undamagedformation
characteristics
and the secondone uses the properties of the damagedregion.

damaged zone.

Eq. 10 in dimensionless
form becomes
kh~p
IT
d
k
s

llpD =
2
Xf
(~
141.2 q BP = qfD(xD* D)
s
**.***
*****.
O****>

,1)

(11)

Althoughthis equationwas obtainedby consideringstead~stateflow~it can be ueed %0 compute

the extrapress~e &op caused by the damagedregion
in the transientflow towarda fracturewhen the
damaged-zone
widtinis small. This is becauseduration of transienteffectsin this regionere a functicvlof wd*
~. 11 showsthat a zone of va..iable
width end
a veriableflow rate along the fracturemay be
handled.
FormationFlow Model
The reservoiris of infiniteextentin the
radialdirection;the characteristics
of the formation wcce mentionedbef?re. The flow towardthe
fracturecan be simulatedby a plane sourceof flux
qf (x~t)and lengthxf as shownin Fig. 4.
The pressureat any point in the reservoircan
be calculatedby the equation:
kh (pi - P(X, y, t))
141.3

= P*

q B IJ

.*,**.*

where ~andyD=e

(xD,

*.****

YD1

tD)

*****=

(12)

the fimensiotiess
abscissaand

ordinate,respectively.
The PD functionof ~. 12 was definedby Eq. 5
in Ref. 19
Methodof Solution
The reservoirand fractureflow modelscan be
coupledby consider. that the pressuredrop elong
the fractureApf(X,Yt is equalto the pressuredrop
along the plane sourceAp(x, y = C, t in the reservoir,pla3 the preesuredropAp5(x, t1 causedby the
damagedzone. This maybe expressedin dimeneionless form as
YD
Pfd(xDttD, A, B) = PD(XD,
=o, tD)-i-qf(xDrtD)sf~ ,..

,,,

,.(13)

where
IT w~(xD) k
%=T

Xf

(~-

By doing this;the damagearoundthe fracture

has been hendledas an infinitesimal
skin. It csn
be Seen from the E@. 3 end 5 inRef, 19 thatpf, m d
pD are functionsof qfD (~~ D); thuss~ 13 D
constitutesan equationwith orly one unknown:
by the
clfD(~, LD). This equationcanbe sol:ed

proceduredescribedbyCinco et al.19 Or.cethe flow

rate qf as a functionof ~~d~D
is known,the
dimensi%lesspressuredrop at the wellborepf

(~ =

O, t ) canbe computed. Wellborestorageeffe%s are

incl8ded in the solutionby apply+nglkI.2 to the
wellborepressurepf (~ = o, tD).
D
Discussionof Results
To study the generalcharacteristics
of the
transientflow behaviorof swell intersectedby a
finiteconductivitydamagedfracture,severalcaszs
were solved.
Figs. 5, 6,
7 show graphsof logof
dimensionless
wellborepressurepw vs log of dimensionlesstime tD, for valuesof (w?f)/(fix+c)
equaltc
0.2, 2, :nd 100,respectively.
* Resultsare presentedin each of thesefiguresfor severalvalues
of fractu?edemagefactorsfs. In these cases,the
widthof the damagedzone was taken as uniformand
the value of the damagefactorconsideredwere 0,
0.01,0.02, 0.1, 0.2 and 1. It canbe seen from all
of these graphsthat,for short times,the curves
behave as horizontallines,and for largevaluesof
time, these curvesapproachasympototicel~rthe
undamagedfracturecase from above;this behavioris
similarto the resultspresentedby Raghavanfor the
case of uniformflux fractureswith skin damage. Fo]
low fractureconductivity(Cr . 0.2) the valuesof
p ~ 3n the horizontalregionof the curvesare slway
g~eaterthan the fracturedamagefactor;however:
for high fractureconductivity(Cr >100) thepwD
value for this periodis equalto the fracturedamagl
factor. This is becausefor short times fluxis
unifermalong a highlyconductivefracture. Another
interestingfeatureis that the log-loggraphsof
the solutionsshow curvesof differentshapesfor 101
and high conductivity
fractures;thus, if formation
permeabilityis known,and the transientpressure
data for a long periodof time axe available,a
rough estimateofthe fractureskin damagefactor
may be obtainedby a type-curvematchingtechnique.
A furtheranalysisof the results (not shownhere)
showsthat if the solutionsare presentedin a graph
of p~D vs log t~t straightlines of slope 1.151are
obtaznedfor largevaluesof tw Thus, the common
semilogerithmic
methodscan be used to analyzelongtime pressuredata. Resultsalso show that the
extradimensionless
pressuredrop at the wellbore
causedby the fractureskin damageis constantfor
large times,and it is greaterthan the fractureakir
factordefinedbefore.
It is of interestto know the effectoffracture
skin damageon the stabilizedflux distributionalong
the fracture. Figs. 8 snd 9 show this effect. It
can be seen from these graphsthat, in general,fracture skin damagemakes the flux distributionmore
uniform* Fig. 8 showsresultsfor Cr = 0.2t and Fig.
9 presentsresultsforCr= 100.
It shouldbe pointedout, as mentionedbefore,
that the results for transientpressurebehaviorof
.fractured
wells with skin ckmagepresentedhere are
+$A comple;eset of graphsfor eeverelVZIUeSof
(wkf)/(fix+c)
can be obtainedupon requestto the
authors.

.
4

EFFECT OF WELLBORE STORAGE AND DAMAGE ON THE

TRANSIENT PRESSURE BEHAVIOR OF VERTICALLY FRACTURED WELLS

only when the width of the damagedzone is very

small.comparedwith the fracturelength. The preseurt
behaviorwhen the widthof the damageis largewill bc
diecussedlater.
valid

The effectof wellborestorageon the transient

behaviorof a fracturedwell is ehownin Figs. 10 and
11, Fig. 10 showsa graphof log pwDvs log tD for
the case of undamagedfractmes. Resulte=e
~llbore
presentedfor valueeof the dimensionless
storageconstantc f ewd ~ O) lo-4t 10- t lo-2f
and I&l. Cincoe_
? sl.20presentedthis graph for
CM = O and tD 2 10_~snd suggeeteda ~.pe-c~e
matchingtechniqueto analyzetransientpressuredata!
however,if pressuredata of fracturedwells in lowpermeabilityformation,or wells with very large fractures have to be analyzed,data for very emallvalues
of dimensionless
time are necessary. It csnbe seen
from Fig. 10 that for smallvaluesof tD, for the
curvesgive
case of cDf = O, the pressure.-time
straightlinesof slopeequal to one-fourth. Analysi:
of thie fact showsthat this behaviorcorrespondsto
the periodwhen almostall fluid going to the wellbore comes from the formationend fracturetip effect
are not felt. Cinco and Ssmeniego23presenta rigorous analyticalproof of this behaviorand conclude
that pressuredata from this periodmaybe used to
determinefracture-formation
characteristics.However,if wellborestorageinfluencesthe test,this
kind of informationmay,notbe obtained.
A comparisonof the behaviorof damagedend
undemagetfractureschowsthat fractureskin damage
may be detectedwhen the slopeof the log-logcurve
of nressuredata, at smallvaluesof time?is less
than one-fourth.Althoughthe curvesfor undamaged
fractureswith intermediatevaluesof Cr (1s CrS50
approachthe infiniteconductivitysolutionfrmm
above~as do the curvesfor damagedfractures,they
never have a slopeless than one-fourthat small
valuesof time. However,if short-timepressuredata
for a test are not available,erroneous conclusions
may be reachedsincea finiteconductivityfracture
may be taken as an infiniteconductivityfracture
with a skin damage.
Resultsin Fig. 10 also show that the half
slopeperiodlengthfur highlyconductivefractures
(C{> 100)dependsor~Crvelues. This graph indica es that wellborestoragegreatlyM.fectsthe
transientpressurebehaviorof fracturedwells. For
short times there is a wellborestoragedominated
flowperiodcharacterized
by etraightlines of slope
one; followingthereis a transitionperiodwhose
durationdependson the Cr and CDf values,and later,
the pressurebehavioris not effectedby wellbore
storage. In genwal, the curveshave different
shapes;thus,Fig. 10 can be ueed to anslyze,transientpressuredata by atype-curve matchingtechKique. Problemsof uniquecharacterization
may
arisewhen insufficient
pressuredata match the type
curve in the regionof linee of one-fourthslope;
however,the graphmay give the time when wellbore
storageeffectswe negligible.
Transi.ent
preseurebehaviorfor the casesof
fractureddemagedwel.l
with wellborestoragea??
presentedon Fig. 11,* It shouldbe realizedthat
~Ful.1-scale
graphsof log pwn Vs log t,D,including
wellborestorageand fractureskin,maybe obtained
upon requestW the authors.

SPE 6752

there are many possiblecasesfor the different

combinationsof Cr, Sfs, and CDf$ so to show the
generalbehavior,only cases for Sfs equalto 0.1
and for Cr equalto 0.2 and 100 are shown. For short
times,as elwsyeoccur,thereie a wellborestorage
dominatedperiod after which mayor may not be a
period stronglyinfluencedby the fractureskin
damagedependingupon the value of Sfs.
Up to now, discussionof resultshas considered
a damagedzone aroundthe fractureof smallwidth;
on the contrary,when the width zone is large, the
well behavesat short times as a fracturedwell
withouta fractureskin end a fractureconductiti.ty
Cr less then the real value. Later,the well behaves
as a fracturedwell with en increasim?fracturecon- 1I
ductivity(flatportion); end, finall~,for late
timee,the pressurebehaviorof this systembecomes
equal to the infinitesimal.
fractureskin solution.
This kind of behavioris similarto the well behavior
for finiteand infiniteimel skin discuseedby
Wattenbargerand Ramey.94

CONCLUSIONS
From the resultspresentedin this work, the
followingcommentsare important.
1. The transientpressurebehaviorfor.a
fracturedwell is importantlyaffectedby wellbore
storageand fractureekin damage.

2. Resultswhen plottedas a functionaf log

~D vs log tD show that even smallfractureskin
affectsthe pressuretime behaviorat shorttimej
producingflat, almosthorizontalcuxvesthat later
approachthe curve for undamagedfractureasympbpticelly from above.
3. Fractureskin damagemakee the stabilized
flux distributionalong the fracturemore uniform.
4. Fracturedamage cenbe estimatedroughly
from short-timedata by a type-curvematchingtechnique if fracturepermeabilityis known and wellbore
sLorageis negligible.
50 Pressuretime behaviorin alogpwfDvs log
tDpb% for a fracturedwell with en undamagedfracture may exhibita one-fourthslope straightline if
wellborestorageeffectsare negligible.

6. For intermediatevaluesof time, the transientbehaviorof a well with a fractureconductivity

Cr between1 end 50 is similarto the behaviorof a
well with a damagedinfiniteconductivityfracture;
thus, erroneousconclusion about the fractuxed
systemcan be reachedif short-or long-timepressure
data -e not available.
i.
Tnw=ve
-@is
forms-e
data~d=
the influenceof wellborestoragecan lead to a
uniqueinterpretation
only if pressuredata do not
match the curveein the one-fourthslope streight-lin
region,

8. For a bettercharacterization
of the Zra.tured eystem,it is of prime interestto have an
estimateof the formationpermeability.

CDK ~7K9

UCRCD

PTNffLl

CV

ANn

CCQNllNllfl

RAMANTFMI

FracturedWells With PressureBuildupTests,?t

paperSPE 1820presentedat the SPE-AIME42nd
AnnualFall TechnicalConferenceand ExhibiA = fracturestorageparameter,dimensionless
tion,Houston,Tex.,Oct. 1-4, 1967.
B?
=
ratioof diffusivities
of fractureend forma110 cl~k, K. K.: YTransientPressureTestingof
tion
FracturedWater InjectionWells,8
J. Pet. Tech.
B= formationvolumefactor,bb@TE
(June1968)639-643.
CDf . dimensionless
wellborestorageconstant
12. Wattenbsrger,
R. A. end Ramey$H. J., Jr.:
c
compressibility,
psi-l
WellTest Interpretation
of VerticallyFrach = formationthickness,ft
~pd Gas Wells,J. Pet. Tech. (May 1969)625k = permeability,
md
.
p = pressure,psi
13. van Everdingen,A. F. and Meyer,L. J.:
qf = fractureflux density,STB/D-ft
wfmlysis of BuildupCurvesObtainedAfterWell
cl= well flow rate,STB/D
Treatments,
J. Pet. Tech. (April1971)513i . time,hours

524.
. fracturewidth,ft
14, ~m9, J. G.: !lTheUse of Re99LUe
Buildup
w: = damagezone width,ft
Informationto AnalyzeNon-Respondent
Vertix,y = spacecoordinates,
ft.
callyFracturedOil Wells?paper SpE3345
~ =half fracturelength,ft
presentedat ths SPE-AIMERockyMowtti
RegionalMeeting,?2illings,
Mont.,June 2-3,
: = viscosity,cp
1971.
= porosity,.
fraction
15. Gringarten,A. C., Rsmey7H. Jts Jr.9 and
for FracRaghaven,R.: t!~e99We A.nal.ysie
tWed wells,~~
paper SPE 4051 presentedat he
S?&AIMEAnnusl.Fall TechnicalConferenceend
D = dimensionless
Exhibition,San Antonio,Tex.,Oct. 8-11,
f . fracture
1972.
i = initial
S . damagedzone
,16. Gringsrten,A. C., RemeypH. J.v Jr.p and
Reseure Adysis or
Raghaven,R.: f?APPlied
t = total
~r;&ed
Wells,J. Pet. Tech. (J@J 1975)
w = wellbore
. -*.
17. Ramey,H. J., Jr. and Gringarten,A. C*:
t!~fectof High VolumeVerticalFracturesOn
GeothermalSteamWell Behavior,!
paper pre1. McGuire,W. J. end Sibra, V. J.: l~~e Effect
sentedat the SecondUnitedNationsSymposium
of Vertical.
FractureE..{Well Productivity,
on the Use and Developmentof Geothermal
Trans.,AIME (1960)~,
401-403.
EnergyrSan Francisco,Celif.,May 20-29,
2.
van Poollen,H. K., Tinsley,J. M., and
1975.
Saunders,C. D.: Wydraulic Fracturing18. Locke,C. D. snd Sawyer,W. K.: Constant
FractureFlow Capacityvs Well Productivity,
PressureJnjectionTest in aFractiared
Trans.,AIME (19%) ~,
91-95.
Reservoir-History
MatchUsing NumericalSimula?. m.
M.: wEffectof VerticglFractureson
tion snd~e
Curve Analysis,t
paper SPE 5594
Reserbir Behatior-Incompressible
Fluid Case,
presentedat the SPE-AIME50thAnnualF~
Sot. Pet. liim.J. (June 1961) 105-117.
TechnicelConferenceand ~bition, Dallas,
4. Jefigs, A. R. ~dLord~ DC L.: Fracture
Tex.,Sept. @-Oct. 1, 1975.
Flow C~pacity- A Key to SustainedProduction
F., and
19. Cin~o-Ley,H6ber,Ssmeniego-V.?
AfterHydraulicFracturing,paper SPE6127
Rmunguez-A.,N.: lt~~eient PressureBehavior
presentedat the WE-AIME 51st AnnualFall
for a Well With a FiniteConductivity
VerticSl
TechnicalConferenceend Exhibition,New
Fracture,paper SPE6014 presentedat theSPEOrleans,La., Oct. 3-6, 1976.
AIME Annuali%ll TechnicalConferenceend
5. Tinsley, J. M., Williams,J. R., Tiner,R. L.,
~d M~one, W. T.: ~WerticelFractureHeightlMhibition,New Orleans,La., Oct. 3-6, 1976,
~actica Considerations
20. Raghavan,R.: tlsome
Its Effecton Steady-StateProduction
in the Anslysisof PressureData,J. Pet.
Increase,~
J. Pet. Tech. (MSY 1969)633-638.
Tech. (Oct.1976) 1256-1268.
6. Raghavsn,R., Uraiet,A., end l%omastG. W.:
l~vertics,l.
FractureHeight: Effecton Tran21. ~-al,
R.G.,A1-HussainY,R.t end mey~
of Wellbore
sient Flow Behavior,paper SPE 6016 presented
H, J*t Jr.: Wk Investigation
Storue end Skin Effectin UnsteadyLiq~d
at the WE-AIME 51stAnnualFall Technical.
Fiow:-1. AnalyticalTreatment,Sot. Pet.
Conferencesndl?xhibition,
New Orleans,La.,
*R. J. (Sept.1970) 291-297,
oct. 3-6, w76.
Cinco-Lev.H6ber and Samaniego-V.,
Fernando:
22.
7. van Poollen.H. K.: w~oductitityVS permef?A Sbpl&Numerical.
Wellbore-Storage
Simulaabilityin H@raulicsllY Reduced-Fractures~ I
tor,to be published.
&L1l.sndfiod. Prac.,-AF!I
(1957)103-110.~fect of VerticalFrac23.
Cinco-Ley,H6ber and Semaniego-V.,
Fprnsndo:
8. Scott,J. 0.: fr,~~e
tlWellTest Analysisfor VerticallyFractured
tureson TransientpressureBehaviorof Wells,
Wells,l
to be published.
J. Pet. Tech. (Dec.1963) 1365-1369.
24.
Wattenbergerf
R. A. and RameytH. J., Jr.:
9. Rusell.D. G. and Truitt,N. E.: Transient
.
of WellboreStorage and
~!~ Investigation
Press&e Behaviorin VerticallyFractured
Skin Effectin Unste&@Liqtid Flow: 11.
Reservoirs,~lJ.
Pet. Tech. (Oct. 1964) 1159FiniteDifferenceTreatment SOC= Pet. %.
1170.
(Sept.1970) 279-290.
J.
10. Lee, W. J., Jr.: wAnalyeisof Hydraulically

NOMENCLATURE

WELLBORE

>

FINITECONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE

II

,FRACTURE

IMPERMEABLE
BOUNDARIES

I
.-

~ -

NW

---FIG,

FIG,

2-

FRACTURED

FRACTURE

1-

iNFINITE

FINITE CONDUCTIVITY
VERTICALFRACTURE
IN
SLAS

WELL

WITH

A DAMAGED

ZONE

AROUND

THE

AN

RESERVOIR,

PLANE

Q(x.t)

SOURCE [WELLI
PLANE
af(x,

SOURCE

(FRACTURE)

f)

*X
~

3-

FIG,

FRACTURE

FLOW MODEL,

FIG, 4 - RESERVE

cd

,.-4

I r

,0-3

,0-2

,.-1
0.000264

10

kt

o= #Pc,xf
FIG,

5-

FRACTURE

DIMENSIONLESS
SKIN

DAMAGE

PRESSURE
(WKF/~XFK

DROP
=

VERSUS

DIMENSIONLESS

TIME

FOR

A FRACTURED

FLOW MODEL,

lo~
..
WELL

WITH

0.2),
.-

10
1

Id

lo~

JO-4

6-

FIG,

IO-8

DIMENSIONLESS

FRACTURE

SKIN

DAmAGE

10-~

10-[
0.000264 kt
o
flxc!xf
DROP VERSUS DIMENSIONLESS

PRESSURE
(WKF/17XFK

10
TIME

J
lo~

lot

FOR A FRACTURED

WELL WITH

2),

10

,0-3

to-d

10-2

I o-~

to=

4FC,

7-

FIG,

FRACTURE

DIMENSIONLESS
SKIN

DAMAGE

PRESSURE
(WKF/IIXFK

DROP
E

Jo-1
k!

0.000264
VERSUS

10

102

10

x?
DIMENSIONLESS

TIME

FOR A FRACTURED

WELL

WITH

100),
i

3
+boe

II

(+-1)

sf,**

r \\

es

-r.

.2

.4

,6

.8

x+
FIG, 8- STABILIZED
FLUX DISTRIBUTION
FERENT FEACTURE SKIN DAMAciE (WKF/7XFK

FOR DIF={0,2)

FIG,9FERENT

STABILIZED

FRACTURE

SKIN

-.

FLux[.isTRIBuTIgN
QAMAGE

(WKF/17XFI(

[o;o;;F.

lot

to=

Fig. 10fracture

Dimensionless

0.000264
+ r etXf

kt

pressure vs. dimensionless time for swell with a fully penetrating vertical fracture (zero

skin damage).

~o-l

10-2

10-3

10-4
1

to = 0.000264

kt
01 v Ct Xf

Fig. 11 .- Dimensionlesswellbore pressure versus dimensionless time fora

fracture skin damage and wellbore storage.

vertically fractured well with