A

T i m e - B a s e d A r c h i t e c t u r e

I N T E R N A T I O N A L
v o l u m e 2

During the 20th century it became increasingly clear that architecture is by no means a timeless medium.
To begin with, artists and architects like Constant, Friedman, Archigram and the Metabolists merely toyed
with the notion of time. In the late 1960s, however, serious research was done into techniques that would
allow buildings to adapt to meet the demands made by time. This was especially true in the
housing
sector where after many years a new rationale emerged described as 'open building' where the
management or users took part in the design process. This open-endedness was not confined to
housing and time based designs spread
to most other building types. The desire for flexibility, per
se, often led to programmatically neutral, characterless buildings. Flexibility became synonymous with
blandness and the word subsequently slipped from the architect's vocabulary.
Society is changing at such speed that buildings are faced with new demands which they should be in a
position to meet. There are times when buildings change function during construction or even during the
design process. For example, the currently weak office market has caused many property developers to
alter ongoing projects for office buildings into housing. This usually means that the plans need
redeveloping from scratch. A new approach, therefore, is to design buildings that are able to cope with
such changes, in other words buildings that respond to the time factor.
Going back to the sixties, designing for the unknown, the unpredictable, was a new challenge facing
architects both then and more so today. What role could and should people play in the design
process. The challenge in time based architectural design was considered even greater than before.
'Form follows function' is giving way to concepts like polyvalence, changeability, flexibility, disassembly and
semi-permanence. The design is becoming an innovative tool for developing new spatial and physical
structures that generate freedom. Another important issue therefore is how does time-based architecture
fit into architectural design education? Not all of these questions can be dealt with in journal format
but
the buildings published will reflect some of these issues and may give rise to some clues which
could have some impact on design disciplines and related activities
TBA International is a full four colour publication. The aim is to publish the work of firms of
architects, from different countries, covering different building types which are time based and may
also have been designed with close collaboration of client management and with user design inputs.

A
T i m e - B a s e d A r c h i t e c t u r e

I N T E R N A T I O N A L
v o l u m e 2

i n t r o d u c t i o n

DKV from typological to time-based

Dr. ir. Bernard Leupen

A u s t r a l i e

B o s t o n

a r chitect

12

DKV architecten
Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel, Paul de Vroom

N i e u w e

M i l l i n x b u u r t ,

R o t t e r d a m

a r chitect

20

DKV architecten
Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel, Paul de Vroom

K o p

v a n

H a v e n d i e p ,

L e l y s t a d

a r chitect

DKV architecten
Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel, Paul de Vroom

26
S c h u t t e r s t o r e n

M e e r

e n

O e v e r ,

a r chitect

32

DKV architecten
Roel Bosch, Herman de Kovel, Wico Valk, Paul de Vroom

I n s u l a
a r chitect

C o l l e g e ,

D o r d r e c h t

DKV architecten
Roel Bosch, Herman de Kovel, Wico Valk, Paul de Vroom

40

A m s t e r d a m

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From its inception, DKV architects has been

the necessary preconditions for change (or flexibil-

founded in a firmly established working method and

ity, as DKV calls it) as a specific design theme.

practice. Typological analysis is key to the offices

DKV stands for the initials of its three co-founders,

working method, wherein typology is implemented to

Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel and Paul de

create freedom. DKVs sphere of activity spans

Vroom, who set up the office in 1984. All three

everything from residential and urban building

completed their studies at TU Delft and, prior to

projects to diverse forms of non-residential building.

founding DKV, worked at OMA on designing the

An analytical approach centred in model-based

urban development plan for the IJ-plein (IJ square)

thinking enables the office to maximise the potential

in the urban district of Amsterdam-Noord.

of otherwise restrictive preconditions, and to

typolo

[mD K V f r o m
typologic
ty
p

gical

to

I n t r o d u c t i o n

B E R N A R D

identify unexpected solutions as a result. DKV

Three elements define DKVs work:

architecten is based in Rotterdam and led by

1 model studies

partners Roel Bosch, Herman de Kovel, Wico Valk

2 typological approach (leading from model studies)

and Paul de Vroom. The office is active both within

3 flexibility and "shell thinking

the Netherlands and far beyond.

Model studies
DKVs work is characterised by a simplicity that

Dolf Dobbelaar and Paul de Vroom were respon-

speaks for itself, with designs that make an impact

sible for developing the so-called Blue Suitcase

through their organisational clarity and physical

Study (Blauwe Kofferonderzoek), which bears

form. DKV seeks to identify the essence of any

comparison with Marcel Duchamps 1938 boite en

given project and to devise a targeted answer and

valise. The Blue Suitcase contains a three-

an original design a design that is innovative, yet

dimensional analysis of a number of urban planning

at the same time surprisingly self-evident. The main

concepts whether or not ever actually realised

theme of the design is systematically integrated at

that have been fundamental in shaping the devel-

every level of scale, from urban planning down to

opment of modern-day urban planning. The general

the technical details. Since design processes today

criterion for selection was the extent to which basic

are in a constant state of flux and to a large

ideas underpinning a plan could be applied to

extent unpredictable, DKVs work has come to

modern-day situations.

emphasise, more and more, the establishment of

1

Dolf Dobbelaar, Paul de Vroom, 'Herinrichting Sluisjesdijk-Rotterdam' Plan vol.14 no.6 June 1983, p18-26.

1 Poster-Blue Suitcase Study

Dolf Dobbelaar and Paul de Vroom were still

used for urban planning studies in Nieuw-Sloten

students when Rem Koolhaas asked them to apply

and Zeeburgereiland, both of which were commis-

the Blue Suitcase method to the initial phase of

sioned by the Amsterdam Regional Planning Service

the development planning process for the IJ-plein

(Dienst Ruimtelijke Ordening). Subsequently, follow-

an urban development project in Amsterdam-Noord.

ing a series of projects that proved unsuitable for

Paul de Vroom and Dolf Dobbelaar projected Blue

the projection method, DKV made it their standard

Suitcase plans onto the IJ-plein situation, which

practice to apply the method in large-scale

entailed literally pasting the plans into the develop-

projects, beginning with the plan for the Nesselande

ment zone and trimming them to fit. Axonometric

centre. The actual plans used for projection

projections were made and maps plotted out for

changed also, with DKV increasingly choosing plans

each plan, with information about the plans

in which the office itself had had a hand. Today

designer appended. Various figures were also

they still use this working method, as a means of

provided for comparative purposes, including

giving municipalities and clients insight into the

2

density and residential surface area calculations.

systemic consequences of specific programmes and

urban planning preconditions. Their method as

These model studies served not only as a design

employed in the Valby Copenhagen competition

tool, but also as a crash course in architecture

entry demonstrates an approach in which model

and urban planning for the residents and other

studies are evaluated in terms of the development

involved parties in Amsterdam-Noord. After all,

of typological building blocks.

review of the model studies inherently also meant

review of a considerable span of architectural and

The typological ap p r o ach

urban development history. After graduating, Paul

The typological approach forms an extension of the

de Vroom returned to the then recently established

model studies. DKVs earliest projects are particu-

Rotterdam branch of OMA and collaborated with

larly indebted to the wealth of residential plans

Herman de Kovel on further elaboration of the

collected in the Blue Suitcase. Plans from the Blue

IJ-plein plans. Herman had previously worked under

Suitcase were not so much recycled in these

supervision of Josef Paul Kleihues in Berlin, on

projects as they were exploited for material to be

preparations for the IBA. Whilst in Berlin he came

reworked and utilised in new combinations and

into contact with people like Hans Kollhoff.

transformations. As such, the Blue Suitcase

assumes the role of a typological set of building

Initially, DKV architecten relied on model studies

blocks for residential projects. The offices first

primarily as a tool for internal use. Projections were

projects the Ammersooiseplein and the Kop St.

Janshaven, both in Rotterdam are prime

Dolf Dobbelaar, Paul de Vroom, 'Herinrichting

Sluisjesdijk-Rotterdam' Plan vol.14 no.6 June 1983, p18-26.
2

examples. The stacking of multiple types of housing

units in the Ammersooiseplein complex takes its

2 Valby, Copenhagen, process

3 Valby, Copenhagen, mass study
in collaboration with JWH Arkitekten and GBL Gruppen, Copenhagen

cue from the non-hierarchical plan. By developing homes that

hard-won articulation of their academic training, was not at

were lacking in spatial hierarchy a concept that had

all inhabited as they had envisioned. A multicultural world, to

already been generating interest during their student years

which the programme had neglected to make any reference,

DKV was moving away from the family housing unit design

infiltrated its way into the building, and not even its conser-

norm. Their roughly contemporary design for the Kop St.

vatories could resist invasion by bunk beds. According to

Janshaven, with its complex cross section, can be read as a

Paul de Vroom, We were warned straight off the bat in any

typological transformation of le Corbusiers Unit dHabitation

event: neither our own academic knowledge nor that of

and Moisei Ginsburgs Narkomfin building.

professional experts in the construction sector was sufficiently

advanced to deal with the problems thrown up by the real

F lexibility an d " shell thin kin g''

world."

From the moment the offices first project a social housing

complex for the Ammersooiseplein in Rotterdam (1984-1988)

What resulted was an awareness that diversity is best

was completed, DKV found itself confronting some harsh

realised by development of a structure within which a diverse

truths. No schedule of requirements, no matter how conscien-

range of plans can be actuated. As such, their focus shifted

tiously compiled by public housing experts, could fully reflect

from a typological approach to shell thinking. Not only does

the existing realities. Programmes customarily were, and still

the shell provide a framework for generating variation, it also

are, based on the largest common denominator, and bear

presents preconditions for time-related modification; in other

little affinity to the world unfolding outside the offices of

words: time-based architecture. Each of the projects

programme coordinators. The outcome of the offices first

discussed below illustrates this theme: the Millinxbuurt in

project was starkly revealing. DKVs non-hierarchical plan, the

Rotterdam on an urban planning level, Kop van Havendiep in

Lelystad, Insula College in Dordrecht, and Australi-Boston

and the Schutterstoren, both in Amsterdam, on the buildings

level.
F iv e projects
The five projects discussed here all fall within the last of the
aforementioned categories: that of shell-based thinking.
Nevertheless, these projects do retain links to the typological
approach, particularly evident in Kop van Havendiep,
Australi-Boston and the Schutterstoren. Fundamental to the
development process of each are a considerable familiarity

4 Ammersooiseplein,
Rotterdam.
4a Ammersooiseplein,
Rotterdam floor plan 1-2
4b Ammersooiseplein,
Rotterdam floor plan 3-7
5 Kop st'Janshaven situated
on the river
6 Kop St. Janshaven
Rotterdam, floor plans

with housing typology and the skill to use transformation as

a means of turning existing types into entirely new plans.

4a

4b

Conversation with Paul de Vroom, October 2007.

6

The result is housing that can be, and can over time
continue to be, fine-tuned to the specific and changing
needs of its inhabitants. Australi-Boston is the most
radical in this respect, with units that, at the shell
level, are nothing more than empty lofts. The spaces
are fitted with a floor system that provides full access
for laying or rerouting cable networks, thereby making
it possible to arrange the interior in any number of
ways over time. Kop van Havendiep is based on a
straightforward scheme of a succession of dual
housing units. Its load-bearing faade again allows for
a range of different interior layouts. The Schutterstoren
uses the same principle, but with a column structure
abutting the faade and a circular plan that, likewise,
creates endless options for variation.
The Millinxbuurt plan is the single most prominent
example of shell-based thinking. A simple form of
subdivision is transposed into three-dimensional space
via a series of structural walls, which create a skeleton
to be fleshed out by its inhabitants. The need to
establish preconditions for changing usage (i.e. flexibility) played a major role in the design of the Insula
College in Dordrecht. Constantly shifting perspectives
on education call for a new generation of school
buildings such as this one, thus marking a definitive
break with the time-honoured principle of form follows
function. The documented plans for each of these
projects are richly illustrated; emphasising images that
can give a clear impression of their inherent variety of
layout options.
Bern ard Leupen

7 Kop St. Janshaven,

photo DKV
8 Glazed Gallery,
photo Hans Werlemann

f
D o b b e l a a r ,
H e r m a n
d e
K o v e l ,
P a u l
d e
V r o o m
c o m b i n a t i e
N i e u w
A m e r i k a /
J o h a n
M a t s e r
Y m e r e
O n t u i k k e l i n g / H e t
O o s t e n
K r i s t a l
V e s t e d a )

Train
At the end of the twentieth century, a start was made on the develop-

The intention was that a train of buildings, as the Municipal planners

ment of the Oostelijke Handelskade (East Trade Quay), the next project

referred to it, would be generated.

in a series of experimental residential quarters in the Oostelijk Havenge-

australi-boston

[130 Apartments, commercial space and parking garage]

D K V
a r c h i t e c t e n
D o l
C l i e n t
O n t w i k k e l i n g s
P r o j e c t a n t k i k k e l i n g
( B o s t o n
a c q u i r e d
b y

bied (East Harbour Area) of Amsterdam. This time it concerned a long

M o noliths

narrow zone along the south shore of the River IJ.

The Rapp & Rapp office drew up a blueprint for the Nieuw Amerika

For this strip, the Municipality had formulated an architectural brief, in

subsection. This plan translated the notion of separate compositional

which the total length of the quay was divided into subsections called

elements into three monolithic volumes for which a zoning plan on the

Compartments. Three compositional elements had to be recognizable in

basis of a series of construction envelopes was devised. This plan aimed

the construction of each compartment: a slightly elevated plinth that

at ensuring an attractive interaction of unity and variety among the three

extended across the entire subsection, higher detached objects along

buildings. The Australi-Boston apartment block is situated at the centre

the through road and railway line, and finally a series of broad volumes

of this compartment. The 19th-century Australia warehouse originally

on the IJ into which the existing warehouses could be integrated.

occupied this site and was incorporated into the architectonic concept.

1 Australi-Boston, Panoramic view of

the building, photo DKV
2 Australi-Boston, photo Luuk Kramer

U - s h a pe
The Australi-Boston apartment block was regarded as a single complex
consisting of a new and an existing part. To meet the urban planning regulations, the existing warehouse was extended on both sides to conform to the
street alignment. There is a single system of access for the whole configuration and the new construction was designed in such a way that both parts,
old and new, are always simultaneously visible, regardless of the viewpoint.
On the city side, the new construction volume has a U-shape that embraces
a courtyard with an elevated communal garden. On the waterfront, the new
construction section protrudes out over the warehouse, so that it appears to
float. The old and new sections are interconnected by means of glass
3

surfaces.

3
4
5
6

Australi-Boston, Site
Concept one building
Floor plan first floor
Gallery and balcony, photo Luuk Kramer

the course of the ducts in the floor with the assistance of only a stanley

SHELL
CONSTRUCTION

knife. The vertical entry of the pipes and ducts in the warehouse was kept
outside the apartments. All ducts and meter cupboards are concentrated in
two large central cores.
In the warehouse, the faade was the restricting factor. In order to do full
justice to the architecture of the historical exterior, the division of the interior
had to take the existing faade openings as its basis. None the less, this
apparent restriction resulted in unconventional, good interior variants.

hekwe k

7 Catalogue of basic layouts

8 Technical concept of flexibility
3

The wooden loading platforms that determine the image from the quay side
are echoed in this faade as balconies with details related to the platforms.

30

BASIC LOFT

wm

wm

PRE-DETERMINED
LAYOUT

hekwe k

hekwe k

30

wm

S hell housin g

Neu t r al

In the interior, too, the building was again regarded as a single indivisible

In the new part, other factors played a role. A rational structure of floors and

complex. In general, an existing warehouse is ideally suited to containing lofts

bearing walls with an economic nett-gross relationship was the point of

apartments that consist of one large undefined area, equipped with a

departure. A universal structure was chosen, taking a single bay dimension as

compact package of services. Partitioning takes place by means of movable

its fundament, with a system of ultra-short galleries on the court side. Here,

elements.

too, the route of the pipes and ducts was kept outside the actual living area.

During the development of the project, the loft principle was still a rather

Similar to those in the warehouse section, the horizontal ducts are concealed

uncommon feature of new construction. However, the concept of old and new

in an elevated floor, while all vertical shafts and the meter cupboards are

provided sufficient reason to apply a single approach to all the apartments.

integrated in the faades on the court side. With neutral floor plans, the

This resulted in the principle of shell or skeleton housing.

position of the exterior space usually considerably impedes the flexibility of

the layout. For this reason, an alternative was conceived. On the court side,

wm

hekwe k

hekwe k

F reedom

each apartment was assigned a large veranda that runs parallel to the gallery

The shell apartment is based on the notion that the flexible layout and

and allows access to the apartment. The apartment faade on the exterior of

changeability of the premises can be utilized to the maximum possible extent.

the building block is one large French window. An aluminium front can be

This means that, in spatial or technical terms, a solution has to be found for

opened along the entire width of the apartment by means of a turn-tilt

all objects that may form an obstacle to free partitioning. In this case, design-

system. In this way, the size and use of the exterior space can be determined

ing is thus the art of omission.

by the residents themselves.

The main structure is the determining feature here. In a warehouse, these

OWN LAYOUT
BASED ON LOFT

30

wm

wm

conditions are almost self-evidently favourable. The existing structure with

C at al o gu e

cast-iron columns is sufficiently spacious and the floor areas are satisfactorily

For the layout of the apartment, three alternative scenarios were devised from

neutral to allow many partitioning options.

which the purchaser could choose on the basis of personal preference. First

A principle that guaranteed optimum freedom was developed for the route of

of all, a package of components was offered, consisting of glass fronts,

the pipes and ducts. Horizontal ducts are housed in an elevated low-tech

sliding panels and closet walls, and kitchen blocks. These elements were

floor. A layer of aerated concrete was laid on top of the constructional

derived from standard building products and are freely available on the

concrete floor. This material has the advantage that it is light and inexpensive

market. Subsequently, taking the component package as a basis, DKV

and can easily accommodate pipes and ducts. If required, it is easy to change

designed a catalogue of basic layouts. This variant meets the requirements

of more passive, less wealthy purchasers who, under the pressure of a busy

tion, a logistics tool ought to be created that enables the client, contractor

career, simply dont get round to designing their own homes. Finally there is

and residents to agree on the way in which responsibilities and liabilities are

the ultimate loft idea: an empty space to which nothing needs to be added

shared, with regard to the communal and individual sections of the construc-

because the residents themselves specify how and with which resources the

tion. Under whose auspices the sequence of construction activities should

apartment should be laid out. A choice in favour of this variant may have

take place is another matter that requires attention.

several reasons. With the purchase of the shell structure. Buyers may have
reached the limit of their investment, and regard the emptiness as pure loft

Allure an d fire

habitation until new resources can be drawn upon. Or the residents may be

The architectonic character of the 19th-century Australia warehouse, with its

original enough to conceive a specific layout and may have the time and/or

utilitarian sobriety, is specific to this type of building. To a large degree, the

resources to realize this themselves or have it implemented by a builder.

entire Australia-Boston complex takes its identity from this. The architecture
of the new construction has been designed and materialized in rather

C h a nge a bility

austere fashion, so that old and new construction harmonize well. On the

Just as with the choice of interior features, the changeability of the apart-

outside of the new construction, a grid of light-coloured prefab concrete with

ment also has various degrees. For the first resident, the user-freedom in

a filling of glass panels gives the building a robust allure that is akin to the

everyday life is considerable when the layout has largely been determined on

industrial architecture of 20th-century harbour warehouses. On the interior of

the basis of sliding walls and fronts. In view of the high-level low-tech quality

the block, at the communal garden, a wooden finishing and screen-printed

of the floor and partitioning walls, more substantial changes in the short

glass panels evoke a more light-footed ambience.

term, such as the combination of rooms, the alteration of the route of the

In 2002, with construction in full swing, the Australia warehouse was com-

ducts or the relocation of walls, remain simple interventions. Even alterations

pletely burned out. Because the building was essential to the complex in

in the long term, where kitchens and bathrooms have to be moved, for

conceptual terms, an accurate reconstruction was initiated.

example, are also very feasible although they may require more effort and

Im p l e m e ntation
Housing construction that emphasizes freedom of choice and changeability
tends to meet much resistance. The cause of this lies mainly in the combination of a conservative policy with regard to municipal building permission
and slow certification within the building world. As a consequence, construction plans are only approved when the number of apartments, the differentiation and the size of the houses are precisely defined in advance. Construction system components such as the steel Infra-floor or the styro-foam
Matura floor system, which are systems that have been common in utility
construction for a long time, can only be applied in housing after considerable delays. Once these obstacles have been cleared, organizational and
legal risks continue to play a role in selling shell housing, which is the
greatest source of concern for the developers. In order to avoid clashes
mw

mw

9 Gallery, photo DKV

10 Principle Floor plans
11 Roof garden inside the block,
photo Luuk Kramer

P aul de Vroom

mw

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investment.

between the implementation of the shell housing and the interior construc10

FACTS OF THE PROJECT

A rc h ite c ts Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel,
Paul de Vroom
Pro j e c t te am Paul de Vroom, Roel Bosch, Oliver
Thill, Isaac Batenburg, Eva Huijgen
in collaboration with Cumae
Re c o nstru c tio n in collaboration with Rappange &
Partners Architecten
Engine e r Cumae
Plan d ata
1998
commission
1998-2002 design
2002-2005 completion casco
2005-2006 completion interior (reconstruction after fire)
Pro g ram
40 apartments in the existing warehouse
90 apartments in the new building
2.400 m2 commercial space
168 parking places
11

D K V
a r c h i t e c t e n
D o l f
D o b b e l a a r ,
H e r m a n
C l i e n t
P r o j e c t b u r e a u
M a n i f e s t a t i e
5 0 5 0

d e

K o v e l ,

P a u l

d e

V r o o m

Problem area
In the extensive sea of working-class quarters that
jointly make up Rotterdam-Zuid (South Rotterdam),
the Millinxbuurt lies wedged between major northsouth connections, with a broad trunk road to the
east and a lane with a dominant viaduct for the
overhead metro to the west. To the south, the
quarter is abruptly truncated by the large-scale
Zuidplein shopping mall. The map appears to
enclave with its own parcelling logic within the
architectural morphology of Rotterdam-Zuid. It is
actually a collection of parcels that has gradually
evolved into a characterless structure of closed

nieuwe millinxbuurt

[Urban study as part of manifestation]

display an exceptional triangular island as an

building blocks. The elongated housing blocks that

lie parallel to the north-south connections give
these lanes the appearance of a boulevard.
In social terms, the Millinxbuurt has grown into an
anti-social quarter in which the drug trade and
associated criminal activities have come to determine life in the area. None the less, the location is
potentially valuable. Its position on the urban axis
of Rotterdam-Zuid, on the metro line, in conjunction with the many community functions available
at the Zuidplein, make the area extremely suited to

A Real-life Blueprint

modern life in which dwelling and working are

intermingled. In order to achieve this status,

The plan for the Nieuwe Millinxbuurt (1995) was formulated for an exhibition in which Rotterdam was

however, the quarter will have to be developed on

presented as people imagined it would be in 50 years time. According to the theories of the Archigram

the basis of radically different points of departure.

Group in the sixties, Western citizens would be living in so-called Walking Cities in 1995. This shows that
nothing is quite as dated as a sci-fi-like view of the future. On the contrary, drawing up a real-life blueprint for the coming fifty years is a realistic assignment. In this particular case, it involved developing the
Millinxbuurt (Millinx district) in such a way that it would be flexible enough to accommodate the continually
altering ethnic composition of residents and their ever-changing requirements, while simultaneously taking
into account the limited resources available to the residents of this district.

1 Detail showing the functional zone

2 Sequence of Transformation

Four streets that run parallel to the southern periphery form the main streets
and connect to the urban road network by way of gateways. These four
streets communicate via a number of secondary streets that are laid out in
such a way that they discourage through traffic. A fine-meshed network of
paths opens up the entire quarter to slow traffic and provides good links to
the facility zone to the south. Two squares reinforce the identity of the
quarter. In view of their importance to the new district, the main streets and
the squares are the elements that have been allocated a distinctive architectonic context.
Existing Building

Perimeter Buildings
to be Maintained

Modified Perimeter Buildings

Primary Connection

Secondary Connection

Tertiary Connection

Pathway

Commercial Area

Living/Work Casco Structure

New structure

The situation along the southern edge will change drastically. The detached

The first step is the development of a powerful urban framework. Retention of

buildings that currently stand with their rears toward the Millinxbuurt will be

the peripheral construction along the north-south roads ensures that the

included in a continuous zone with dual orientation. They will be a part of a

architectural image of ongoing boulevards is preserved and that the inner

series of high-rise apartment blocks and commercial buildings whose orienta-

quarter is screened off. The current substantiation with tenement blocks based

tion will form a link between the Zuidplein and the residential area. A com-

on a central staircase circulation can remain unchanged, at least for the

pletely new structure, in which only the traffic circulation and the major urban

present, with the exception of a few adjustments for road junctions. In the

interventions have been architectonically defined, has been formulated for the

long term, this construction can be replaced by a more modern residential

area within the peripheral construction.

4
3 Model of the new Millinxbuurt
4 Reference of Mexico
5 Anatomy of the plan

typology.
5

Matrix
The building regulations have been deliberately restricted in the inner area. A grid of
parcels, mutually separated by walls running in east-west direction, has been laid out
within the street pattern. All incoming pipes and ducts required for housing construction have been installed in these walls. Furthermore, only the dimensions of the walls,
their positions with regard to the street alignment and the maximum construction
height within the walls have been determined in the blueprint, with the aim of avoiding possible conflicts. Within this matrix, it is possible to realize various dwelling
typologies, small-scale commercial enterprises, and workplaces. The intention is to
retain a maximum of freedom while ensuring minimum construction costs. It is
assumed that the future users will bring their own construction plans and packages
to this skeletal matrix, and that they should also be able to alter these installations
relatively simply. To stimulate such activity, a strip has been created on the southern
edge of the area to house a series of companies that sell construction materials and
supply construction elements, as well as companies that concentrate on recycling
these products. In many countries, d-i-y construction is a perfectly normal procedure.
It is only in the Netherlands, with its professional culture of ready-made housing, that
people tend to think of this as an unusual and even undesired way of obtaining a
home.

Image
On the basis of these flexible principles, the Millinxbuurt will become a vital residential area with an image that is subject to permanent change. All future modifications
to the use and internal layout can be accommodated without difficulty, as is the
case with old inner-city premises that have been functioning in this way for centuries.
The Millinxbuurt will become a quarter whose architectonic manifestation is determined by the unexpected convergence of designed academic architecture and
spontaneous self-made architecture. And behind this lies a powerful urban blueprint
that guarantees the identity of the district.
P aul de Vroom

FACTS OF THE PROJECT

Ar chi t ect s Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel,
Paul de Vroom
Pr oject t eam Herman de Kovel, Paul de Vroom,
Jrn Schiemann, Evert Dorresteijn, Tanja Nieuwenhuyzen
Kruseman

6,7 Images of possible infill

8 Collage streets
6

Plan dat a
1995 urban study in the context of the manifestation
50 years of reconstruction 50 years of future

D K V
a r c h i t e c t e n
C l i e n t
L e y t e n
e n

D o l f
D o b b e l a a r ,
H e r m a n
P a r t n e r s ,
R o t t e r d a m

d e

K o v e l ,

P a u l

d e

V r o o m
Ob ject
The required residential brief was really too modest to offer a counterweight to the adjoining mass
of low-rise housing. For this reason, the separate programme components of living, parking and
public exterior space were gathered into a single expressive object that was subsequently situated in
the water.
The substructure of this object is formed by a rectangular car park which is enclosed by water on
three sides and which protrudes just above the water line. As a result, the interior of the garage
benefits from the natural daylight that enters via the glass-panelled faades. The car park has a
sloping roof that issues on to a monumental square in front of the main entrance. The square is
accessible by means of gently sloping ramps at the sides. The car park is accessed via a ramp in
the middle.
of the Havendiep can be gained from the street and from the deck itself. The glass entrance hall
lies in the open space between the substructure and the superstructure. Furthermore, this spot serves
as a covered communal terrace, furnished with benches, on the waterfront.

kop van havendiep

[18 Apartments and parking garage]

The nine-storey main volume is elevated in relation to the substructure, so that an unimpeded view

D eaf
Because the sound pollution is extremely intense, especially with regard to current housing norms,
the only solution for this location had to be an unorthodox one. The starting point was that it was
impossible to place the living areas on the railway side. Accordingly, the faade on this side had to
meet the principle of the so-called deaf faade a faade with windows that cannot be opened.
This also applied to both side faades. Fortunately the sun and the view are on the relatively
noiseless west side of the building. The architectural concept of a solitary object in the water thus

led to a slender rectangular main volume in which the apartments were oriented as much as
possible to the sunny western side of the building.
3

R e c l a i m e d l and
The Abacus apartment block is situated in Lelystad, which is the capital of Flevoland, the extensive area of land that has been
reclaimed from the former Zuiderzee. The city has a direct railway link with Amsterdam. The spot where this railway line touches the
Havendiep, a dead straight waterway 3-km long, was designated by the Municipality to accommodate an exceptional building that

1
2
3
4

Kop van het Havendiep, photo Rob't Hart

Deaf facade, photo Rob't Hart
Site
Section

would function as a landmark indicating the transition from the new Landstrekenwijk district and the previously realized De Tjalk
residential estate. Actually, this spot could hardly be regarded as a real construction location. The water extends almost rightup to
the railway embankment and the trains produce a great deal of sound pollution.

L i ne a r
The storeys of the apartment block are organized in linear fashion. By placing the supporting
structure longitudinally, with supporting faades, which is a structure somewhat unusual for Dutch
housing construction, much freedom could be created. The basic floor plan, which contains two
apartments, is divided into two linear zones. The vertical access of the building the lift and the
staircase is situated at the centre of the building, on the railway side. On either side of this core
there are the bathrooms and toilets, the storage areas and shafts for pipes and ducts, and, in the
corner, the kitchen- dining room combinations. The zone on the sunny west side can be laid out
entirely according to the wishes of the residents. This was made possible by taking a fixeddimension grid as the basis for the construction and the service installations.
A supporting construction of portals with a fixed grid pattern is situated between both zones, and
the service installations are coupled to this. In the corridor zone, the horizontal pipes are ramified in
such a way that warm air is blown into each construction module and there is a connection to the
mains power supply at every pier.
Variants with two, three and four rooms, as well as a version with a single large loft, were proposed
for the layout of the open living zone. These layouts are easily created by installing light metal-stud
walls. Interior walls can be added or removed without having to make radical adjustments. A broad
balcony along the whole length of the west faade emphasizes the orientation of the apartments to
the sun and to the view of the Havendiep.

5
6
7
8
9

Deaf facade, photo Rob't Hart

Typical floor plan
Car park and entrance desk
Zoning concept
South facade, photo Rob't Hart

Material
The faade design augments the conceptual starting
point. The three faades that have to muffle the
noise are completely closed. The sparse openings in
these faades give the building an abstract, mysterious appearance. This is reinforced by the coating of
zinc, a material whose natural patina and configuration of continuous folds assign a certain scale to the
large, closed faade surfaces. In contrast, the faade
on the Havendiep is as light and open as possible.
Here, the dominant feature is the pattern formed by
the horizontal lines of the balconies and the translucent, moving glass windscreens in the foremost plane
of the balcony zone. The wooden faade coating
behind this, with an aluminium sliding front installed
at a fixed modular distance, ensures a contrast that
brings depth to this faade.
Reality
With the actual implementation of the project, the
design principles could be immediately tested in
real-life practice. The theory of flexible living zones
turned out to work better than anticipated. There

11

were two differing situations in which it was necessary

to unite an entire storey. The first case involved a
luxury apartment covering the entire floor. In the
second case, a whole storey was allocated to a
community with sheltered accommodation. The flexible
structure made it possible to realize both requirements without difficulty.
P aul de Vroom

10

FACTS OF THE PROJECT

Ar chi t ect s Dolf Dobbelaar, Herman de Kovel,
Paul de Vroom
Pr oject t eam Herman de Kovel, Jrn Schiemann,
Otto Weyers, Nicolette Jongebreur
E ngi neer Leen Brak, Gouda
Plan dat a
1999 commission
2001 start construction
2003 completion
Pr ogr am
18 apartments
20 parking places

10 Open entrance zone,

photo Rob 't Hart
11 Entrance to car park,
photo Rob 't Hart

D K V
a r c h i t e c t e n
R o e l
B o s c h ,
H e r m a n
d e
K o v e l ,
C l i e n t
P r o p e r
S t o k
W o n i n g e n / A W V / D e l t a
F o r t e

W i c o

V a l k ,

P a u l

d e

V r o o m
Volume
The building was designed as a cylinder elevated 6.5 metres above ground level. At
cylinder-shaped core. The large overhang means that a view toward the lake from the
residential quarter can be retained. As conceived, the architecture evokes associations
with the archetype of a water tower: a cylinder form on a narrow substructure. This
powerful image is reinforced by the fact that the tower has been situated on a green

Restructuring
The Meer en Oever plan is a part of the large-scale restructuring opera-

blocks on the west side of the Lane incline toward Van Eesterens

tion in Amsterdams Westelijke Tuinsteden (Western Garden Towns). This

original urban design, while a parcelling layout on the base of separate

configuration of residential quarters was built in the 1960s and possesses

objects, each of which would be allocated its own orientation, was the

the strict parcelling of open blocks so characteristic of Cornelis van

chosen structure for the east side. One of these objects is an apartment

Eesterens urban design. The renewed Meer en Oever district, which lies

block that had to become the landmark of the quarter. The self-evident

to the west of the Sloterplas, is approaching completion. The urban

idea of allowing the block to rise above the surrounding construction was

blueprint for this district was formulated by the Kuiper Compagnons

precluded by the height restrictions imposed by the zoning plan. Never-

office, and is a translation of the wish to improve the residential quality

theless, the intended role of the landmark and structural element could

of the area by introducing a wide diversity of residential forms.

be substantiated in a totally different way, in this case by its exceptional

The Laan Meer en Vaart (Meer en Vaart Lane) has been extended and

appearance.

meer en oever

now forms the dividing line between two worlds. The orthogonal building

in Slotervaart]

[Flexible apartment building with parking garage

this height, the building cantilevers out in a spectacular manner around a narrow

artificial mound, a so-called Dutch terp that conceals a sunken car park. In order to
emphasize its exceptional form in the evenings, the building is illuminated from below
so that it appears to float above the landscape.
Urban design
The choice of the cylinder shape is relevant to the entire urban planning structure.
Due to its form, the tower functions within the area as the pivot that brings cohesion
to the many directions in which the surrounding buildings have been scattered. Taking
the cylinder concept a little further, an exceptional design solution was formulated at
planning detail level.
1 Panorama photo DKV
2 Schutterstoren, site
3 Schutterstoren, photo Jeroen Musch

2 APARTMENTS

3 APARTMENTS

4 APARTMENTS

5 APARTMENTS

6 APARTMENTS

3 APARTMENTS

1 APARTMENT

4 APARTMENTS

Because the available ground area was too limited for the apartment block

Fr e e d o m

and the parking facilities, a strategy of double use was employed. The parking

The supporting construction enables a free and flexible layout of the floor

facilities are accommodated in a circular garage with 78 parking spaces

surfaces on the standard storeys. The lifts and staircases are concentrated in

around the concrete core of the block. This car park has been installed one

the concrete core. In circular zones around this core there are the communal

metre below ground level and then covered with a green bank so that the

horizontal access points and, moving outwards, the shafts containing pipes

park-like landscape stretches under the block in the form of a mound under

and ducts. Between these shafts, there are recesses for the entrances to the

the tower.

apartments. Beyond these there are the service areas of the apartments
themselves. The rest of the surface area is completely free, right out to the

Wei gh t w at c h i n g

faade. There are no supporting walls whatsoever in this part of the building,

With this type of building, it is important to ensure that not too much weight

thus allowing a free apartment layout and even a flexible apartment size.

is involved. This is why the main supporting configuration consists of a steel

Three storeys deviate from this principle. In the two lower storeys, the free

structure of columns and beams, with a concrete core at the centre. The

layout is restricted to a certain extent by the construction diagonals. On the

columns are set back in relation to the faade so that the span is reduced

top floor, it is limited by the patio-like loggias. In the partitioning of the free

and the faade arrangement is independent of the construction. The forces

floor areas, use is made of metal-stud separating walls, which are easily

generated by the cantilever are transferred to the core by the addition of

installed, even in a circular configuration. They are just as easily removed.

diagonal tie-rods on the two lower floors. As a consequence, the storeys

Plaster ceilings have been installed to cover the sheet steel / concrete and

above these can be constructed in the traditional manner. The stacked storey

the course of the pipes and ducts.

floors have been executed as sheet steel / concrete floors.

4 Hanging Steel frame under construction,

photo DKV
5 Terrace of the top apartment,
photo Jeroen Musch
6 Concept of the floor plan

FREE LAY-OUT

Apartmen t type
The principle of open-plan floor surfaces offers the
freedom to apply any required layout to the apartment, as well as the possibility of creating apartments
of different sizes. After an extensive inventory, a
catalogue was compiled, showing individual apartments
varying in size from 90 m2 to 275 m2. On the basis
of rooms in the form of a circle segment, various
layouts were designed for each type of apartment. An
open loft variant was also developed for each type.
The catalogue subsequently displays the combinations
that can be made on the whole floor of a single
storey.

8a

8b

2 apartments per floor

10 m

10 m

Lig htweight
The design of the faade was also formulated in the
context of weight-watching. The entire faade is made
of materials that are as light as possible. To reinforce
the continuous round form, protruding vertical posts
have been accommodated in the finishing. These
vertical profiles, extending up the entire height of the
building, are made of aluminium while the filling
between them consists of aluminium panels and glass
fronts, similar to a curtain wall principle. The arrangement is based on an ongoing rhythm of transparent

8c

and closed surfaces that does not restrict the housing

8d

3 apartments per floor

10 m

4 apartments per floor

differentiation in any way. At the transparent surface

sections, it is possible to install conservatory frontages
to any required degree, without disrupting the image of
the faade. The basis of this is a tilt-and-turn system
with storey-high frames that can be fully opened, thus
converting the adjoining living area into a large
7
7 Interior of the apartments photos Jeroen Musch
8 a. ground floor
b. 2 apartments per floor
c. 3 apartments per floor
d. 4 apartments per floor
e. 6 apartments per floor
f. section

outdoor space.
To contrast with the light-metal faade, clear-varnished
wood and colours such as bright red have been
applied to the interior, evoking the feeling of being in
a luxury hotel.

8e

8f
2

6 apartments per floor

10 m

10

20 m

Reality

kitchens. The fact that this possibility genuinely

The original idea was to present the catalogue with

stimulated the imagination is proven by the built

residential possibilities in an introductory sales

result almost no apartment is the same as

round, and then to arrive at an optimum division of

another. The future residents intensively followed

the storeys on the basis of the specific require-

the construction of the block, and as a conse-

ments of the candidates. This approach allowed

quence, they could already experience the spatial

quantitative variation ranging from 43 to 54 apart-

qualities of the rounded form during the carcass

ments, depending on the chosen apartment sizes.

work. The method of constructing in steel enabled

However, regulations applying to Dutch building

them to adapt the division of their apartments in

permission precluded this option. The freedom of

accordance with evolving insight until an uncom-

choice, so attractive to buyers, had the conse-

monly late stage in the construction process.

type A

quence that government controls also required

more flexibility. After an initially positive reaction,

Paul de Vroom

the municipal department ultimately decided that

the number of apartments and the differentiation
had to be specified prior to the submission of the
application for building permission. In order to meet
this demand, a number of separate residential types
in the collection were selected and then combined
into complete storeys. On the basis of logical
distribution, these different storey types were
accommodated in the cross-section of the building.
For the entire block, this resulted in residential

FACTS OF THE PROJECT

Ar chi t ect s Roel Bosch, Herman de Kovel,
Wico Valk, Paul de Vroom
Pr oject t eam Paul de Vroom, Jrn Schieman,
Otto Weyers, Gideon Maasland

differentiation with a total of 54 three, four and

E ngi neer Ingenieursbureau Zonneveld

five-room apartments. The positive response to the

Plan dat a
2001 commission
2005 start construction

design of the building and the apartments gave no

cause to adjust the theoretical division.
Within the apartments, however, full use could be
made of the freedom of layout for the rooms and

type B

9 Entrance by night photo Jeroen Musch

10 Basic floor plans of the dwellings

Pr ogr am
43-53 apartments
80 parking places

type C

10
1

10 m

type D

insula college

(Preparatory Intermediate Vocational Education)]

[College for VMBO

D K V
a r c h i t e c t e n
R o e l
B o s c h ,
C l i e n t
L e e r p a r k
D o r d r e c h t
/

H e r m a n
d e
K o v e l ,
I n s u l a
C o l l e g e

W i c o

V a l k ,

P a u l

d e

V r o o m

Leerpark
On the south-eastern edge of Dordrecht, a city just south of
Rotterdam, a rather characterless area accommodating scattered
schools and commercial premises is currently being transformed
into an extraordinary district. It bears the name of Leerpark,
which is Dutch for Education Park. This area is triangular in
shape and lies wedged between a busy peripheral road to the
south-east and an international railway line to the north-west. As
a consequence, sound levels played an important role in planning the new quarter. As the basis for the transformation, the
landscape architects of West 8 formulated an urban blueprint
that proposed a radical mingling of functions. The fundament of
this plan is the Leerboulevard (Education Boulevard), a broad
centrally situated green avenue, along which all the important
educational buildings will be situated in the future, including four
schools. Furthermore, there will be sports and information
centres, and a hotel. These facilities will be supplemented by
offices, workplaces, houses, and small amenities such as shops
and restaurants. The introduction of so-called 'Leerbedrijven or
schooling firms enables the possibility of a gradual transition
from an educational venue to a work setting. The main concept
behind the scheme is that activity and enterprise will determine
the ambience of this urban district for the major part of the day.

1 Insula School entrance, photo Jeroen Musch

2 Insula School, photo Jeroen Musch

Noi se

Matrix

Paradoxically, in order to achieve a mixture of functions within the

The definitive site of the Insula College lies at the end of the Leerbou-

Leerpark, it was necessary to impose function zoning. Zones with firms

levard, along the axis, a position that assigns the building a certain

along the peripheral road and the railway line deaden the intensity of

pre-eminence.

noise for the rest of the quarter, in which living, working, learning and

The brief indicated a deliberate choice for project-based education, in

recreation could subsequently be mixed. Insula College, a college for

which the lessons are increasingly presented in large open spaces

intermediate vocational education, is situated on the border between the

comparable to open-plan offices. In conjunction with the concept of free

industrial zone and the rest of the quarter.

and flexible floor division, this educational concept could be easily

realized. The corresponding supporting structure is made of concrete. It

Vag ue

consists of square columns placed in a strict grid pattern, and identical

At the commencement of the design process for the Insula College,

floor slabs whose corners rest directly upon the columns. This simple

there was a rather vague brief. The first stage of the process concerned

money-saving system was applied to all storeys. On only one occasion,

a closed architectural competition in which the location and the func-

at the auditorium, did a change have to be made because an extremely

tional programme had not yet been fully determined. But in order to

large span was required at that spot. Accordingly, the limited construc-

arrive at some kind of result, a location had simply been chosen.

tion budget could be devoted as much as possible to the spatial and

Concerning the programme, the reverse occurred. The few available

visual aspects of the design.

certainties decreased further as more information was supplied by the

school management. Ideas on education are perpetually in motion
without anyone knowing the exact outcome. The question was: to what
extent did a conventional structure with classrooms harmonize with the
aim of realizing project-based education in which various educational
disciplines are integrated? Nevertheless, in view of DKVs interest in
change and flexibility, this proved to be an ideal starting point.
C h ange
The construction site consisted of a rectangle at the beginning of the
Leerboulevard. A concept was formulated, based on a neutral structure
with columns and free and flexible floors. These are spatially defined by
the presence of three contrasting patios that differ greatly in size and
architectural theme. They enable daylight to penetrate deep into the
building, and assign identity to the space without evoking ideas of
hierarchy. The great freedom of layout that the plan allows anticipates
ongoing and future changes in secondary education. Evidence of this
was immediately produced just after DKV had won the architectural
competition: in the follow-on stage, the project was relocated to a
different site and had to meet a completely new brief.

3 Insula School, concept

4 Entrance by night, photo Jeroen Musch

H ori z o n t al
The programme of the building itself is organized in
horizontal fashion. The ground floor is extra-high in
order to accommodate communal and public-oriented
areas. At the front, a small auditorium has been
installed and this also functions as a display window
for the work of the pupils. A large auditorium, the
school theatre, lies to the rear. The exceptional height
of the ground floor gives the building a majestic scale
that is uncommon for a school. A spacious entrance
patio is situated at the front, forming the gradual
transition from public space to the inner world. Four
storey-high pivot doors mark the boundary between
the interior and exterior. They represent the physical
separation between the pupils and uninvited passersby, but simultaneously preserve the visual relationship

entrance patio

due to their transparency.

The upper floors are intended for the junior and the
secondary classes respectively. Two new patios, one

water patio

wood patio

with water and one with wooden finishing and greenery, enhance the spatiality and transparency of these
floors.
Halls and corridors play an important role on all
storeys. They have been designed in such a way that
they encourage informal gathering, thus stimulating a
sense of community. On the second floor of the
secondary section, the principles of project-based
education have been consistently applied, as far as is
possible. Here the Economics section and the Health
and Welfare section have been laid out as open-plan
offices in which only a few elements are fixed. DKV
created the design for both sections.

ground floor
5 Classrooms versus open space
6 View outside, photo Bastiaan Ingenhousz
6

first floor
7a The entrance patio, photo Jeroen Musch
7b The water patio, photo Jeroen Musch
7c The wood patio, photo DKV

second floor
8a Ground floor plan
8b First floor plan
8c Second floor plan

Image
Changeability and representation determined the

each matrix section also allows for adaptability of

appearance of the building. The faade is made

the interior.. If required, this school also provides

entirely of glass. On the respective storeys, trans-

the opportunity to return to traditional classroom

parent and opaque glass panels alternate in a

education, based on a separation of disciplines.

deliberately irregular pattern in which fifty per cent

The building can even be assigned a totally new

of the faade is transparent in each matrix grid. As

function.

a consequence, a neutral faade has been created

all around, behind which a flexible layout of the

Paul de Vroom

space is possible (fig. 8 and 9). At ground level,

the relationship between transparent and opaque is
locally determined according to the necessity of
contact with the outside world. The display-window
section, for example, is almost completely transparent.
F uture
Not even an expert seems able to predict how
Dutch education will develop in the future. For this
reason, it is positive that a building such as the
Insula College can offer sufficient possibilities for
alternative use. In the design of the building, the
number of fixed elements has been reduced to a
minimum. The points of vertical access, clusters of
sanitary facilities and technical installation areas
are the only fixed elements. The floor areas at
ground level and on the upper storeys can be
allocated a completely new layout as required. The
logic of keeping half of the faade transparent in

FACTS OF THE PROJECT

Ar chi t ect s Roel Bosch, Herman de Kovel,
Wico Valk, Paul de Vroom
Pr oject t eam comp et i t i on Paul de Vroom, Roel
Bosch, Jrn Schiemann, Monika Pieroth
Pr oject t eam commi ssi on Paul de Vroom, Roel
Bosch, Jrn Schiemann, Thijs de Haan, Hans
Oldenburger, Edward Schuurmans, Annemarie
Eijkelenboom, Britta Neumann, Monika Pieroth
Ur ban p lan West 8
E ngi neer Ingenieursbureau Zonneveld
Plan dat a
2003 competition, winning design
2004-2005 design
2005 start construction
2006 completion
Pr ogr am
College for VMBO for 750 pupils
5.985 m2 gross floor area
550 m2 integrated professional training section

9 Facade, photo Bastiaan Ingenhousz

10 Facade, detail, photo Bastiaan Ingenhousz

10

A
T i m e - B a s e d A r c h i t e c t u r e

I N T E R N A T I O N A L
v o l u m e 3

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8
The
September 2008 issue covers seven well illustrated projects relating to the theme of Living and
Working from Specific to Generic. The issue is jointly edited by Dr. ir.Bernard Leupen and ir.Jasper van
Zwol both from the School of Architecture at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
The Projects are :

Piazza Cramique, Maastricht 2007, The Netherlands.

Jo Janssen, Wim van den Berg, Maastricht.
Block 4b Mullerpier, Rotterdam 2008, The Netherlands.
Robert Winkel, Mei Architects, Rotterdam.
Fahle Building, Tallinn 2007, Estonia.
Raivo Kotov, KOKO arhitekdid OU, Tallinn.
Beijing Jian Wai Soho, Beijing 2004, China.
Riken Yamamoto, Yokohama.
Wohnheim Miss Sargfabrik, Vienna 2000, Austria.
Franz Sumnitsch, BKK3 Architektur ZT-GmbH, Vienna.
Wohn- und Geschaftshaus Renggli, Sursee 2002, Switzerland.
Scheitlin Syfrig + Partners, Luzern.
9 Stock Orchard Street, Islington, London 2001, England.
Sarah Wigglesworth, Jeremy Till, London.
and introduction by

ir. Jasper van Zwol