CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
A hospital, in the modern sense, is an institution for health care
providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment, and often, but
not always providing for longer-term patient stays. The structure is a seven
storeyed hospital building that is an RCC framed structure. The building is
located at TIRVANDARUM, KERALA. As the location of the building is in
earthquake zone III, earthquake loads are taken into consideration. The soil
report indicates that a pile foundation was necessary and hence a pile
foundation was provided.

1.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF MULTISTOREYED BUILDINGS

The emergence of high rise structure are closely allied to the emerge of
cities as the focal point of modern life where the cost of land is high as in
central city area, a multi-storey structure must invariable use to reduce a
minimum required area of site to economize its cost. In multi-storey building,
as tendency of uplift at the foundation will usually be more than counter
balanced by the total weight of the building, which will keep the resultant
pressure within the middle third of base. In congested cities, it is difficult to
find enough area to unavoidable buildings like hospital. So a multi-storied
building will help the development of larger floor area in the given plot. High
grade of sanitation and plentiful availability of water along with other services
make multi-storied building construction a success.

1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MULTISTOREYED BUILDINGS

As the height of the building increases, more and more space is required
for structural mechanical system and elevators leaving less rental space. In
addition the cost of elevators and mechanical system increases with height. The
reasoning applies to contractors cost since more sophisticated construction
equipment is necessary as building gate taller. However all this cost increases
may be offset by high land cost and the need to build a specific location. For
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metropolitan areas the tall building is only answer to continuous growth of

population.

1.1.3 ADVANTAGES OF RCC

A large variety of material are used in structure stone, masonry, wood,
steel, aluminum, reinforced and pre stressed concrete, plastics etc. The
reinforced concrete, possibly most interesting of the new structure materials,
combines the compressive strength of the concrete and tensile strength of the
steel. This material can be poured in a variety of forms, so as to adapt itself in
to the structure and the loads at hand. The most obvious advantages of steel and
RCC is that they will span large distances. This enables large space to be
covered easily and economically. There are other new materials, many of them
in their infancy so far as their knowledge of their full possibilities and the other
light weight metals.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

To carry out the structure analysis of the hospital building using the software
called STAAD.Pro
To carry out the structure design of the beam and column of the building
using STAAD.Pro
To design the slab, staircases and the foundation of the building manually
To prepare structural drawing of the different members of the building

1.3 DETAILS OF THE BUILDING

This project embodies the analysis and design of a seven storeyed
hospital building for PANCHAKARAM AYURVEDIC HOSPITAL,
POOJAPURA, TIRVANDARUM. The cellar floor is utilized for parking. From
the cellar floor there is a stair as well as an elevator for access. The floor area is
approximately 4500 m2 for the structure. The project comprises of the
following steps:
Analysis of the structure framework

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 Design of the various structural members such as slab, beam,

column,
staircase, lintel, sunshade,
foundation etc.
The design of pile and pile cap.

The following architectural drawing are given

Site plan
Elevation
Cellar floor plan
Ground floor plan
First floor plan
Second floor plan
Third, fourth and fifth floor plan

CHAPTER 2
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DESCRIPTION OF STAAD Pro

2.1 GENERAL
STAAD Pro is comprehensive structural engineering software that
addresses all aspects of structural engineering model development, analysis,
design, verification and visualization. This uses finite element method for
analysis. One can building model, verify it graphically, perform analysis and
design, review the results, and create report all within the same graphical base
environment.

2.2 THE MODELLING MODE

There are two methods for building a model and assigning the structure
data using STAAD Pro.
a. Using the command file
b. Using the graphical model generation mode or graphical user
interface (GUI) as it is usually referred to.
The command file is a text file, which contains the data for the structure
being modeled. The file consists of simple English language like commands,
using a format native to STAAD Pro. This command file may be created
directly using the editor built into the program, or for that matter, any editor
which saves data in text form, such as Notepad or WordPad available in
Microsoft Windows.
The graphical method or creation involves utilizing the Modeling mode
of the STAAD Pro graphical environment to draw the model using the
graphical tools, and assigning data such as properties, material constants, loads,
etc., using the various menus and dialog boxes of that mode.
If the second method is adopted (using the UGI), the command file gets
automatically created behind the scenes.

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FIG.8 THE PLAN OF THE STRUCTURE PRODUCED USIG

STAAD Pro

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FIG.9 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE STRUCTURE FROM

STAAD Pro

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FIG.10 THE MODEL PROUCED USING STAAD Pro

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The graphical model generation mode and the command file are
seamlessly integrated. So, at any time, the graphical model generation mode
can be temporarily exited and access the commend file. When changes are
made to the command file and saved, the GUI immediately reflects the changes
made to the structure through the command file. The frame of the building after
modeling is shown in Fig 9 and Fig 10.

2.3 PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

STAAD offers two analysis engines the STAAD engine for general
purpose Structure Analysis and Design and the STARDYNE engine for
advanced analysis options. The modeling mode of the STAAD environment is
used to prepare the structural input data. After the input is prepared, the
analysis engine can be chosen depending upon the nature of the analysis
required. Depending on the type of analysis option selected, different types of
output files are generated during the analysis process.
The STAAD analysis engine performs analysis and design
simultaneously. But, to carry out the design, the design parameters too must be
specified along with geometry, properties, etc. before performing the analysis.
The design code to be followed for design can be selected before performing
the analysis/design.

2.4 POST PROCESSING MODE

The Post Processing Mode of STAAD offers facilitates for on screen
visualization and verification of the analysis and design results.
Displacements, forces, stresses, etc. can be viewed both graphically and
numerically in this mode. Most of the menu items in the post processing mode
are the same as in the modeling mode. STAAD also enables preparation of
comprehensive reports that include numerical and graphical result. Printable
reports may be generated in two ways. Through the STAAD output file and
through the report setup facility from the Post Processing Mode. The STAAD
output file is a text file containing results, diagrams etc. It is a more versatile
facility than the output file in terms of user level control.

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CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING STAAD Pro

3.1 GENERAL
Analysis is done using STAAD Pro, as it is widely used for structural
analysis and design from Design Engineers International. While doing analysis
material and geometric properties are assumed. Loading considered in analysis
are dead load, live load, seismic load and wind load. Finally on running
program output values are obtained, M20 grade and Fe415 steel is used.

3.2 LOADS CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN

Structural analysis of the structure need to be preceded with the
calculation of load imposed on the structure. Various loads taken into account
for the analysis of the structure include live load, dead load, wind load and
seismic load. As the area falls under zone III of the earthquake classification as
per Indian Standards, seismic design of the structure is mandatory. IS 875 Part I
deals with dead loads, IS 875 Part II with imposed load, IS 875 Part III with
wind load and IS 1893 Part I with seismic load. The loading standard not only
ensures structure safety of building but also eliminate wastage caused by
assuming unnecessary heavy loadings without proper assessment.

3.2.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead loads are loads that are constant in magnitude and fixed in position
throughout a particular span. It includes self weight of all structural
components in that span. Dead loads have been determined after assuming both
material as well as geometric properties of all elements used in the building.
Unit weight of RCC and brickwork are adopted as 25 KN/m and 19KN/m
respectively.

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3.2.2 IMPOSED LOAD

The load is assumed to be produced due to the intended use or
occupancy of a building, load due to impact and vibration, and dust load, but
excluding wind, seismic, and other loads due to temperature changes, creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement etc.
Imposed loads assumed for an apartment building shall be load that will
be produced by the intended used or occupancy, but shall not be less than the
equivalent minimum loads specified by table-1 IS 875 Part II. Live loads of all
floors are assumed as 4 KN/m2.

3.2.3 WIND LOAD

Wind may be defined as air in motion relative to the surface of the earth.
Buildings should always be designed with due attention for the effect of wind.
In general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary layer increases with height
from zero at the ground level to maximum at a height called the gradient
height. Slight change in the wind direction at this height is neglected in the
code. Basic wind speeds (Vb) for different wind zone of India are obtained
from IS 875 Part III (Appendix A). From this basic wind speed, the design
wind speed (in m/sec) for each storey at height z is called from
Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3
Where,

k1, k2 ,k3 = coefficients from IS 875 Part III,

3.2.4 SEISMIC LOAD

For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is classified
in to four seismic zones. Location of the structure falls under area of zone III.
The seismic effect, i.e., the intensity and duration of the vibrations, depend on
the magnitude of the earthquake, depth of focus, distance from epicenter, soil
strata which hold the structure etc.
As per IS 1893 Part I, clause 6.1.2, the response of a structure to ground
vibration is a function of the nature of foundation soil, materials, from size and
mode of construction of structures and duration and characteristics of ground
motion. This standard specifies design forces for structures standing on rocks
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or soil which do not settle liquefy or slide due to loss of strength from ground
vibration. Also the following assumptions are made for the earthquake resistant
design of structures.
Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and
irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for
a small duration. Therefore resonance of the type as visualized under
steady state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to
build up such amplitudes.
Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum
flood or maximum sea waves.
The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be
taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value is available for
use in such condition.
The seismic weight of each floor for the analysis is to be taken as its full
dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed loads. While computing the
seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey
shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below. Percentage of
imposed load as taken from table 8 of IS 1893 2002 is 50%.

3.3 LOAD CALCULATIONS

3.3.1 SEISMIC LOAD
Design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah = ZISa/2Rg
(From IS1893 (Part I)2002 clause 6.4.2)
Where,
Z = Zone factor = 0.16 (from IS1893 (Part I)2002 clause
6.4.2 Table 2)
I = Importance factor = 1.5
(from IS1893 (Part I)2002
clause 6.4.2 Table 6)
R=response reduction factor (from IS1893 (Part I)2002 clause
6.4.2 Table 7)
SS = Rock and soil silt factor = 1 (for hard soil)
DT = Depth of foundation = 3 m

3.3.2 DEAD LOAD

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Floor load
= 3kN/m2

Dead load of slab = 0.12 x 25

Finishes

= 1kN/m2

Total

= 4 kN/m2

Brick wall load

3.6 m high = 0.23 x 3.6 x 19

= 15.73 kN/m

3.3.3 LIVE LOAD

Live load on floor

= 4 kN/m2

Live load on Roof

= 1.5 kN/m2

Live load on Inaccessible roof

= 0.75 kN/m2

Live load on Machine room slab = 10 kN/m2

3.3.4 WIND LOAD

Basic wind speed in Trivandrum = vb = 39 m/s (from IS 875, Part III)
Design wind speed = vz = vb x k1 x k2 x k3
k1 = Probability factor
k2 = Terrain and size factor
k3 = Topography factor
Design wind pressure Pz = 0.6 x vz2

TABLE 3.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS

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FLOOR

HEIGHT
m

MACHIN
E ROOM
ROOF

28.8

vb
m/
s
39

k2

k3

vz
m/s

Pz
kN/m2

1.086

42.3
7
41.9
5
41.5
3
40.8
7
39.9
8

1.077

25.2

39

1.075

SIXTH
FLOOR
FIFTH
FLOOR
FOURT
H
FLOOR
THIRD
FLOOR
SECON
D
FLOOR
FIRST
FLOOR

21.6

39

1.065

18

39

1.048

14.4

39

1.025

10.8

39

0.996

38.8
6
38.6
1

0.906

7.2

39

0.99

3.6

39

0.99

38.6
1

0.895

1.056
1.035
1.023
0.959
2

0.895

3.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS

The various load combinations that are adopted in the analysis are
shown in table

TABLE 3.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS

LOAD
COMBINATION

DL

LL

DL+LL

1.5

1.5

DL+WLX

1.5

1.5

DL+WLZ

1.5

1.5

DL+ELX

1.5

1.5

DL+ELZ

1.5

1.5

DL+ELX

0.9

1.5

DL+ELZ

0.9

1.5

DL+LL+WLX

1.2

1.2

WL

EL

1.2
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DL+LL+WLZ

1.2

1.2

1.2

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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
4.1 GENERAL
Design of superstructure pertains to the design of various elements of
the superstructure. The various design elements in the superstructure of a
building are slabs, columns, beams, lintels and sunshade.

4.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS

For the design,M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel are used. The beams are
designed in STAAD Pro.2005 and the design is given in the form of tables
earthquake detailing as per IS13920 is done. This is due to the fact that the
structure is considered as composing of special moment resisting frame
(SMRF).

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4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

Design of column is done based on the STAAD Pro analysis results, as
per IS 456-2000. Here M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel is used. An effective
cover of 50mm is adopted. The columns are grouped and classified according
to the cross section. The dimension details of the column are given below.
1. 300X800
2. 300X600
3. 300X700

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4.4 DESIGN OF SLAB

Design of slab is done based on the IS 456-2000. Here M20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 steel is used and the clear cover provided is 15mm. There
are 12 different 2-way slabs and 1 one way slab. The live load taken as per IS
875-part II for a hospital building is 4kN/m2. Roof slabs are designed with a
lesser load of 1.5kN/m2.

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Slab S01

5.23m

4.96m

Dimensions of Slab S3
Factored load=11.625kN/m2
Effective depth, d=110mm
Ix=4.96+d=5.07m
Iy=5.23+d=5.34m
Iy/Ix=1.065<2
Hence the slab is to be designed as a two-way slab.
Type of panel - One short edge discontinuous.

Moment coefficient
x
Negative moment at continuous edge=0.035
Positive moment at mid span=0.026
y
Negative moment=0.032
Positive moment=0.024

Longer span,
At continuous edge My=yw1x2=0.035 x 11.625x 5.072=10.21kNm
At mid span, My=yw1x2=0.024 x11.625x 5.072=7.769kNm

Shorter span,
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At continuous edge, Mx=xw1x2=0.035 x 11.625x5.072=9.56kNm

At mid span, Mx=xw1x2=0.026 x11.625x 5.072=7.17kNm

Width of strips,
For shorter span,
Middle strip=3/4 1y=3/4 x 5.34 = 4.01 m
Edge strip=1y/8=5.34/8=0.66m
For longer span,
Middle strip=3/4 1x=3/4 x 5.07 = 3.75 m
Edge strip=1x/8=5.07/8=0.62m

Check for effective depth

Maximum BM=10.21kNm

Mu limit=0.138 bd2fckd
d=61.55mm
dprov = 110mm
Hence safe

Design of steel

for shorter span

For middle strip,

Mu=10.45kNm
Mu=0.87 Ast fy d (1-Ast fy/bd fck)
Ast=277.919mm2
Provide 8mm#bars
Spacing=180.77mm150mm
Check,
3d=330mm
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Cranked up=0.25 Ix=0.89m from edge

For edge strip,
Ast minimum=0.12bd/100=132mm2
Provide 8mm# bars
Spacing=1000/132x /4x 82=380.606mm
Maximum spacing =3d=3x110=330mm
Spacing provided=250mm
Design of steel for longer span
Mu=9.56kNm
d=130-15=115mm
Mu=0.87 x Ast fy d (1-Astfy/bd fck)
Ast=287.75mm2
Provide 8mm#bars
Spacing=1000/221.8 x /4 x82=175.6mm150mm

For edge strip

Ast minimum=0.12bd/100=0.12x 80 x 1000/100=96mm2
Provide 8mm# bars
Spacing=1000/96x 82=523.59mm
Maximum spacing=3d=3 x 110=330mm
Spacing provided=250mm
Torsion reinforcement
Ix/5= 5.01/5 = 1.002 m
3/8 Ast=3/8 x203.43=76.28mm2
Provide 8mm# bars
Spacing=1000/76.28 x /4 x 82=189mm~150mm
Provide a spacing of 150mm

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TABLE 4.3 SLAB DESIGN RESULTS

SLA
B

DEPT
H
(m)

CLEA
R
SPAN
X

S01

0.13

4.96

5.23

SPACIN
G FOR
MIDDLE
STRIP
ALONG
SHORTE
R SPAN
(mm)
150

S02

0.13

2.63

5.23

250

250

250

250

S03

0.1

4.23

4.96

130

250

150

250

S04

0.12

2.63

4.2

250

250

250

250

S05

0.12

2.33

4.2

250

250

250

250

S06

0.11

4.96

6.46

100

250

120

250

S08

0.12

3.23

4.96

200

250

250

250

S09

0.1

2.63

3.23

250

250

250

250

S10

0.1

3.23

3.23

250

250

250

250

S11

0.1

1.73

3.23

250

250

250

250

S12

0.1

1.61

1.73

250

250

250

250

CLEA
R
SPAN
Y

DIA
OF
BAR
S
(mm)

SPACIN
G FOR
EDGE
STRIP
ALONG
SHORTE
R SPAN
(mm)
250

SPACIN
G FOR
MIDDLE
STRIP
ALONG
LONGE
R SPAN
(mm)
150

SPACIN
G FOR
EDGE
STRIP
ALONG
LONGE
R SPAN
(mm)
250

ROOF SLAB
S01

0.1

4.96

5.23

200

250

200

250

S02

0.1

2.63

5.23

250

250

250

250

S03

0.1

4.2

4.96

230

250

240

250

S04

0.1

2.63

4.2

250

250

250

250

S05

0.1

2.33

4.2

250

250

250

250

S06

0.1

4.96

6.46

120

250

190

250

S08

0.1

3.23

4.96

250

250

250

250

S09

0.1

2.63

3.23

250

250

250

250

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TABLE 4.4 ONE WAY SLAB DESIGN RESULTS

SLA
B

DEPT
H
(mm)

SPA
N
(m)

DIA
OF
BARS
(mm)

SPACIN
G
(mm)

DIA OF
DISTRIBUIO
N BARS
(mm)

SPACIN
G
(mm)

S07

0.1

2.63

10

150

200

S07
R00
F

0.1

2.63

10

190

200

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4.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Staircase is an essential feature of a multi-storied building as it
provides access between the various floors of the structure at all times. Designs
are done based on IS456-2000. Here M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel is
used.
Rise=150mm
Tread=300mm
Effective span=4.96m
Thickness of waist slab=L/(25)=4960/(25)=198.4mm200mm
Assume 20mm cover and 16mm bar
d=200-20-(16/2) = 172mm
Loads going on projected plan area
(1) Self weight of slab=25x.2x335/300=5.6kN/m2
(2) Finishes=0.75kN/m2
(3) Live load=5kN/m2
Total load=11.32kN/m2
Factored load=17kN/m2
Loads on landing
Assume thickness=20mm
(1) Self weight of slab=25x0.2=5kN/m2
(2) Finishes=0.75kN/m2
(3) Live load=5kN/m2
Total load=10.75kN/m2
Factored load=16.125kN/m2
Support
reaction(left),R1=(17x3.6x(1.8+1.36)+16.125x1.362/2)/
(3.6+1.36)
R1=41.99kN/m

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17 kN/m
16.125 kN/m

R111a11

3.6m

1.36m

R2

Maximum bending moment will occur at the point of zero shear.

X=41.99/17=2.47m from the left support
Mu=(41.99x2.47)-(17x2.472/2)=51.86kN-m/m
Mu/bd2=51.86x106/(1000x1722)=1.75
Pt=0.547 (from SP16 Table 2)
Ast=983.04mm2
Provide 16mm # bars,
Spacing=1000/(983.04/(/4x162))=204.5mm
Provide 16mm #@200mm c/c
Distribution steel=0.12%
Ast=0.12x1000x100/270=324mm2
Provide 10mm# bars
Spacing=1000/324/(/4x102)=242.4mm
Maximum spacing=3d or 300mm
=300mm
Provide 10mm# bars @240mm c/c
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CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Foundation transfers the load from the superstructure to the soil
below. The proposed structure is a seven storied hospital building, therefore the
pile foundation is recommended. Dense stratum is present at a depth of 16m
below the ground surface, therefore the depth of pile is 16m. Bored and cast-insitu concrete piles installed into the hard weathered rock material (available at
16m from existing ground level) will have the safe carrying capacities
tabulated below. The pile design is carried as per IS 2911 part II

Table 5.1 CAPACITIES OF PILES

PILE
DIAMETER
(m)

SAFE
VERTICAL
LOADS (kN)

SAFE
LATERAL
LOADS (kN)

0.7

981

313.92

0.8

1324.35

249.17

0.9

1716.75

192.28

2109.15

143.23

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5.1 DESIGN OF FILE UNDER COLUMN CP 24

Vertical load from column

=4545 kN

Safe capacity of 0.9m#pile

=1716.75 kN

No. of piles required

=4545/1716.753

Depth of fixity of pile

From IS 2911 TABLE 1 and Fig 2 L/D =7
Therefore, depth of fixity

=7x0.9

=6.3m

Effective length

=0.65x6.3=4.1m

Slenderness ratio

=4.1/0.9=4.55<12

Therefore pile is designed as short column

Load from column

=4545kN

Moment in X-direction

=172 kNm

Moment in Z-direction

=94kNm
(not

considering earthquake

and wind

effects)
Horizontal force in X-direction

=57kN

Horizontal force in Z-direction

=21.3kN

(not

considering earthquake

and wind

effects)
Design values for a single pile are
Pu

=(Column load/3)+(Moment in X-direction/spacing between

piles)
=(4545/3)+(172/(2x0.9)) =1610 kN
Mx

=Horizontal force in X-direction x Depth of fixity

=57 x 6.3 = 359 kNm

Mz

=Horizontal force in Z-direction x Depth of fixity

=21.3 x 6.3 = 134 kNm

Therefore Mu=1.15x (Mx2+Mz2)

86 | P a g e

Mu

=439.52 kNm

Therefore, Pu / (fck.D)
Mu / (fck.D3)

=0.066
=0.02

d/D =(40+6+20/2)/900=0.05
Referring chart 55 of SP16, value of p obtained is less than minimum
reinforcement
Therefore provide minimum reinforcement of 0.4%
Ast

= (0.4/100) x (x9002/4)

=2545.02mm2

No of 20mm bars =2545.02 / (/4x202)

=9

Provide 9-20mm bars

Pprovided =9x (/4x202) x 100/ (x9002/4) =0.444
p / fck =0.0148
Referring to chart 55 Mux1/fck.D3
Therefore Mux1

=0.03

=656Nm

Mux1= Muz1, due to symmetry

Puz

=0.45.fck.Ag + (0.75.fy-0.45.fck)Asc

Therefore Puz

=9430kN

Pu/Puz = 0.167<2, therefore n =1

Check safety under biaxial loading
(Mux/Mux1) n + (Muz/Muz1)n = 0.75<1
Therefore safe
Design of lateral ties
The minimum diameter and maximum spacing of lateral ties is specified
by the code
t>/4 or 6mm
St < D or 16 or 300mm
Provide 6mm lateral ties @300mmc/c

87 | P a g e

5.2 DESIGN OF PILE CAP

Three piles are used to support a column; therefore triangular pile cap is
used
Spacing of piles = 2 x Diameter of pile = 2 x 0.9 = 1.8 m
AB length = 1.556 m
Load from column = 4545 kN
Max bending moment is
BMMAX in AB = (4545(1.559-1.599/3)x(1.559/3)/1.559)=1574.254 kNm
RA = RC = RD = 4545/3
RB = (4545(1.559-1.559/3)) x 1.559 = 3029 kN
BMMAX in CD = RB x CD/4 = 1363 kNm
Moment of resistance of section
MR = 0.36.xumax /d(1-0.42.xumax /d)b.d2.fck = 4.14 bd2
Assuming width b = diameter of pile, depth required is
dred = 650.04
Provide a total depth of 750 mm
Check for shear
Punching shear
v = Vu / bd
88 | P a g e

Vu = pile reaction = 1610 kN

b = 2 x (300 + 750/2 +750/2) + 2 x (800 + 750/2 + 750/2) = 5200mm
d = 750mm
v = 1610 x 1000/(5200 x 750) = 0.4 N/mm2
c = 0.25 fck = 1.36 N/mm2
c < v
Hence safe
One way shear
v = Vu /bd
Vu = pile reaction = 1610kN
d = 750mm, b = 2360mm
v = 1610 x 1000/(2360 x 750) = 0.9N/mm2
Considering 0.3% steel reinforcement c = 0.36N/mm2
c > v , Not Safe
Increasing depth to 2000mm
v = 1610 x 1000/(2360 x 2000) = 0.34N/mm2
c > v , Safe
Provide 2000mm depth
Mu = 0.87.fy.Ast.d(1-(Astfy/bdFck))
For beam AB, Mu = 1547.254 kNm
Therefore Ast = 2218mm2
Check for minimum reinforcement
Ast minimum = 0.85bd/fy = 0.85 x 1300 x 2000/415 = 5325mm2
Provide Ast = 5325mm2
Assuming 25mm bars,
89 | P a g e

Number of bars = 5325/ ( 4 25 25 ) 11

Provide 11 25mm# bars
For beam CD, Mu = 1364 kNm
Therefore Ast = 2190mm2
Check for minimum reinforcement
Ast minimum = 0.85bd/fy = 0.85 x 1300 x 2000/415 = 5325mm2
Provide Ast = 5325mm2
Assuming 25mm bars,

Number of bars = 5325/ ( 4 25 25 ) 11

Provide 11 25mm# bars

Design of Skin Reinforcement
Provide a minimum skin reinforcement of 20% of main reinforcement
= 20/100 x 5325 = 1065mm2
Assuming 12mm bars,

Number of bars = 1065/ ( 4 12 12 ) 10

Provide 10 12mm# bars
Design of Distribution Steel
Provide distribution steel of 0.12 %
Assuming 12mm bars
In longer direction, Ast = 0.12/100 x 3100 x 2000/2 = 3705mm2

Spacing = (3100 60 60)/ (3705) / ( 4 12 12 ) 100mm

In shorter direction, Ast = 0.12/100 x 1300 x 2000/2 = 1560mm2

90 | P a g e

Spacing = (1300 60 60)/ (1560) / ( 4 12 12 ) 100mm

Provide 12mm# bars @ 100mm c/c in both directions
Since the depth is excessive, shear reinforcement can be
provided to reduce depth of the pile cap

5.3 DESIGN OF PILE UNDER COLUMN CP34

Vertical load from column = 1727 kN
Safe capacity of 0.9m pile = 1324.35 kN
Therefore, no of piles required = 1727 / 1324.35 2
Depth of fixity of pile
From IS 2911 TABLE 1 and Fig 2 L / D = 7
Therefore, depth of fixity = 7 x 0.8

= 5.6m

Effective length

= 0.8 x 5.6

= 4.8m

Slenderness ratio

= 4.8 / 0.8

= 6 < 12

Therefore pile is designed as short column

Load from column

= 1727 kN

Moment in X-direction

= 111 kNm

Moment in Z-direction

= 63 kNm

Horizontal force X-direction

= 29.5 kN

Horizontal force Z-direction

= 17 kN

Design values for a single pile are

Pu
= (column load/3) + (Moment in X-direction/spacing between
piles)
= (1727/3) + (111/(2 x 0.8))
Mx

= 932.4 kN

= Horizontal force X-direction x depth of fixity

91 | P a g e

= 29.5 x 5.6
Mz

= 165.2 kNm

= (Horizontal force Z-direction x depth of fixity) + (Moment in

Z- direction/2)
= (17 x 5.6) + (63/2)

Therefore Mu = 1.15 x
Therefore,

= 126.7 kNm

Mx2+ Mz2

= 239.4 kNm

Pu / (fck.D2) = 0.048
Mu / (fck.D3) = 0.015
d/D

= (40+6+20/2)/800 0.05

Referring chart 55 of SP16, value of p obtained is less than minimum

reinforcement.
Therefore provide minimum reinforcement of 0.4%
Ast = (0.4/100) x ( x 8002/4)
No of bars 20mm bars
Provide

= 2010.88 mm2

= 2010.88/(/4 x 202) 7

7# 20mm bars

Pprovided = 7 x (/4 x 202) x 100/( x 8002/4)

= 0.4375

p/fck = 0.01458
Referring to chart 55 Mux1/fck.D3

= 0.04

Therefore Mux1 = 614 kNm

Mux1 = Muz1, due to symmetry
Puz = 0.45.fck.Ag + (0.75.fy 0.45.fck)Asc
Therefore Puz = 7440 kN
Pu / Puz = 0.125 < 2, therefore n = 1
Check safety under biaxial loading
(Mux/Mux1)n + (Muz/Muz1) n = 0.38 < 1
Therefore safe.
Design of lateral ties
92 | P a g e

The minimum diameter and maximum spacing of lateral ties is specified

by the code
t > /4

or

6mm

St < D or

16

or

300mm

Provide 6mm lateral ties @300mm c/c

5.4 DESIGN OF PILE CAP

Two piles are used to support a column therefore rectangular pile cap is
used

Spacing of piles

= 2 x diameter of pile
= 2 x 0.8 = 1.6m

Length of AB = 1.6m
RA = RB = 1727/2 kN
Max bending moment is
BMMAX in AB = RB x AB/4 = 690.51 kNm
Moment of resistance of section
MR

= 0.36.xumax /d (1 - 0.42. xumax /d)b.d2.fck

= 4.14 bd2

Assuming width b = diameter of pile, depth required is

dreq = 456mm
Provide a total depth of 600mm
Check for shear
Punching shear
v = Vu / bd
Vu = pile reaction = 863.5 kN
93 | P a g e

b = 2 x (300 + 600/2 + 600/2) + 2 x (700 + 600/2 + 600/2) = 4400mm

d = 600 mm
v = 863.5 x 1000/(4400 x 600) = 0.33 N/mm2
c = 0.25 fck = 1.36 N/mm2
c < v , Hence Safe

One way shear

v = Vu / bd
Vu = pile reaction = 863.5 kN
d = 600mm, b = 1200mm
v = 863.5 x 1000/(1200 x 600) = 1.1 N/mm2
Considering 0.3% steel reinforcement c = 0.36 N/mm2
c > v , Not safe
Increasing depth to 2000mm
v = 863.5 x 1000(1200 x 2000) = 0.35 N/mm2
c > v , safe
Provide 2000mm depth
Mu = 0.87.fy.Ast.d(1-(Ast.fy/b.d.fck))
For beam AB, Mu = 690.52 kNm
Therefore Ast = 1000 mm2
Check for minimum reinforcement
Ast minimum = 0.85bd/fy = 0.85 x 1200 x 2000/415 = 4815 mm2
Provide Ast = 4815 mm2
Provide 10 25mm # bars.
Design of skin reinforcement
Provide a minimum skin reinforcement of 20% of main reinforcement
94 | P a g e

= 20/100 x 4815 = 963 mm2

Assuming 12mm bars,
Number of bars = 963/(/4 x 122) 9
Provide 9 12mm # bars

Design of Distribution Steel

Provide distribution steel of 0.12%
Assuming 12mm bars
In longer direction, Ast = 0.12/100 x 2800 x 2000/2 = 3360mm2
Spacing = (2800 60 60) / (3360 / (/4 x 122)) 100mm
In shorter direction, Ast = 0.12/100 x 1200 x 2000/2 = 1440mm2
Spacing = (2800 60 60) / (1440 / (/4 x 122)) 100mm
Provide 12mm# bars @ 100mm c/c in both directions

Since the depth is excessive, shear reinforcement can be

provide to reduce depth of the pile cap.

TABLE 5.2 PILE DESIGN RESULTS

COLUM
N NO

DIA
(m)

CP36

0.7

CP32

0.7

CP31

0.7

CP34

0.8

Pu
(kN)

Mx
(kNm)

818.90
223.214
3
6
878.12
228.099
8
9
934.40
172.533
9
9
932.41
-

My
(kNm)

DIA
(m
m)

No
OF
bars

Lateral
ties

6.3655

20

6#@300
c/c

57.013

20

6#@300
c/c

28.732
5

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
95 | P a g e

9
CP35

0.7

947.32
6

CP1

0.8

966.80
5

CP33

0.7

1068.0
3

CP37

0.7

1117.3
1

CP21

0.8

1152.5
8

CP11

0.8

1190.9
2

CP44

0.8

1245.3
6

CP10

0.8

1282.8
8

CP22

0.9

1436.2
9

CP30

0.9

1436.9
4

CP20

0.9

1467.1
1

CP2

0.9

1443.9
6

CP41

0.9

1509.6
7

CP40

0.9

1534.7
5

CP7

0.9

CP23

0.9

1583.7
5
1659.9

165.440
8
289.443
173.924
8
173.763
8
166.227
6
161.756
161.190
4
323.976
8
344.764
400.440
6
391.683
6
400.333
5
364.083
3
210.193
2
373.287
6
232.344
-

63.996
4

c/c

14.914

20

6#@300
c/c

157.68
45

20

6#@300
c/c

28.809
9

20

6#@300
c/c

3.0199

20

6#@300
c/c

122.68
25

20

6#@300
c/c

-24.57

20

6#@300
c/c

64.211

20

6#@300
c/c

160.20
61

20

6#@300
c/c

17.817

20

6#@300
c/c

131.67
68

20

6#@300
c/c

38.528
4

20

6#@300
c/c

211.13
66

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

20

20

128.98
1
111.33
1
195.79
28
-

6#@300
c/c
6#@300
96 | P a g e

261.645
3
1686.9
383.424
6
3
1799.9
402.280
6
2
1766.8
265.437
4
9
7

CP6

0.9

CP12

0.9

CP3

0.9

CP38

1847.1
4
355.138

CP39

1886.9
4
338.079

CP27

1910.6
8
251.118

CP43

CP26

1927.3
2
477.673

CP42

1927.1
9
361.774

CP17

1973.6
9
261.863

CP16

2024.3
3
475.328

CP4

1988.5
6
364.966

CP13

2078.5
7
306.782

CP8

CP5

CP9

CP24

0.9

1896

343.868

2097.3
1
380.814
2110.7
-365.26
6
2127.7
8
358.148
1576.0
-

1.8412

c/c

203.99
42

20

6#@300
c/c

89.399
1

20

6#@300
c/c

186.44
93

20

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

6#@300
c/c

20

10

20

10

20

10

20

141.40
1
143.02
4
174.58
45
149.23
1
197.80
9
143.77
2
89.423
63.014
5
234.31
45
104.58
6
198.25
1
235.82
55
216.72
5
134.49

6#@300
c/c
6#@300
c/c
6#@300
c/c
6#@300
97 | P a g e

4
CP25

0.9

1602.4
8

CP29

0.9

1610.5
1

CP28

0.9

1613.4

CP14

0.9

1634.7
1

CP18

0.9

1680.1
8

CP15

0.9

1678.7
3

CP19

0.9

1687.9

357.745
5
343.677
6
343.935
9
368.770
5
357.556
5
373.608
9
354.582
9
344.515
5

25

c/c

136.15
56

20

6#@300
c/c

125.06
13

20

6#@300
c/c

130.64
94

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

20

6#@300
c/c

115.17
0
39.441
1
117.70
9
120.29
8

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the project was to do the complete analysis and design of a seven
storied building. From this report following conclusion can be drawn.
The analysis of the structure subjected to various load
combinations were performed using STAAD.Pro v8i
The design of element like columns and beams were done using
the software.
The design of element like slabs, staircases, lintels and
sunshades, foundation including piles and pile caps were done
manually.
98 | P a g e

 The structural detailing of various components like beams,

columns, slabs, foundation, staircases, etc were drawn using
AutoCAD.
Some of the walls between the columns are avoided in the cellar floor
for providing car parking. This may lead to soft storey effect during
earthquake. This effect was not considered in the design. The design was done
based on the assumption that all walls between columns and present.

REFERENCES
1. Dr Arora.K.R, Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering
Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi.
2. Jain A K Reinforcement Concrete Limit State Design, 6 th Edition
N Chand Publishers, Roorke, 2002
3. Ramamrutham S and Narayan, Design Of Reinforcement Concrete
Structures, 17th Edition, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company Limited,
New Delhi.
4. Unnikrishna Pillai S and Devdas Menon, Reinforcement Concrete
Structures, THM Publishers, 2004.
5. STAAD Pro v8i Users Manual
6. IS 456:2000, Indian Standard Code Of Practice for Plain Reinforced
Concrete (Fourth Revision), Bureau Of Indian Standards, New Delhi
99 | P a g e

7. IS 875 1987 (Part I), Code Of Practice For Design Loads(Other

than Earthquake) For Building And Structure Dead Loads, Bureau Of
Indian Standards, New Delhi
8. IS 875 1987 (Part II), Code Of Practice For Design Loads(Other
than Earthquake) For Building And Structure Live Loads, Bureau Of
Indian Standards, New Delhi
9. IS 875 1987 (Part III), Code Of Practice For Design Loads(Other
than Earthquake) For Building And Structure Wind Loads, Bureau Of
Indian Standards, New Delhi
10. IS 1893 2002, Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design Of
Structures Fifth Edition, Bureau Of Indian Standards, New Delhi
11. SP 16 : 1980, Design Aids For Reinforced To IS 456:1987, Bureau
Of Indian Standards, New Delhi

100 | P a g e