A Spatial Modulation Based BER Analysis of MIMO System Under Rayleigh Fading Channel Using STBC Codes and Complex Wavelet Transform

International Journal of Computer Systems (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 01 Issue 02, November, 2014
Available at http://www.ijcsonline.com/
A Spatial Modulation based BER analysis of MIMO System under Rayleigh

Fading Channel using STBC codes and Complex Wavelet Transform
A
Vipul Ray Gaur, BAshish Parikh
Digital Communication Engineering, Mandsaur Institute of Technology, Mandsaur (M.P), India

Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mandsaur Institute of Technology, Mandsaur (M.P), India
Abstract
Because of the enormous capacity upsurge a MIMO systems offer; such systems gained a l ot of interest in mo bile
communication research. One indispensable problem of t he wireless channel is fading, which occurs as the s ignal
follows multiple paths between transmitter and r eceiver antennas. Fading can be mitigated by diversity, which means
that the infor mation is transmitted not only once but several times, hoping that at least one of the r eplicas will not
undergo severe fading. There are various coding methods, a main issue in all thes e schemes is the exploitation o f
redundancy to achieve hig h reliability, high s pectral efficiency and high performance gain for MIMO-OFDM systems
earlier. In this paper, w e introduce an orthogonal spatial division multiplexing in which we divide the central signal
streams into both time and fr equency. Also to increase the spatial diversity we introduce spatial modulation along with
STBC for our new MI MO-OSDM. Experimental results show that pr oposed system outperform the exis ting MIMOOFDM system in terms of performance measure for various modulation schemes.
Keywords: Multiple Input mu ltiple output ( MIMO) system, Orthogonal Spatial Division Multiplexing ( OSDM), Space
Time Block Coding (STBC), spatial modulation, 4G wireless communications.
I.
INTRODUCTION
High spectral efficiency and high transmission

rate are the challenging requirements of future wireless
broadband communications. In a multipath wireless
channel environment, the use of Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) systems leads to the accomplishment of
high data rate transmission without escalating the total
transmission power or bandwidth [1]. Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output antenna systems are a ty pe of spatial
diversity. An effective & realistic way of approaching
the capacity of MIMO wireless channels is t o utilize
space-time block coding in which data is coded through
space & time to improve the reliability of the
transmission, as redundant copies of the original data are
broadcasted ov er independent fading channels [2, 3].
Then all th e signal copies are collected at the receiver
end in a best possible way to extort as much information
from each of them as possible. In practice, wireless
communications channels are time varying or frequency
selective particularly for broadband & mobile
applications. To deal with these challenges, a promising
amalgamation has been exploited, namely, MIMO with
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),
MIMO-OFDM, which has previously been adopted for
present & future broadband communication standards
such as LTE or WiMax [5-9].
OFDM can diminish the effect of frequency selective
channel. This is because OFDM is a multi-carrier
transmission scheme, which divides the existing
spectrum into many carriers, each on e of them being
modulated by a low -rate data stream. One popular
combination of MIMO & OFDM is th e STBC-OFDM.
Furthermore, this work is encouraged from such STBCOFDM system to build up an orthogonal spatial division
multiplexing system. In STBC coding is applied across
multiple OSDM blocks to improve the system
Performance inherent in MIMO-OFDM system. The
coding allocates symbols along different transmit
antennas & time slots. In this context, the STBC-OSDM
system is one of most capable system configurations that
is adopted for 4th generation mobile systems [10].
Figure 1: Example of 4x2 MMO (Multiple Input

Multiple Output)
The transmission of radio waves through the
atmosphere including the ionosphere is not an easy
phenomenon to model. Atmospheric propagation can
show a wide variety of behaviours based on the aspects
like frequency, bandwidth of the signal, and types of
antennas utilized, terrain & weather conditions. When
there is n o fading, the channel can be supposed to be
additive. If the samples are independent of each other
the additive noise is referred to as white & then they
are correlated are known as colored. The
straightforward communication channel model is the
Additive White Gaussian Noise model under which the
56 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 01, Issue 02, November, 2014
Vipul et al
A Spatial Modulation based BER analysis of MIMO System under Rayleigh Fading Channel using STBC codes and
Complex Wavelet Transform
signal is exaggerated only by a constant attenuation. In

wireless communication channels there will be more
than one path in which the signal can travel amid the
source & destination. The presence of these paths is due
to atmospheric reflections, refractions & scattering. In a
multipath fading environment if a lin e of sight (LOS)
component is present then the channel is known as a
Rician channel. On the other hand if there is n o LOS
component then the channel will be referred as the
Rayleigh fading channel.
A. Introduction to fourth generation of communication
system
The first-generation (1G) radio systems put away
analog communication schemes to transmit voice over
radio, such as A dvanced Mobile Phone Services
(AMPS), the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) scheme,
& the Total Access Communication System (TACS),
which were developed in the 1970s & 1980s. The 2G
systems were accumulated in the 1980s & 1990s, &
featured the execution of digital technology, such as
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),
Digital-AMPS (D-AMPS), code-division multiple
access (CDMA), & personal digital cellular (PDC);
among them GSM is th e mostly successful & widely
used 2G sy stem. 3G mobile technologies offer users
with high-data-rate mobile access, which developed
rapidly in the 1990s & is still budding today.
The three main radio air limit standards for 3G are
wideband
CDMA
(WCDMA),
time-division
synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), & CDM A 2000.
The transmitted data rate of 3G is up to 144 kb/s for
high-mobility traffic, 384 kb/s for low-mobility traffic,
& 2 Mb/s in good condition. However, there are two
restrictions with 3G. One is the tricky expansion to very
high data rates such as 100 Mb/s with CDMA due to
severe interference between services. The other is th e
difficulty of providing a phase of multirate services, all
with different quality of service (QoS) & performance
requirements, due to the restrictions required on the core
network by the air i nterference standard.This design is
encouraged by the growing demand for broadband
Internet access. The challenge for wireless broadband
access lies in providing an analogous quality of service
(QoS) for similar cost contrasting wire line technologies.
B. Principles of space-time (MIMO) systems
Consider the multi-antenna system diagram shown in
Figure 2. A compressed digital source in the form of a
binary data s tream which is supplied to a s implified
transmitting block encompassing the functions of error
control coding & (possibly joined with) mapping to
complex modulation symbols (quaternary phase-shift
keying (QPSK), M-QAM, etc.). The last produces
several separate symbol streams which varies from
independent to partially redundant to fully redundant.
Each of them is th en mapped onto one of the multiple
TX antennas. Mapping can includes linear spatial
weighting of the antenna elements or l inear antenna
spacetime pre-coding. After upward frequency
conversion, filtering & amplification, the signals are
broadcasted into the wireless channel. At the receiver,
the signals are captured perhaps by multiple antennas &

demodulation & demapping operations are performed to
recuperate the message. The level of intelligence,
complexity, & a pr iori channel knowledge used in
selecting the coding & antenna mapping algorithms can
differ a great deal depending on the application. This
determines the class & performance of the multi-antenna
solution that is implemented.
Simple linear antenna array combining can
present a m ore reliable communications link in the
presence of unfavourable propagation conditions such as
multipath fading & interference. A chief concept in
smart antennas is th at of beam forming by which one
increases the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
through focusing energy into desired directions, in either
transmit mode or receiver mode. Indeed, if one estimates
the reaction of each antenna element to a given desired
signal, & possibly to in terference signal(s), one can
optimally mingle the elements with weights chosen as a
function of each element response. One can then exploit
the average desired signal level or diminish the level of
other components whether noise or co-channel
interference.
Another dominant effect of smart antennas
lies in the concept of spatial diversity. In the existence of
random fading caused by multipath propagation, the
probability of losing the signal fade away exponentially
with the number of decor related antenna elements being
used. A major concept here is th at of diversityorder
which is defined by the number of decor related spatial
branches accessible at the transmitter or receiver end.
When combined together, leverages of smart antennas
are shown to enhance the coverage range versus quality
trade-offs offered to the wireless user.
As subscriber units (SU) are steadily
evolving to become complicated wireless Internet access
devices rather than just pocket telephones, the stringent
size & complexity constraints are becoming somewhat
more relaxed. This constructs multiple antenna elements
transceivers a possibility at both sides of the link, even
though pushing much of the processing & c ost to the
networks side (i.e., BTS) still makes engineering sense.
Clearly, in a MIMO link, the advantages of conventional
smart antennas are reserved since the optimization of the
multi-antenna signals is carried out in a larger space,
thus providing extra degrees of freedom. In particular,
MIMO systems can offer a joint transmit-receive
diversity gain, and array gain upon coherent combining
of the antenna elements.
Figure 2: Space-time (MIMO) systems
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Vipul et al
C. Transmission over MIMO systems

Although the information theoretical analysis can be
bootstrapped to encourage receiver architectures (as was
done, e.g., in [1], [2]), it usually carries a drawback in
that it does not reflect the performance attained by actual
transmission systems, since it on ly provides an upper
bound recognized by algorithms/codes with an
unlimited complexity or latency. The development of
algorithms
with
a
reasonable
BER
performance/complexity
compromise
necessitates
realizing the MIMO gains in practice. H ere, we
summarize different MIMO transmission schemes, give
the instinct behind them, and evaluate their performance.
D. General Principles
Current transmission techniques over MIMO
channels characteristically fall into two classes: data rate
maximization or diversity maximization schemes,
although there has bee n a few effort towards unification
in recent times. The first kind focuses on enhancing the
average capacity behaviour. For exam ple, in the
example shown in Fig, the aim is just to perform spatial
multiplexing as w e transmit as m any independent
signals as we have antennas for a specific error rate (or a
specific outage capacity [2]).
More usually, however, the individual streams
should be encoded mutually in order to guard
transmission against errors caused by channel fading &
noise and also interference. This leads to a second sort of
approach in which one tries to cu rtail the outage
probability, or equivalently exploits the outage capacity.
E. Structure of Assessment
The association steps of this paper is as follows. The
Preliminary Section ends with a concise introduction of
MIMO systems & its necessity in todays
communication. The part A,B & C in introduction shows
a brief description about fourth generation of
communication, ideology of MIMO system &
transmission over multiple input multiple output system.
Section II,explains a common review & related
work of different coding & multiplexing techniques in
multiple antenna system,many techniques have been
proposed for the MIMO systems which are classified in
this section.
Section III provides the information about the
fundamental
problem
definition
&
proposed
methodology. This section is f urther sub-classified into
numerous subsections like spatial modulation, spatial
division multiplexing, space time coding scheme.
Section IV gives information about the simulation
results; it also shows some comparative graphs which
proved that the proposed approach surmount the
traditional approach.
Section V shows the observations, discussion &
tabular comparison of different researches reviewed in
earlier sections & a g eneral conclusion of the paper,
regarding review is presented.
I. RELATED WORK
With the speedy improvement in wireless
communications & the decreased cost of communication
devices, wireless networks have become denser &
denser while bandwidth efficiency becomes more &
more important. It is common to consider that multiple
communication devices conduct transmission &
reception jointly in a distributed process.
Employing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
in wireless communication systems has been proven to
present plenty of benefits in both increasing the system
capacity and stea diness of reception in rich scattering
atmosphere [11, 12]. To take benefit of these a spacetime block coding (STBC)-oriented diversity scheme has
been usually adopted in future wireless communication
standards [13], for example 3GPP LTE, WiMax, etc.
The STBC technique was originally proposed by
Alamouti in [14], achieves transmit diversity exclusive
of channel information. Although Alamoutis STBC was
initially designed for two transmit antennas & one
receive antenna, this scheme has been generalized by
Tarokh in [15] & enlarged to th e system for four
transmit antennas.
A space-time block coding (STBC) scheme was
originally anticipated by Alamouti as an ef fective
technique to achieve a t ransmit diversity gain [16].
Recently, increasing demands for high data rate wireless
communication services requires data transmissions over
wideband channels. The combination of STBC along
with OFDM is deem ed to b e a pr omising solution for
combating frequency-selective fading [17]. For both
single carrier & multi-carrier transmission systems, the
Alamouti scheme performs well if the channel is timeinvariant over two successive symbol durations. The
impact of a time-varying fading channel on the
performance of Alamouti transmit technique has been
explored in [18] for a single-carrier system & in [19] for
an OFDM sy stem. In both the papers, the spatial
correlation amid the time-varying multipath Rayleigh
fading sub-channels has not been taken into account.
However, it h as been revealed in [20] by simulations
that the performance of a STBC-OFDM scheme depends
not only on temporal correlation but also on spatial
correlation.
Space time Block Coding is a set of realistic signal
design techniques aimed at approaching the information
theoretic capacity bounds of Multiple-Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) channels. Since the initial work of
Alamouti [21], space-time coding has been a r apid
growing field of research. In the last decade, numerous
coding techniques have been proposed. These includes
orthogonal (OSTBCs) [21][23], quasi-orthogonal
(QOSTBCs) [24], [25] & non-orthogonal STBCs
(NOSTBCs) [26]
The revolutionary works on the cooperative diversity
address information-Theoretical aspects of cooperative
networks examining achievable rate regions & outage
probabilities. The outage analysis in [2 0] relies on the
random coding argument & demonstrates that full
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spatial diversity can be achieved employing such a rich

set of codes. Laneman et al . [27] proposes the use of
conventional orthogonal space-time block coding
(STBC) in a distributed manner for realistic
implementation of user cooperation. Nabar et al. [28],
[29] evaluates distributed STBC operating in an
amplify-&-forward (AF) mode through the derivation of
pairwise error probability (PEP) terms. They show that
the original design criterion for conventional STBC (i.e.,
rank & determinant criteria) still apply for the design of
distributed STBC schemes under the supposition that
appropriate power control rules are used at rel ays. A
variety of equalization schemes, which were originally
developed for single-input single-output (SISO) systems
can be useful for distributed STBC as well. However,
uncomplicated extensions result in an excessive
complexity mainly for higher-order modulation schemes
and/or long channel memory [30]. Among the
equalization schemes studied for STBC, three of these
deserve particular attention due to their low-complexity,
specifically time-reversal STBC (TR-STBC) [31],
single-carrier frequency-domain equalization for STBC
(SC-STBC) [32], & orthogonal frequency division
multiplexed (OFDM)-STBC [33].
An overview & comparison of these schemes can be
found in [34][36]. In this paper, author extend the three
abovementioned equalization schemes to a relay-assisted
transmission
scenario,
carefully utilizing
the
fundamental Orthogonality of distributed STBC. Most
of the existing literature on cooperative diversity
assumes frequency-flat fading channel. Together with
the conference version of this paper [37], there have
been only a f ew sporadic results accounts on the
broadband cooperative transmission techniques for
frequency-selective channels. Yatawatta et al. [38]
proposes an O FDM cooperative diversity system
assuming AF relaying & der ive upper bounds on the
channel capacity. They also examines the achievable
diversity order for distributed cooperative OFDM
supposing a non-fading inter-user channel. Barbarossa et
al. [39] examines the performance of a distributed
OFDM-STBC technique through a sim ulation study
considering both AF & d ecode-and-forward (DF)
relaying. Building upon their preceding work on
distributed STBC [40], Anghel et al . [41] studied the
performance of a relay-assisted uplink OFDM-STBC
scheme & derive an expression for the symbol error
probability assuming DF with no error propagation. To
the best of our knowledge, the conference version of the
current paper [37] is the first effort to investigate TRSTBC & SC-STBC in a relay-assisted transmission
scenario (and OFDM-STBC along with the above
mentioned papers [38], [39], [41]).
Fu Hong-liang et al., h as anticipated a n ovel cyclic
space time block code (STBC) scheme in MIMO
CDMA system. In modern wireless communications
multiple input & multiple output (MIMO) is a v ery
promising scheme. MIMO functions are mainly
diversity, beam forming. And the diversity can be
achieved by means of space-time coding (STC). STC
has two ways one is space-time trellis codes (STTC) &
the other one is space-time block codes (STBC). STBC

provides diversity with less encoding & decoding
difficulty. STBC employs linear processing at the
receiver side. In this cyclic STBC first the input symbols
are broken into blocks, then each block has M symbols
& these symbols are circularly encoded into M groups.
Valipour et al., has projected that space-time block
codes for Multi-carrier code-division-multiple-access
(MCCDMA) systems [42]. Now a day there is v ast
demand for wideband wireless networks, especially for
wireless sensor & adhoc networks.
Min Shi et al., has proposed permutation spreading
by utilizing STBC code matrix, for MIMO-CDMA
systems. Assigning different spreading sequences for
different antennas is k nown as permutation spreading.
The signal can be modulated with the help of BPSK or
QPSK then it is sp read with the different spreading
sequences. As compared to the conventional & other
methods this method provides better performance and
enhanced bit error rate [43].
II. PROPOSED MIMO SYSTEM
The figure below shows the transmitter side block
diagram of proposed scheme
Input Data
Spatial Modulation
Data encoding using

Space time Block codes
Multiplexing using our orthogonal

spatial division multiplexing
Channel with Fading Environment

This Spatial Division is done using
Discrete Wavelet transform
Figure 3: Shows the transmitter side model of proposed
work, we have to s end only constellation points with
respect to antenna number.
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Perfect Channel Estimation
Data from Channel
De-multiplexing using our orthogonal

spatial division multiplexing
Data decoding using

Space time Block codes
Output Data
Figure 4: Shows the receiver side model for the
proposed work.
Perfect channel estimation is done to find best suited
channel. Also, Channel consists with Rayleigh Fading
Environment.
Furthermore, this paper also explains a detailed view
of technologies used in the proposed work as follow:
III.
OSDM sub-channel for a sy stem that uses a Q AM

constellation diagram of size M (m = log 2(M)) and Nt
transmit antennas.
(1)
This shows that the constellation diagram and th e
number of transmit antennas can be traded off for any
number of transmitted information bits. In addition, SM
increases the spectral efficiency by the base-two
logarithm of the total number of transmit antennas.
In SM, a block of any number of information bits
is mapped into a constellation point in the signal domain
and a constellation point in the spatial domain. At each
time instant, only one transmit antenna of the set will be
active. The other antennas will transmit zero power.
Therefore, ICI at th e receiver and th e need to
synchronize the transmit antennas are completely
avoided. At the receiver, maximum receive ratio
combining (MRRC) is used to estimate the transmit
antenna number, after which the transmitted symbol is
estimated. These two estimates are used by the spatial
demodulator to retrieve the block of information bits.
TABLE I.
SM MAPPING TABLE
SPATIAL MODULATION
Spatial modulation (SM) is a r ecently developed

transmission technique that uses multiple antennas. The
basic idea is to map a block of information bits to two
information carrying units:
A symbol that was chosen f rom a co nstellation
diagram and
A unique transmit antenna number that was chosen
from a set of transmit antennas.
The use of the transmit antenna number as an
information-bearing unit increases the overall spectral
efficiency by the base-two logarithm of the number of
transmit antennas. At the receiver, a m aximum receive
ratio combining algorithm is u sed to retrieve the
transmitted block of information bits. Here, we apply
SM to orthogonal spatial division multiplexing (OSDM)
transmission.
In general, any number of transmit antennas and any
digital modulation scheme can be used. The
constellation diagram and th e number of transmit
antennas determine the total number of bits to b e
transmitted on each sub-channel at each instant.
The combination of BPSK and f our transmit
antennas in this illustration in a total of three information
bits to be transmitted on each sub-channel. Instead, four
quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) and two
transmit antennas can be used to transmit the same
number of information bits, as shown in Table below.
The number of bits that can be transmitted on each
b/symbol/subchannel
IV.
ORTHOGONAL SPATIAL DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING
In our work the spatial division multiplexing is

performed using discrete wavelet transform as f ast
Fourier transform used in orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing can split the signal into frequency signal
only. The transform of a sig nal is j ust another form of
representing the signal. It does not change the
information content present in the signal. The Wavelet
Transform provides a time-frequency representation of
the signal. It was developed to overcome the short
coming of the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT),
which can also be used to analyze non-stationary signals.
While STFT gives a constant resolution at all
frequencies, the Wavelet Transform uses multiresolution technique by which different frequencies are
analyzed with different resolutions.
A wave is an oscillating function of time or space
and is pe riodic. In contrast, wavelets are localized
waves. They have their energy concentrated in time or
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space and are suited to analysis of transient signals.

While Fourier Transform and S TFT use waves to
analyse signals, the Wavelet Transform uses wavelets of
finite energy.
The wavelet analysis is d one similar to the STFT
analysis. The signal to be analyzed is multiplied with a
wavelet function just as it is multiplied with a window
function in STFT, and then the transform is co mputed
for each segment generated. However, unlike STFT, in
Wavelet Transform, the width of the wavelet function
changes with each spe ctral component. The Wavelet
Transform, at h igh frequencies, gives good time
resolution and poor frequency resolution, while at l ow
frequencies, the Wavelet Transform gives good
frequency resolution and poor time resolution.
OSDM is a m ulti-carrier modulation (MCM)
technique. The MCM sch eme as th e name implies is a
modulation technique in which multiple carriers are used
for modulating the information signals. It is a su itable
modulation used for high data rate transmission and is
able to mitigate the effects of inter symbol interference
(ISI) and inter carrier interference (ICI). In an SFDM
scheme, a huge number of orthogonal, overlapping,
narrow band su b-channels, transmitted in parallel
subdividing the existing transmission bandwidth. The
overlapping of the sub-channels do not create any
problems since the peak of one subcarrier occurs at
zeroes of other subcarriers. Orthogonality between the
different subcarriers is achieved by using CWT. Figure
6 depicts
the spectrum for 5 different frequencies where,
p
is th e subcarrier spacing. We clearly see th at for
the red and green peaks the dashed lines cross from the
zero crossings of the other carriers [29].
Figure 5: Frequency-time Spectrum for 5 Orthogonal

Subcarriers.
V. TRANSCEIVER OF PROPOSED OSDM SYSTEM
The general block diagram of an OSDM tr ansceiver
has been shown in Figure 7. The digital data if first upconverted by a modulation scheme and then the symbols
are put into parallel streams that the CWT block is going
to work on. After ICWT is taken an appropriately sized
cyclic prefix is a ppended at the end of the signal.
Finally, the signal is sent into the channel. This channel
is either the AWGN or the flat fading Rayleigh channel.
At the receiver the first task is to rem ove the cyclic

prefix and then apply CWT. Afterwards, the parallel
streams are serialized and then the symbols put through
the demodulator for obtaining the input source data.
Source
Info
Digita
Modultion
S/P
ICW
CP
AWGN/ Rayleigh Fading Channel

Demodulation
CPR
CW
P/S
Figure 6: OSDM Transmitter- Receiver Block Diagram

Once the cyclic prefix is removed taking IFFT of the
signal is e quivalent to multiplying the constellation
points by sinusoids whose frequencies are equal to the
frequency of a car rier signal and th en summing these
products.
The complex wavelet transform (CWT) is a
complex-valued extension to th e standard discrete
wavelet
transform (DWT).
It
is
a
twodimensional wavelet transform which provides multiresolution,
sparse
representation,
and
useful
characterization of the structure of an image. Further, it
purveys a h igh degree of shift-invariance in its
magnitude. However, a drawback to th is transform is
that it is exh ibits (where is the dimension of the
signal being transformed) redundancy compared to a
separable (DWT).
VI.
SPACE-TIME CODING
Space-Time Codes ( STCs) have been implemented

in cellular communications as well as in wireless local
area networks. Space time coding is performed in both
spatial and temporal domain introducing redundancy
between signals transmitted from various antennas at
various time periods. It can achieve transmit diversity
and antenna gain over spatially un-coded systems
without sacrificing bandwidth. The research on STC
focuses on improving the system performance by
employing extra transmit antennas, in general, the design
of STC amounts to finding transmit matrices that satisfy
certain optimality criteria. Constructing STC, researcher
has to tr ade-off between three goals: simple decoding,
minimizing the error probability, and m aximizing the
information rate. The essential question is: How can we
maximize the transmitted date rate using a simple coding
and decoding algorithm at the same time as the bit error
probability is minimized?
A. Space-Time Coded Systems
Let us consider a space-time coded communication
system with nt transmit antennas and nr receive
antennas. The transmitted data are encoded by a spacetime encoder. At each time slot, a block of m nt binary
information symbols
(2)
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are fed into the space-time encoder. The encoder

maps the block of m binary data in to ntmodulation
symbols from a signal set of constellation M = 2m points.
After serial-to-parallel (SP) conversion, the nt symbols
(3)
g the slot t from
are transmitted simultaneously during
nt transmit antennas. Symbol
, is
transmitted from antenna i and al l transmitted symbols
have the same duration of T sec. The vector in equation
above is called a space-time symbol and by arranging
the transmitted sequence in an array a of nt N s pacetime code-word matrix.
(4)
defined
as
The
i-th
row
is th e data sequence transmitted
from the ith transmit antenna and the jth
is the space-time symbol
column
transmitted at time j,1 to N.
Can
be
The Rayleigh distribution assumes that there are a

sufficiently large number of equal power
multipath components with different and
independent phase.
The Nakagami one distribution equals the Rayleigh
distribution above. It is a general observation
that an increased m value corresponds to a
lesser amount of fading and a str onger direct
path.
In Figure 8, a MIMO 4x4 system with Alamouti
STBC algorithm is sh own. The MIMO channels are
shown in four colors to split them into four groups. The
choice of a 4x 4 MIMO instead of usual 2x1 or 2x2 is
motivated by the necessity of increasing diversity in the
space domain (and th erefore robustness against fading
effects) together with the spectral efficiency. Nowadays,
a 4-element MIMO array can be implemented with
affordable cost and th e yielded performance
improvement in terms of spectral efficiency may justify
such an additional (non-prohibitive) cost.
As already explained, the received signal vector can

be calculated as
Y = HS + N
(5)
The MIMO channel matrix H co rresponding to
nttransmit antennas and nr receive antennas can be
represented by an nr ntmatrix:
(6)
Where the ji-th element denoted by htj,i, is the fading
gain coefficient for the path from transmit antenna i to
receive antenna j. W e assume perfect channel
knowledge at the receiver side and the transmitter has no
information about the channel available at the
transmitter side. At the receiver, the decision metric is
computed based on the squared Euclidian distance
between all hypothesized receive sequences and the
actual received sequence:
(7)
Given the receive matrix YS with smallest Euclidian
distance d2H.
There are several distributions used to m odel the
fading statistics. The most commonly used distribution
functions for the fading envelopes are Rice, Rayleigh
and Nakagami-m. Rayleigh is a sp ecial case of
Nakagami-m, when m equals one. The fading models
are related to some physical conditions that determine
what distribution that best describe the channel.
Figure 7: The 4x4 MIMO-STBC system

VII. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
In this section we will be p resenting the link level
performance of STBC and SM coded OSDM u sing
either BPSK or QPSK modulation. All simulations have
been carried out using the readily available MATLAB
platform and w riting dedicated functions for different
parts. The simulation results obtained have been
presented in four parts. The first part provides the bit
error rate performance for BP SK modulated data
transmitted over a Rayleigh fading channel. This is then
followed by a p erformance analysis of OFDM o ver the
AWGN channel using either BPSK or QPSK
modulation. Third part demonstrates the BER vs. SNR
for Alamouti STBC and Spatial modulation coded data
transmitted over a Rayleigh fading channel without
using OSDM. Finally, part four will provide STBC and
SM coded OFDM performance when BPSK and QPSK
are the preferred modulation and the channel is again the
Rayleigh fading channel.
Simulations are c arried out in MATLAB R2013b
(Version 8.2.0.703), graphical user interface is created
for the simulation of proposed work on MIMO systems.
When there is a direct path between the transmitter and
receiver the channel is usually referred to as the Rician
channel and when LOS component is missing it will be
referred to as the Rayleigh fading channel. In this
section we demonstrate the BER performance of BPSK
modulated data over a sin gle path Rayleigh fading
channel. The analytical expression for the BER for

BPSK modulated data in a Rayleigh fading channel is
(8)
Symbol Error Probability
Vipul et al
And for the AWGN channel Pbis defined as:
SM is g enerally used when no information is

available about the channel. In SM since two successive
transmitted symbols are encoded into phase differences,
then it is p ossible for the receiver to recover the
transmitted information by comparing the phase of the
current symbol with that of the previously received
symbols.
This section will provide BER analysis for Alamouti
STBC and SM over slow fading Rayleigh channels. For
both schemes the simulations have been carried out
using two transmit and one receive antenna.
Nt=2 QAM
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16
-1
Bit Error Probability
10
Nt=2 QAM
-2
10
-3
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16
Figure 9: Comparison of Bit error probability and

symbol error probability with respect to signal to noise
ratio in case of 2 a ntenna quadrature amplitude
modulation.
10
Nt=4 BPSK
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16
10
(9)
The advantage in multiple antenna schemes is th at
they use a n ew dimension called space in addition to
time. Multiplexing gain, antenna gain and diversity gain
are three main benefits of MISO and MIMO type
systems. Alamouti scheme is known as the first STBC.
It uses two transmit antennas and Nr receive antennas.
Alamouti STBC has a u nity rate an d can attain a
diversity order of 2*Nr. Spatial modulation (SM) is a
recently developed transmission technique that uses
multiple antennas. The basic idea is to m ap a bl ock of
information bits to two information carrying units:A
symbol that was chosen f rom a co nstellation diagram
andA unique transmit antenna number that was chosen
from a set of transmit antennas.
10
Nt=4 BPSK
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16

ratio in case of 4 a ntenna binary phase shift keying
modulation.
0
Nt=4 QAM
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16
10
10
Nt=2 BPSK
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
Nt=4 QAM
-2
-4
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
12
14
16
10
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
10
16
10
Nt=2 BPSK
-1
10
-2
10
-3

ratio in case of 4 a ntenna quadrature amplitude
modulation.
10
8
10
SNR, [dB]
12
14
16

ratio in case of 2 a ntenna binary phase shift keying
modulation.
Vipul et al
Nt=4 QAM
Nt=2 QAM
Nt=4 BPSK
Nt=2 BPSK
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
12
14
16
SNR, [dB]
0
Nt=4 QAM
Nt=2 QAM
Nt=4 BPSK
Nt=2 BPSK
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
12
14
16
SNR, [dB]
Figure 12: Overall Comparison of proposed SMSTBC-OSDM system for different modulation
schemes and antenna numbers.
I. CONCLUSION& DISCUSSION
In this paper, we first compared the BER
performance of 41 and 21 transmit diversity STBC
data transmission over a Rayleigh fading channel using
both BPSK and QPSK modulation. The communication
system used spatial modulation to encode random data
signal to a chieve a h igher transmit diversity. The
proposed multiplexing system using complex wavelet
transform we named it as orthogonal spatial division
multiplexing which is motivated from orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing performs better in
multiple input multiple output system. Results with
BPSK modulation indicate that using two antennas at the
receiver instead of one will bring approximately an extra
gain of 9dB at a BER value of 10-4.
Also comparison between 21 STBC using
BPSK and 21 STBC using QPSK indicate that STBC
with BPSK modulation would be ~4.2 dB better than the
21 STBC with QPSK for BER value of 10-3. These
results indicate that to get a bet ter performance over a
Rayleigh fading channel MIMO approach would be
better than MISO case and low level modulation should
be preferred.
In the second phase of the simulations,
transmission of data encoded using STBC and spatial
modulation over a Rayleigh fading channel was
compared. Since the STBC scheme makes use of a
channel estimate and spatial modulation does not for
both BPSK and QPSK modulations, the BER
performance for STBC was better using spatial
modulated encoded data. This however does not mean
that spatial modulation should not be considered. In fact
when there is high mobility and the channel conditions
are fluctuating rapidly it m ay be d ifficult to obtain
estimates for the channel and the detection of
transmitted.
fading channel. The usage of a multi-carrier modulation

technique was seen to f urther improve the BER results
obtained when data w as transmitted after encoding by
STBC or SM. For both BPSK and QPSK modulations
the boost introduced to the BER performance by
combining OSDM with the chosen transmit-diversity
technique would become more significant after 6dB. At
a BER of 10-3 this difference in gain is around 4.5dB for
STBC OSDM using BPSK and ~6dB for STBC OSDM
using QPSK modulation. Then 21 DSTBC and OSDM
is used back to back similar behavior is experienced
however the BER performances are higher due to the
fact that detection is done incoherently.
The improvement in BER performance when OSDM
is used mainly comes due to the use of the guard
interval. When the duration of the guard interval is
selected larger than the maximum excess d elay time of
the radio channel this will help reduce the inter-symbol
interference in a f ading environment and h elp improve
the BER results. Secondly since OSDM splits a
broadband channel into multiple sub-channels this
changes the behavior of each sub-channel to be flat
fading and hence better performance can be observed.
I. FUTURE WORK
The work described herein mainly concentrated on
MIMO-OSDM based systems for 4G. However the
higher Generation communication systems must adopt
OSDMA, a m ulti user version of OSDM as th e IMTAdvanced standard dictates. Therefore the future work
will involve simulating OSDMA physical layer along
with MIMO transmit and receive diversity techniques.
Also some effective channel coding schemes like
Convolutional Coding (CC), Turbo Coding (TC) or
Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) coding could be
employed for providing the flexibility of detecting and
correcting errors that may occur during transmission. In
information theory, TCs are a class of high-performance
forward error correction (FEC) codes developed by
Berrou in 1993. Via the use of these TCs performances
that approach the channel capacity are possible. TCs
have found use in 3G mobile communications and
(deep space) satellite co mmunications as well as other
applications where designers seek to ac hieve reliable
information transfer over bandwidth- or latenc yconstrained communication links in the presence of
data-corrupting noise. A good competitor of TCs is the
LDPC codes, which provide similar performance
In the third phase of the simulations the transmit

diversity schemes were combined with the proposed
OSDM scheme and STBC-OSDM vs. SM-STBCOSDM BER performance was obtained over a Rayleigh
Vipul et al
.
TABLE II.
Author
ChristophStuder
TABULAR COMPARIOSON ON SOME SURVEYED LITERATURE
Title
Summary
Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing for

Cognitive Radio Networks
Author investigate an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

(OFDM)-based downlink transmission scheme for large-scale multi-user
(MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. The use
of OFDM cau ses a h igh peakto- average (power) ratio (PAR), which
necessitates expensive and power-inefficient radio-frequency (RF)
components at the base station. In this paper, author present a novel
downlink transmission scheme, which exploits the massive degrees-offreedom available in large-scale MU-MIMO-OFDM systems to achieve
low PAR.
Energy-efficient spectrum sensing by

optimal periodic scheduling in cognitive
radio networks
In this paper, author propose the Channel sounding scheme which is

made for ideal communication between some application as well as th e
short distance of high speed data transmission in MIMO-OFDM system
for Wireless PAN.
In this paper, author propose the time-frequency training OFDM (TFTOFDM) transmission scheme for large scale MIMO systems, where each
TFT-OFDM symbol without cyclic prefix adopts the time-domain
training sequence (TS) and the frequency-domain orthogonal grouped
pilots as the time frequency training information.
In this paper authors consider two-way relaying systems consisting of
two end users, N1 and N2, which exchange their information with the
help of a rela y, R. T he three terminals are eq uipped with multiple
antennas.
Energy-Efficient Distributed Spectrum

Sensing for Wireless Cognitive Radio
Networks
In this paper, a new interference nulling based channel independent

precoding for MIMO-OFDM systems of nttransmit and nr receive
antennas with insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) is proposed.
Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum

Sensing by Optimal Scheduling in
Sensor-Aided Cognitive Radio Networks
In this letter, au thor present the VSSO Kalman channel estimator for
doubly-selective multiple-input multiple-output OFDM (DS -MIMOOFDM) systems. Unlike the VSSO estimator in a DS -OFDM system,
where all the pilot symbols had the same value, the pilot symbols need to
be designed in a sp ecific way to enable the feasibility of a VSSO
estimator for a DS-MIMO-OFDM system.
Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing and

Access for Cognitive Radio Networks
This paper proposes two low-complexity two-dimensional channel

estimators for MIMO- OFDM systems derived from a joint time
frequency channel estimator. The estimators exploit both time and
frequency correlations of the wireless channel via use of Slepian- basis
expansions. The computational saving comes from replacing a twodimensional Slepian-basis expansion with two serially concatenated onedimensional Slepian-basis expansions
Energy and throughput efficient strategies

for cooperative spectrum sensing in
cognitive radios
In this paper, author consider a multiple-input-multiple-output

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) downlink
scenario, where each receiving mobile station has quality of service
requirements, namely minimum rate requirements. For this problem
author propose three heuristic resource allocation algorithms, which have
a much lower complexity than the existing optimal solution (opt).
Cluster-Based
Energy
Efficient
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in
Cognitive Radios
This paper proposes an advanced OFDM-MIMO reconfigurable

architecture that uses an adaptive switching algorithm between diversity
and spatial multiplexing. The transmitter blocs specifications such as the
MIMO technique and the modulation scheme are adjusted according to
the channel state, w hich gives a p ractical cognitive radio strategy. The
Bang Hun Park
Efficient spectrum sensing in cognitive

Radio using energy detection method with
new threshold formulation
Linglong Dai
An energy efficient cooperative spectrum

sensing scheme for cognitive radio
networks
The-Hanh Pham
Yuansheng Jin
KarthikMuralidhar
Pierluigi Salvo Rossi
Johannes
Klotz
Y. Mlayeh
Georg
Vipul et al
system cost- efficiency is performed by the application of the Software

Defined Radio (SDR) technology. Based on t he Demmel condition
number criterion, an indicator bit exchange between the transmitter and
the receiver allows selecting the adapted MIMO configuration and
improving the whole system performances.
Energy-efficient cooperative spectrum
sensing with relay switching based on
decision variables for cognitive radio
Md. MasudRana
Author compare the performance of least mean square (LMS) and

recursive least square (RLS) channel estimation (CE) algorithm for
MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
The simulation results sho w that the RLS has better mean square error
(MSE) performance compared with LMS algorithm. The RLS CE
algorithm has better anti-noise as well as tra cking ability. But th e RLS
CE algorithm suffers from higher complexity than LMS CE algorithm.
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A Spatial Modulation Based BER Analysis of MIMO System Under Rayleigh Fading Channel Using STBC Codes and Complex Wavelet Transform

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International Journal of Computer Systems (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 01 Issue 02, November, 2014

A Spatial Modulation based BER analysis of MIMO System under Rayleigh

Vipul Ray Gaur, BAshish Parikh

Digital Communication Engineering, Mandsaur Institute of Technology, Mandsaur (M.P), India

High spectral efficiency and high transmission

Figure 1: Example of 4x2 MMO (Multiple Input

signal is exaggerated only by a constant attenuation. In

the signals are captured perhaps by multiple antennas &

Figure 2: Space-time (MIMO) systems

C. Transmission over MIMO systems

spatial diversity can be achieved employing such a rich

the other one is space-time block codes (STBC). STBC

Data encoding using

Multiplexing using our orthogonal

Channel with Fading Environment

Perfect Channel Estimation

Data from Channel

De-multiplexing using our orthogonal

Data decoding using

OSDM sub-channel for a sy stem that uses a Q AM

Spatial modulation (SM) is a r ecently developed

ORTHOGONAL SPATIAL DIVISION

In our work the spatial division multiplexing is

space and are suited to analysis of transient signals.

Figure 5: Frequency-time Spectrum for 5 Orthogonal

At the receiver the first task is to rem ove the cyclic

AWGN/ Rayleigh Fading Channel

Figure 6: OSDM Transmitter- Receiver Block Diagram

Space-Time Codes ( STCs) have been implemented

are fed into the space-time encoder. The encoder

The Rayleigh distribution assumes that there are a

As already explained, the received signal vector can

Figure 7: The 4x4 MIMO-STBC system

channel. The analytical expression for the BER for

Symbol Error Probability

And for the AWGN channel Pbis defined as:

SM is g enerally used when no information is

Bit Error Probability

Figure 9: Comparison of Bit error probability and

Figure 10: Comparison of Bit error probability and

Symbol Error Probability

Symbol Error Probability

Bit Error Probability

Bit Error Probability

Figure 8: Comparison of Bit error probability and

Figure 11: Comparison of Bit error probability and

Symbol Error Probability

Bit Error Probability

fading channel. The usage of a multi-carrier modulation

In the third phase of the simulations the transmit

TABULAR COMPARIOSON ON SOME SURVEYED LITERATURE

Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing for

Author investigate an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

Energy-efficient spectrum sensing by

In this paper, author propose the Channel sounding scheme which is

Energy-Efficient Distributed Spectrum

In this paper, a new interference nulling based channel independent

Energy-Efficient Cooperative Spectrum

Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing and

This paper proposes two low-complexity two-dimensional channel

Energy and throughput efficient strategies

In this paper, author consider a multiple-input-multiple-output

This paper proposes an advanced OFDM-MIMO reconfigurable