01 - ML For Dummies (Geolog)

MUDLOGGING ...
for dummies
CONTENTS
s
s
s
s
s
GENERALITIES: PAST & FUTURE PRESENTATION

SUMMARY
Introduction: AIMS & PURPOSES
SENSORS, DATUM & DATA
GAS:
DEFINITION, ORIGIN,
MEASUREMENTS, INTERPRETATION
PRESSURE:
GENERALITIES: Hydrost., Overburden, Pore Pressure

FORMATION: SOBG, dexp, ...
WELL MEASUREMENTS: LOT, FIT, SBT,Csg Test
s
s
s
s
s
s
SAMPLING: PROCESSING and DESCRIPTION

LABORATORY: PREPARATION and ANALYSIS
CORING:
EQUIPMENTS and OPERATIVE TECHNICS
REPORTING: DGR, GWR and DDR
ANNEXES
CONCLUSION
TOOLBOX
. . . Natters
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module 6.1
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
October 1998
GENERAL PRESENTATION
S U M M A RY
MUDLOGGING: on the road again ...
from ... STONE AGE BIBLES
to ... 21st century BIBLES => TOOLBOX module 6.1)
THEMATIC RESEARCH
ALPHABETIC RESEARCH
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS: examples (Toolbox module 5.2)
GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT (Toolbox module 7.0)
MUDLOGGING AUDIT (Toolbox module 2.1)
. . . Natters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA
DISPATCHING
GWR
MUDLOGGING
RECORDING
REPORTING
PREPARING
MUD
LOGGER
DATA
ENGINEER
SAMPLE
CATCHER
DRILLING
WELLSITE
GEOLOGIST
A
TT
I OI
O
N
WELL MONITORING
P
R
MUD PARAMETERS
TESTING
DATA ACQUISITION
N
O
RR
EE
GG
UU
LA
L
DATA MANAGEMENT
LI
S
A
LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA
DRILLING EVENTS
EL I
TN
YG
INTERPRETATION
IL
L
DS
RA
I FL
LOT
. . . Natters
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DATA DISPATCHING
FIT
N
SS
EVALUATING
CIRCULATING
CO
FIS
RIN
HIN
HP
G
HT
G
LOGGING
WELL FOLLOW-UP
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Loggi
ud
. . . Natters
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ng
STONE AGE BIBLES ...

USEFUL, BUT:
- DIFFICULT TO MANAGE (heavy, huge, ...)
- BORING RESEARCH & READING
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
... 21st century BIBLES

WEB site
INTRANET
TOOLBOX
module 6.1
WSG
AIMS
...
CD
SENSORS
LA
BO
RA
TO
RY
JOB PURPOSES
SAM
PLIN
G
CO
RIN
G
S
XE
NE
AN
REPORTING
S
GA
E
UR
S
ES
R
P
L O G
THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE

. . . Natters
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FILES:
- STRICKLY A4 SIZE
- MAINLY VISUAL
- ESSENTIAL TEXT
- FAST CONSULTATION
- EASY TO UPDATE
THEMATIC RESEARCH
ALPHABETIC RESEARCH
LINKAGE between FILES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
THEMATIC RESEARCH
TOOLBOX - module 6.1
INTRODUCTION: AIMS
DATUM, SENSORS & DATA
GAS
PRESSURE
SAMPLING
LABORATORY
CORING
REPORTING
ANNEXES
KEYWORDS INDEX RESEARCH
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS
UNIT CONVERTER
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
International SPELLING CODE
...
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH Press to
OPEN
CUTTING
DESCRIPTION
SHEET
BASIC
GLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
UNIT
CONVERTER
OIL FIELD
ABBREVIATIONS
More ?
MUDLOGGING
AUDIT
KEYWORD
GENERAL INDEX
. . . Natters
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GEOLOGICAL
WELL REPORT
TECHNICAL
DATA SHEETS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

SENSORS
EQUIPMENTS
DRILLING
MUD
GAS
LABORATORY
Geoservices
sensor type & model
sensor type & model
Geoservices
Geoservices
equipment & model
GAS EQUIPMENTS
DEGASSER
MEASURE
MEASURE
MEASURE
Features & Benefits:

n Can easily be rigged up, does not normally require maintenance.
n True real-time measurement.
n Pipe velocity is actually calculated allowing real surge and swab calculations.
Principle: A notched wheel with teeth rotates with the cable drum and two
proximity sensors detect the movement of the wheel which send pulses to the ALS
system. The pulses are computed in hook movement knowing initial characteristics of
the drum and the line.
Manufacturer: Turck
Unit: Si 3.5 K 10 Y0
Range: 48 pulses/turn
.
Sensitivity: 1/48th of the DRW drum revolution
Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)
Accuracy: +/- 1cm
Repeatability:+/- 1 pulse
Dimens.: N/A
Weight: N/A

n Light and compact.
n Accurate, intrinsically safe.
Principle: The sensor emits an ultrasonic wave which is reflected at the surface of
the fluid. An accurate measurement of the time taken to the wave to return gives the
distance to the level of mud.
Manufacturer:Milltronics
Check & frequency:

n Check of the agreement with the Drillers depth with the pipe tally.
n During each trip or every 5 days: physical inspection of the sensor.
n Recalibrate each time the cable is changed.
Unit: The Probe
CONTRACTOR Reference:
TOTAL Experience :
-
Manufacturer:Geoservices
Voltage: 8V DC
Unit: GZG

n Compensation of sample weight between 0.90 and 1.10 g.
n Memory capacity up to 800 calcimetries.
Principle: A corrosive attack of a known amount of rock using hydrochloric acid,
some carbon dioxide is produced. A sensor records the pressure increase and a
microprocesseur calculates the percentage of carbonates contained in rock samples.
Manufacturer:
Range: 0.3 - 5 m
Sensitivity:3 mm
Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)
Type of Output:
N/A
Sensitivity: N/A
Accuracy: N/A
Accuracy: +/- 5% of Full Scale
Repeatability:
Dimens.: 79x57x24 cm.
Dimens.: N/A
Weight: 1.5 kg
MAINTENANCE
Check & frequency:

n Once per shift: check levels of pits, clean sensor if necessary.
Voltage: 12 to 30 V DC
TOTAL Experience:
-
Range: N/A
Alarm: NO
Repeatability:N/A
Weight: 38 kg
Type of Output:
Range: 0-100%
Sensitivity: 0.1 %
Alarm: NO
Accuracy: 1 %
Repeatibility:
Dimens.: 240x270x300 mm
Calibration & frequency:No calibration.
Calibration frequency:With pure CaCO3 as reference.

Check & frequency: Every 5 days and before a new section check the calibration
and adjust if necessary.
OPERATING MODE
Power: 120/140 W
Purpose 1: Gas Out
Purpose 2: Gas In
Operating limits:
TOTAL Experience:
-
OPERATING MODE
Voltage: 220/380 V AC
location: Flow Line.

location: Suction pit.
Power:
Accessories: Electronical balance. Printer.
Operating limits:0 -> 50C.
TOTAL Experience:
-

. . . Natters
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Weight: 11 kg
MAINTENANCE
Check & frequency:

n Several time per shift: check for steady mud flow from outlet.
n Once per shift: Check gas line air tightness.
n Every 5 days: Check gas transit time, lubricate pump diaphragm, inspect screen
assembly and blade for wear.
OPERATING MODE
Sensor location:Over the pit, at least 0.3m over the maximum mud level.
CHARACTERISTICS
MAINTENANCE
for GASLOGGER
and
for RESERVAL
Calibration & frequency:With a tape measurer.
Operating limits:-40 -> + 60C
Unit:
Certification:
CHARACTERISTICS
Type of Output:
Analogic. 4 - 20 mA
Power:
OPERATING MODE
Operating limits: -25 -> +70C
Principle: The mud is pumped into a degasser tank where an agitator extracts the
hydrocarbon gas.
Aim: To measure and record the amount of carbonates contained in rock

samples and quantify Calcite and Dolomite.
Certification: EEx ia IIC T4
MAINTENANCE
Calibration & frequency:By physical comparison of actual vertical movement of
the travelling block.
Sensor location: On the shaft of the drawworks.

n Independant of mud level variations in the mud return circuit.
n High efficiency of degassing and constant performances quite independant of mud
parameters (density, viscosity, solids content,etc).
n Good extraction of gases from the mud (85%) with equal performances on heavy
and light gases.
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
Power:
Aim: To extract gases from mud at a constant rate with equal performances on
light and heavy gases.
MEASURE
Aim: To measure the mud level in the pits and to know the pit volumes.
Certification: EEx ia IIC T6

Type of Output:
Pulses. 3 to 8 V
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
ULTRASONIC
MUD SENSORS
Aim: To measure the rotation of the Drawworks drum and so the hook
movement.
AUTOCALCIMETER
GZG
PIT LEVEL
DRAWWORKS
DRILLING SENSORS
equipment & model
Geoservices
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Voltage: 220V AC
Geological Well Report

MUDLOG
TEXT.doc
PORE PRESSURE
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
TOOLBOX
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
C O N T E N TS
SUB
TOTAL
DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENT

Dpartment Subsurface
AUDIT SUMMARY
Sum-1
CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
Rec-1
EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT
Eq&S
Environment
SUB TOOLBOX
TOOLBOX
MODULE 2.1
module
2.1
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
D. GARDETTE
REF : DG/970606-1
PREDEFINED CHECKLISTS
TAG SUGGESTED ANSWERS
and ADD YOUR COMMENTS...
RIG CHARACTERISTICS
SENSORS REVIEW
Eq&S-1/5
Eq&S-2/5
Mudlogging
UNIT
Eq&S-3/5
LABORATORY 1/2
LABORATORY 2/2
Eq&S-4/5
Eq&S-5/5
TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT
Tech
SENSORS accuracy
Tech-1/8
GAS
combustible
- Degaser
- Detector
- Analyser
non combustible - Detector &Analyser
Tech-2/8
Tech-3/8
Tech-4/8
Tech-5/8
COMPUTER 1/2: Data acquisition and processing

COMPUTER 2/2: Networking and softwares
Tech-6/8
Tech-7/8
CREW (Awareness and performance)
Tech-8/8
ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts:
- Degaser
- Detector
- Analyser
Ann-1
Ann-2
Ann-3
ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers
June 1997
. . . Natters
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BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI

GEOSERVICES
HALLIBURTON
SPERRY-SUN (SSDS)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Ann-4 a-b
Ann-5 a-b
Ann-6 a-b
Ann-7 a-b
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
- Rigsite CONTRACTORS
- Rigsite RESPONSIBILITIES
- MUDLOGGING CREW: Householder
- MUDLOGGING AIMS (1): scope of work, data ... what for?
- MUDLOGGING AIMS (2): how?, and Conclusions
- MUDLOGGING JOB PURPOSES
- ML & well behavior: WASH OUT examples
- ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION
- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST JOB PURPOSES
- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS
- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB SPIRIT
. . . Natters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE CONTRACTORS
TOOLPUSHER
GEOLOGIST
MUDLOGGING
LOGGING
(WL & LWD)
CO- MAN
DIRECTIONAL
DEVIATION
POSITIONING
CORING
MWD
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
DRILLING
&
RIG
MAINTENANCE
DRILLING
MUD
CEMENT
CASING
ROV, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rigsite
GEOLOGIST
MUDLOGGING
CO-MAN
TOOLPUSHER
position
ACQUISITION
EVALUATION
Rigsite
role
DECISION
EXECUTION
. . . N atters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING Householder
YOUR
BOSS?
MY BOSS
YEAH!
OUR TEAM
MUDLOGGER
SAMPLECATCHER
DATA
ENGINEER
MUDLOGGING
CREW
WELLSITE
GEOLOGIST
. . . N atters
Around
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (1)

SCOPE OF WORK
Provide Oil Companies with validated measurements /samples related to

geological, drilling and mud parameters, as per Client specifications.
COLLECT
STORE
MANAGE
DISPATCH
WELL INFORMATION
PARAMETERS
DATA
DATA ON REQUEST
DRLG
MUD
GAS
DATA ... WHAT FOR?

MONITOR & EVALUATEOIL & GAS SHOWS
CONFIRM or ADJUST FORMATION PRESSURE ESTIMATION
ESTABLISH ACCURATE & COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTS, REPORTS, ...
INFORM
( IN REAL TIME) PEOPLE INVOLVED IN WELL MONITORING
OF ALL PLANNED EVENTS .... or .... IN CASE OF UNFORECASTED EVENTS =>
. . . N atters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ALERT
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (2)

HOW?
INSTALL ALL REQUIRED SENSORS

CONTROL SENSORS RELIABILITY and ACCURACY
RECORD CONTINUOUSLYALL MEASURED PARAMETERS
NOTIFY ANY EVENTS OBSERVED
PREPARE SAMPLES FOR DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS
ASSIST, when needed , FOR CORE RECOVERY, TESTING OPERATIONS, ...
CONCLUSION: the MUDLOGGING ...

... M ONITOR
O BSERVE but should
N EVER
E NSURE
Y OURSELF
but it is a ...
SECURE
A SSISTANT for
VISUALIZING & for
EVALUATING
R ESERVOIR
MUDLOGGING is a HIGHLY VALUABLE SERVICE

at LOW PRICE (only 2-3% of well cost: 1500-2000 USD/d)
. . . N atters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING : JOB PURPOSES

WELL FOLLOW UP ...
PARAMETERS
EVENTS
DATA
ACQUISITION
DOCUMENTS
RECORDING
REPORTING
?
BS
MONITORING
&
DETECTION
. . . N atters
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Field . . .
QUICK
UNDERSTANDING
& FAST
REACTING
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior examples: WASH OUT

DRILLING
Possible ORIGIN:
. very abrasive formations (hd SLST, Pyrite, ...)
. and/or deviated wells (Drillpipe along casing)
PHENOMENA:
Abnormal friction/wear along Drill-pipe / BHA
upto create a hole along pipe => Wash pipe
Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit:
Injection Pressure (SPP) slowly reducing to fast
dropping (=> Flow-Rate may increases)
Final Consequence => FISHING! (if not detected)
How to solve the situation?
POOH with heavy sluginside pipes
and check every stand prior breaking
the strings: then locate the WASH-OUT
Other: TWIST-OFF, but no forewarning signs!
Lost nozzles on bit (check hydraulic report)
Mudlogging crew => INFORM

Drlg Supervisor => DECIDE & ACT: WOO
. . . Natters
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GEOLOGY
Possible origin:
. formations poorly
cemented, indurated, ...
. and/or inappropriate
drilling fluid (mud)
Refer to chapter
SAMPLING
Mudlogging crew
=> DECIDE & ACT
then ... INFORM
=> Drlg Supervisor
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION
AIM
OBSERVATION of WELL ANNULAR LEVEL
WHEN?
. after a fast DRILLING BREAK

( unexpected event)
. after breaking a core, prior POH
(no slug pumped)
. to check possible swabbing,
( while pulling out at shoe depth), ...
WHY? to check if well is still in equilibrium
in static conditions; observed if any
Gain or Losses... and report rate (vol/ time)
HOW? Stop circulating ( Pumps OFF)
Stop adding mud into Active sum
( transferring, mixing, diluting , ...)
Duration : at least 15 min ... fct(depth, OH length)
Water
15 min
5
0
EVENT
time
ACTIVE
PITS
Oil
-
ACTIVE
PITS
Gas
-
ACTIVE
PITS
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR
. . . N atters
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Field . . .
AIM
WELL CONTROL
WHEN?
. prior performing SBT, LOT, FIT, ...

(=> drilling circulation: code F)
. to check lithology at TD
(=> geological circulation: code G)
. for mud and/or well conditioning
( prior possible rising MW)
. After a positive Flow-Check: gain ...
( circulate through Choke Manifold)
WHY? to clean out annular volume
( gas cut mud, cuttings)
to homogenize mud properties ( U tube)
to determine coring point depth (code G)
to set casing shoe depth, ...
(to wait on weather, orders, contractors, ...)
HOW? Stop drilling ... Flow-Check; then
... Resume circulating (Pumps ON)
Duration : at least ONE Bottom-updepending on
... LAG TIME / LAG STROKE
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB PURPOSES

WELL FOLLOW UP ...
LOGGING: wireline , LWD
DRILLING
MUDLOGGING
INPUT
MWD & MUD
CORING & TESTING
GEOLOGICAL INTERFACE
LITHOLOGICAL
IDENTIFICATION
& CORRELATIONS
SAFETY: HP/HT
RISK EVALUATION
(FACIES)
OUTPUT
RESERVOIR & FLUIDS
CHARACTERIZATION
GAS & SHOWS

INTERPRETATION
REPORTING:
MUDLOG, GWR, ...
. . . N atters
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Field . . .
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS

REACH TARGETS
ANTICIPATE
FOLLOW
DRILLING
PROPOSAL
(Casing,
(Mud,...)
Casing depth
Coring depth
Pressure regime
RISKS, ...
FIND RESERVOIRS
&
IDENTIFY FLUIDS
EVALUATE
(CONTACTS
QUANTIFY Hcb)
GAS
Phi
Sw
Pp
Pf
OIL
...
WATER
SAFETY FIRST
REACT
to hazardous &
unexpected events
. . . Natters
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(people, equipments & RIG)
SAVE MONEY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: Job spirit

AVAILABLE 24h/day
PROMPT TO REACT
FAST TO DECIDE
(VELVET GLOVE)
(IRON FIST)
COMPETENT
SECURE
AUTHORITY
ACCURATE
CONVIVIAL
in any circumstances
. . . Natters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATUM, SENSORS & D A T A

SUMMARY
- REFERENCE DEPTHS: Onshore & Offshore
- Well PROFILES
- Well PROJECTION: horizontal & vertical views
- HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE
- RIGSITE SENSORS LOCATION (simplified)
- DATA: real time & delayed
- LAG TIME: definition & control
- LAG TIME: interpretation & consequences
- DRILLING SENSORS
- MUD SENSORS
- Technical Data Sheets: TOOLBOX module 5.2
. . . Natters
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TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
REFERENCE DEPTHS
ONSHORE
(-)
(+)
. . . Natters
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ZERO reference
SUB-SEA depth
RTE / (KB)
Rotary Table Elevation
(Kelly Bushing)
PERMANENT DATUM
RTE / KB
riser
Water
Depth
TVDMSL origine
TVDBRT origine
(+)
Ground
Level
OFFSHORE
MSL
(Annual)
Mean
Sea Level
Sea Bed
or
(Sea Floor)
TD
TMDBRT
(Terminal Depth)
(Below Rotary Table)
PILOT
HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELL PROFILES
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
LAND RIG
SWAMP-BARGE
(0 - 20m)
JACK-UP
SEMISUB
DRILLSHIP
(20 - 100m)
(80 - 2000m)
KOP
(Kick Off Point)
ROV
GO ON THE
GAME, GUY!
(Remote
Operating
Vehicule )
BU
(Build Up
section)
E R W well
extended reach well
ii
SLANT
well
Jii well
DOP
VERTICAL
well
(Drop Off
Point)
TMDBRT
(Below Rotary Table)
. . . Natters
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Field . . .
BOPs
+PGB
HORIZONTAL
well/drain
Landing
phase
PILOT HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ULTRA
DEEP
WELL
WELL PROJECTIONS
HORIZONTAL VIEW
WELL
HEAD
VERTICAL VIEW
delta X
WELL
HEAD
we
ll
pr
of
ile
delta Y
DEPARTURE at
CURRENT DEPTH
CURRENT
DEPTH
CURRENT
DEPTH
we
ll
pr
of
ile
VERTICAL SECTION
at CURRENT DEPTH
S
Departure= (deltaX)2 + (deltaY)2
. . . Natters
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Field . . .
PROJECTION PLANE:
AZIMUTH N140
Azimuth
N140
ANGLE
(inclinaison)
DISTANCE
TVD
DEPTH
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE

AIM
dip calculation depends on TST, Drilled Thickn. and on Apparent Vert. Thickn.
Layer follow-up
along azimuth drain
TST: True Stratigraphic Thickness
TOP
Drilled
Thickness
between
TOP-BTM
(Reference Thickness inside drain)
TST
VERTICAL
well
Apparent
Vertical
Thickness
BTM
TVD
Layer identification
TVD: True Vertical Depth
TMDBRT
PILOT
(Below Rotary
Table)HOLE
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
WELL TRAJECTORY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS: SIMPLIFIED RIGSITE VIEW

Note
zoological nomenclature missing:
DOG HOUSE
MONKEY DECK
GOOSE NECK
MOUSE HOLE
CAT WALK
WIDOW MAKER!
POOR BOY !!
Crown Block
Travelling Block
& Hook (old)
=> TOP DRIVE
Pit level
Temp IN
Resist.IN
Dens.IN
SPP
swivel
Stand Pipe
hoose
DRILL FLOOR
(DRUM missing)
Kelly Bushing
Rotary Table
RPM, TRQ
ROP => Depth
HKPos, H 2S
Mixing pit
(hoopers)
RESERVE PIT
H 2S
mud Pump
and SPM
Choke
Manifold
WOH on
dead line
(=>WOB)
SUCTION PIT
Pit level
desanders
& desilters
(to sand trap)
RETURN PIT
Degaser, Dens.OUT
Resist.OUT, H 2S
SAND TRAP
Well head
WHP, CP
BOPs
CAVE
H 2S
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Temp OUT
to RIG DEGASER
Flowmeter
on Flowline
TRIP TANK
POSSUM BELLY
&
SHALE SHAKER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA : REAL TIME or DELAYED?

DATA TYPE
DRILLING
MUD
GEOLOGICAL
ACQUISITION
MODE
REAL TIME
DATA
downhole events
visible on surface
=> instantaneous data
DELAYED
DATA
downhole events , carried
by mud, after LAG TIME
=> immediate data
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Depth
TRQ
RPM
SPM
ROP
WOB
SPP
WHP
PITS & FLOW

(gain & losses)
MW data:
Temp OUT
Density OUT
Resistivity OUT
GAS &
CUTTINGS
(analysis &
observation)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LAG TIME
=> ELAPSED TIME (BY MUD) FROM BOTTOM TO REACH SURFACE
L a g T im e =
A n n u lar Vo lum e
Flow Rate
Lag Stroke =
Annular Volume
stroke nb
( Stroke vol) * (Pump eff . )
with
m in
AV = (OH vol + IDCSG vol) - (OD IRON vol in hole)

FR = S
( troke vol) * (Pump efficiency %) * (SPM)
Note:
. if riser (offshore) => Take into account booster pump to improve FR in riser annulus
. short cycle => (Surface -> Bit) + (Bit -> surface)
. long cycle => (short cycle) + (transit time on surface: from return pit to succion pit)
. LAG CHECKS, to be performed during pipe connection (short cycle):
. Calcium Carbide lag (CaC2) => Acetylene peak (C2H 2) on chromato. (WBM mud only)
. Crushed brick lag => First arrival easily seenon Shakers screen (reddish grained)
. Rice lag => Not expensive, but not easy to check on Shakers (milky-whitish-light tan)
. Eventually Mica => in case of LWD (warning: possible effect on WL response)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LT Interpretation & Consequences

LTobserved > LTtheoritical
LTobserved < LTtheoritical
Cuttings arrive late regarding to ROP

Hole Enlarged
=> CAVINGS
reducing hole cleaning efficiency
Shale shape & size (poping, propeller,...)
Cuttings arrive early regarding to ROP

Tight Hole
=> STICKY HOLE
Shale hydration (Monmorillonite)
in both cases
DRILLING PROBLEMS
IN
VIEW ... as delta P
=> Carefully check lithology

on all sieves
BUT, IT MAY ALSO BE DUE TO:
- Wrong Pump efficiency (Toolpusher data) and/or false adjustment (Data Engineer)
- Incomplete or erroneous pipes dimensions (OD & ID) and volumes, ...
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING SENSORS
SENSORS
items
MEASUREMENT
mounting on
method
principle
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
WOH Weight On Hook ...................................

Dead line
orHook Load
=> WOB Weight On Bit
computed from Archimees law
(or buoyancy effect)
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure ....................... Stand pipe Manifold

CP Casing Pressure .....................................
Diverter Manifold
and WHP Well Head Pressure
Hydraulic system
TRQ Torque ................rotary table (RT)

Electrical line
measuring strain
on force triangle
(klbs or tons)
HYDRAULIC
measuring variations
of steel diaphragm
(psi or bars)
measuring capacitance
of detecting diaphragm
(psi or bar)
CURRENT TRANSDUCER
HALL effect: measuring electrical field

flowing in motor cable (Amp)
ELECTRIC
ROP Rate Of Penetration & Depth

Drawwork
...
axle
HKPos Hook Position / Travelling Block

RPM Revolution or ........................................... Rotary Table
Rotation Per Minute
or Top Drive
PROXIMITY SWITCH
measuring crown sensor

counter
(logic condition: 0 or 1)
SPM Strokes Per Minute ....................................

Pump piston
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD SENSORS
SENSORS
MEASUREMENT
items
mounting on
above mud tank
method
principle
Echo pulse (ultrasonic)
ACOUSTIC
PITS Volume ..............................

mud
in tank
Flow Rate .......................................................flow

line
TEMP ...................................
Potentiometer (paddle)
ELECTRIC
IN ........suction pit
OUT .......
possum belly
COND. / RESIST...................
Potentiometer (floater)
Platinium resistance
Toroidal induction coil

OUT .......
possum belly
Mud Weight / DENSITY.....
OUT .....gas trap

IN ....... stand pipe
OUT .......
possum belly
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Differential pressure
HYDRAULIC
Gamma ray absorption
(NUCLEAR)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS MEASUREMENT & SPECIFICATION

M E T H O D
MUD &
DRILLING
sensors
HYDRAULIC
ELECTRIC
ACOUSTIC
NUCLEAR
WOH / WOB
SPP
CP / WHP
T
TRANSDUCER TRQ (diaphragm)
DENS. / MW
Current
TRQ (Hall effect)
P R I N C I P L E
Pressure
PROXIMITY switch
0
(counter)
POTENTIOMETER
RESISTIVITY
ULTRASONIC
RADIOACTIVE
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
ROP / Depth
HKPos
RPM
SPM
PITS Vol. (floaters)
FR (paddle)
COND. / RESIST.
TEMP
PITS Volume
(ultrasonic)
(DENS. / MW )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : DEFINITION & MEASUREMENT

S U M M A R Y (1/2)
DEFINITION
- GAS SAMPLING HISTORY
- GAS TYPES RECORDED
- GAS SHOWS: Definition
Origin or sources
Swab & Surge
Gas Events vs warning!
Main ranges
- MUD DEGASSING ON SURFACE
MEASUREMENT
- GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN
- DEGASSER TYPES
- GAS LINES:efficiency
main & back-up
- DETECTOR:principles
- DETECTORS for ACID GASES
- H2S: HYDROGEN SULPHIDE => the Killer gas
- CHROMATOGRAPHY: problems to solve
principles & efficiency
- FID: total gas & chromatography
- TCD: total gas & chromatography
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : INTERPRETATION
S U M M A R Y (2/2)
INTERPRETATION
- LOG/LOG DIAGRAM (SNPA)
- PIXLER PLOT
(BAROID)
- TRIANGLE METHOD (GEOSERVICES)

- Wh, Bh, Ch RATIOS
(EXLOG)
- LIGHT HYDROCARBON RATIOS: interpretation

- RATIOS ACCURACY
- GAS NORMALISATION: AIM
- GAS NORMALISATION: magic! or bluff?
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS Sampling: HISTORY

< 1930s
> 1930s
rule of thumb method
Mudlogging Blooming
Based on
. shows estimation
. depth levels
uncertainty
Lagged depths with

associated lithology
(off-line Cabin)
oily appearance,
petroleum odor,
...
Qualitative method:
=> Identification by
. centrifugation (oil)
. ignition ( gases)
=> no quantitative
evaluation
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
=>Degaser calibration:
Steam Still analysis
(VMS 1950s, constant vol)
=>Hot Wire systems:
(Thermal Conductivity Detector)
(Catalytic Combustion Detector)
.total gas detection and

.components identification
Combustibles: C1...C 4, H 2 .
Other gases: H 2S,CO2,N 2,
(1980s) -> PRESENT
Fast & Accurate ...
Integrated
services
(on-line Unit)
=> Degasser efficiency
improvement
(constant flow & vol)
=> FID system:
FUTURE
R & D
Micro-indices
on surface:
. detection
. analysis
(geochemistry)
borehole &
fluid travel
contamination?
(Flame Ionisation Detector)
from > 5 min to < 1 min

only for
combustible gases
(C1 ... C 5)
and optional hot wire
for other gases
Downhole
measurements
. in-situ data(?)
&
. horiz. wells
(geosteering)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS TYPES RECORDED

HYDROCARBON Gas
NON-HYDROCARBON Gas
alkanes series
Inert gas
(CnH 2n+2)
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
(C6
N2
H2
He
(Rn
Methane
Ethane
Propane
iso -Butane
normal-Butane
iso -Pentane
normal- Pentane
Hexanes )
Nitrogene
Hydrogen
Helium
Radon)
Polar gas or acid gas

H 2S
CO2
Hydrogen Sulfid
Carbon Dioxide
POLAR
DRY
INERT
HUMID
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: definitions

GAS SHOWS on surface is reflecting a combination of:
LIBERATED Gas
PRODUCED Gas
CONTAMINATED Gas
RECYCLED Gas
from formation
WHILE drilling
from formation
from other sources
AFTER drilling
than formation itself
by
breaking the
rock pore space
Connection Gas
(air slug)
Swab Gas / LCT
Trip Gas, ...
=> short duration
as
mud additives
(chemical reacting),
bit, turbine effects, ...
Remaining in the
mud (whatever origin),
then recirculating
downhole
FORMATION
Gas (FG)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
due to
imperfect degassing
on surface
minimun gas value

(almost constant):
BACKGROUND Gas (BKG)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ORIGIN of GAS SHOWS

GAS RECORDED on surface
DRILLED GAS
LIBERATED (L)
NON DRILLED GAS

RECYCLED(R )
PRODUCED (P)
&
CONTAMINATED(C)
GAS from Fault

GAS from SHALE
(cavings)
P
L
. GAS from Gas
Surface mixing
New additives
Downhole chemical
reactions
...
. GAS from Oil

. GAS from Water
( Dissolved)
affecting
L
BACKGROUND GAS
GAS from CUTTINGS

Other Produced GAS: Pipe Connection, Swabbing/LCT, Trip Gas, ...
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SWAB
&
SURGE
POOH
RIH
SWAB & SURGE

function of:
- pipe velocity
- annulus diameter
(hole, pipes)
- mud rheology
(MW,Visc)
delta Pmud
GAINS
final
CONSEQUENCE
on both cases
delta Pmud
LOSSES
EMW
injection
suction
imbalance between mud pressure and formation fluid pressure

and possible KICK
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAFETY: GAS EVENTS WARNING!

Total Gas (TG)
nil
BKG
1 std
traces
Peak heights increase

=> back to baseline
between each gas event
Initial Baseline
(peaks becoming wider)
SYMMETRICAL peaks
Qualitative ALERT method
IDENTIFY Origin of gas observed

INDICATORS (possible gas origin)
P > 0
ASYMMETRIC peaks
G
BK
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
- increased between
each gas event
- PIPE CONNECTIONS
- SWAB GAS TEST
- LCT (Long Connection Test)
- TRIP GAS
- BACKGROUND GAS (BKG)
Miscell: survey
false connections
carbide ( Lag-Time check)
FORMATION Gas
P 0
BKG increase
=> back to new baseline
- shifted between
each gas event
. . . based on gas observations

when circulation stopped
P < 0
Phenomena emphasized IF:

cumulative gas events
recycled gas
rig degasser OFF(Poor Boy)
INFORM and Precise :
Change to new baseline (based on MW)
Lithology (Phi-K) associated to peaks
Gas observed= BKG + Gas eventorigin
GAS EVENTS reflect

PressureRegime and/or
Formation fluid content
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: scale range

=> Blow-out
=> Kick
100
Spectacular=> Muster point

Exceptional to Dramatic
too late!
-> Life jacket
80
Risky to Hasardous
Daring to Lucky
Delta P > 0
Questionable
60
Gas (%)
observed
Delightful to Interesting
Delta P < 0
Promising
40
Nice (or
Lovely)
Fair to Slightly
Weak to Poor
20
Disappointing
Nil
0
-50
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
50
100
delta P (bars) influence

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD DEGASSING on surface

Decanting tube
(water)
Drill String
loss of free gas

Bell Nipple
(Air + Gas)
DEGASSER
AIR
inlet
Possum
Belly
GAS
BUBBLES
and
CUTTINGS
Flow
line
GAS LINE
to Unit
Shale
Shakers
Gas
Trap
loss of free gas

(=> recycled in part) MUD PIT(s)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN

DEGASSER
DETECTORS
GAS LINE
gas
elution
No
Yes
Located in possum belly:

(shale shaker header box)
either immersed: mud level
non-constant &agitator
or degassing at constant
mud volume & flow via
a suction probe
Gas + Air
mixture
to
Mudlogging
cabin
(mini 2 gas lines)
TOTAL GAS
detection
&
H 2S, CO2, ...
(FID burner with H2 flow
and/or TCD based on
Wheatstone bridge)
EFFICIENCY ?
PLUGGING ?
PLUGGING ?
LEAKING ?
CALIBRATION ?
SENSITIVITY ?
CALIBRATIONS ?
ACCURACY ?
REPEATABILITY ?
CARRIER
OBSERVER
ANALYSER
EXTRACTOR
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
4
CHROMATOGRAPHY
combustible gas
(FID, TCD)
non-combustible gas
(TCD)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DEGASSER TYPES
EFFICIENCY = fct ( degasser location , chamber volume vs degassing time, mud type, ... )
GAS TRAP
EFFICIENCY (%)
THE LONGER THE MUD

UNDER AGITATOR,
THE GREATER THE EFFICIENCY
(100) immersed
types
STEAM STILL
Constant mud volume
(reference degasser )
(50) -
SUCTION PROBE
Constant mud flow &
Constant volume
Qantitative Gas
Trap Measurement
Constant
mud flow
BASIC
Variable mud flow
Discontinuous
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
Continuous
GAS EXTRACTING
MODE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DEGASSER
DETECTOR
GAS LINES EFFICIENCY

DETECTOR
DETECTOR
DEGASSER
DEGASSER
NEITHER TOO LONG ...

(C 3 + analysis)
LENGTH
...NOR TOO SHORT

(safety reasons)
APPROPRIATE GAS LINES LENGTH => TRANSIT TIME TO UNIT < 100 sec
depending on AIR + GAS mixture flow rate through Monoflex
and on motor pump suction efficiency
FLOW RATE
NEITHER TOO FAST ...
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
...NOR TOO SLOW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS LINES: main & back-up
AT LEAST, 2 INDEPENDANT GAS LINES per DEGASSER
MAIN GAS LINE

GAS LINE
SPARE GAS LINE
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DETECTORS: principles
TOTAL GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
CONTINUOUS PROCESS
BATCH PROCESS
for
for
UNDIFFERENTIATED GASES
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
QUANTITATIVE measure
QUALITATIVE measure
CCD
TCD
FID
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
FLAME IONISATION
No combustion
Detection of
non-combustible gases
Very low threshold

(5-20ppm)
High repeatability
High threshold (>500ppm)
Accurate only for

combustible gases
(NO LONG EXISTS)

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Low threshold detection

(100ppm)
Poor detection for

non-combustible
C6+ cause breakdown of
filament (Platinum)
High T filament (800C)
Very high sensitivity to H 2

Low sensitivity to Hcb
other than Methane
Need continuous
H 2 supply
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ACID GASES DETECTORS

CO2
<= QUANTITATIVE RESULTS =>
Infra-Red ABSORPTION principle

CO2 ATTENUATES the IR RADIATION
EMITTED BY THE SOURCE (IR beam)
Voltage proportional to CO2 content
=> accuracy: 1000 ppm (0.1%)
H 2S
1- SEMICONDUCTOR principle
H 2S REDUCES THE METAL OXIDE COATING
TO METALLIC SULPHIDES
Conductivity proportional to H 2S content
=> accuracy: 1 ppm (0.0001%)
warning: humidity reduces sensor sensibility
2- DELPHIAN MUD DUCK

warning: CO2 highly absorbed by basic
water contained in WBM and also
in OBM (water phase)
CO2
IDENTIFY SOLUBLE SULPHIDES IN THE MUD

related to mud pH (>10) & temperature
warning: operating ONLY in water base mud
DRAEGER hand-held (QUALITATIVE RESULTS)
graduated tube filled with

HYDRAZINE
(N 2H 4)
... turning to BLUE-PURPLE
( +/- 10 %)
H 2S
graduated tube filled with

silicagel impregnated
with LEAD ACETATE
... turning to DARK-BROWN
( +/- 10 ppm)
** DETECTOR AVAILABLE FOR ALL GASES (various reactants) with various SENSITIVITY RANGES **
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) SAFETY

%
ppm
H2S concentration
0.1 1000
0.07
700
0.05
500
0.02
200
THE KILLER GAS

DEATH => 1 min
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DIZZINESS
KILL SMELL
0.01 100
20
0.001 10
breathing ceases after 30 min

=> prompt artificial respiration
STINGS EYES & THROAT
within 3-5 min
H2S
HEADACHE
0.002
DEATH => 15 min

permanent cerebral injury
safe
for 8 hours
ROTTENEGGS
EGGS
ROTTEN
odourodour
ACID GAS
COLORLESS
DEADLY GAS
FLAMMABLE ( blue flame )
sg=1.18 (heavier than air)

Highly CORROSIVE to certain metals
H2S effects
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:problems to solve
hey, guys!
Question: HOW TO BE FAST AND ACCURATE FOR

SEPARATING GASEOUS COMPONENTS MIXTURE (AT A MAXIMUM MUD FLOW)
and for
AVOIDING CONTAMINATION BY SUCCESSIVE & REPEATING MEASURES ?
Answer: yes, absolutely right, Mr ONURB,

IT DEPENDS ON ANALYSIS SYSTEM
EFFICIENCY ... mainly BASED ON ...
Heu!
it depends ...
IF THERE IS WIND,
IF ITS HOT ...
SAMPLING RATE
(TEMPERATURE
& PRESSURE)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
and
on
PROCESS ACCURACY
(COLUMNS and/or
CAPILLARY TUBES)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:principles & efficiency

1
=> DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE

SAMPLE COMPONENTS BETWEEN 2 PHASES:
COLUMNS
Length: 6-20 ft
ID: 0.125 - 0.25 inch
CAPILLARY TUBES
ONE STATIONARY
solid phase
as
SILICAGEL,
SQUALANE, ...
packing (coating
film thickness)
stainless
or
aluminium
made
ONE MOBILE
liquid phase
with
GAS SAMPLE+CARRIER
(Air, He )
percolating through
or over the solid phase
Length > 300 ft

ID < 0.03 inch
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE EFFECTS

Temp & Press.
QUICK and POOR ELUTION
=> bent or coiled
for compactness
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
C1C2 C3 C 4 C 5
Temp & Press.

SLOW and GOOD ELUTION
C1 C 2
C3
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
total gas & chromatography : FID

response(mV)
SCHEMATIC CHROMATOGRAM
C1
(after Geoservices)
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
peak
area
iC5
ionisation
chamber
nC5
iC5
BASELINE
time
analysis
# 300 sec
Retention
time for C1
signal
backflush(*)
P2 > P1
Gas line
GAS in
(mixture)
manual
injection
P1
C 6+C 4 C 1
C2 C3 C5
Precut
elution
purge
speed up
H2
Main elution
(separation)
C4 C
C 5 C 2C
3
TOTAL GAS detection line
(*) Backflush starts only when compoundsof interest have passed

through the PRECUT column (depending on selection of cycles)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
waste
effluent
Air
total gas & chromatography : TCD

SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS CHROMATOGRAM
(after Geoservices)
SI column
deflection
H2
C1
BASELINE
RT C 1
COMMUTATION
(SILICAGEL)
# 120 sec
SI
(slow)
Gas line
GAS in
(mixture)
SQ column
(SQUALANE)
composite peak
(H 2/C 1)
C2
C3
iC4
peak
length
thermal
conductivity
chamber
BASELINE
(long cycle)
(short cycle)
# 120 sec
C4C3 C 1 H 2
C2
time
# 250sec
signal
waste
effluent
2 columns with
different characteristics
manual
injection
SQ
(fast)
C 6+C 4 C 1
C2 C3 C5
WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE
H2
C4 C3 C2 C
1
TOTAL GAS detection line

. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
nC4
Air
commutation valve
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LOG/LOG Diagram (SNPA)

100000
S.N.P.A. (1950s), now ELF
(C2/C1)x103
developed over Lacq gas& oil field (France)
10000
gas ratios used:

(C2/C1) x 103
(C3/C1) x 103
based on production gas data (DST)
1000
DRY GAS dissolved in water
2
100
GAS with CONDENSATE
1
3
4
GAS with OIL
10
(C3/C1)x103
... grading to TARS & BITUMEN

1
1
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
10
100
1000
10000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
100000
PIXLER PLOT (Baroid)

PIXLER (1969) modified FERRIE (1981)
Texas and Louisiana experiences
C1/C2
C1/C3
C1/C4+
C1/C5+
(no free gas)
Non-productive Gas
gas ratios used:

C1/C2
C1/C3
based on production
C1/(iC4+nC4)
gas data (DST)
C1/(iC5+nC5)
(dry gas)
Productive Gas
=> LINES ARE DRAWN BY CONNECTING

INDIVIDUAL RATIOS
Comments:
- Plot basically based on C1/C2 ratio
(volatile oil)
Productive Oil
(see ratios accuracy)
- Steep slopes are usually

a tight reservoir criteria
- Negative slope might be a water zone
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
(wet gas)
(heavy oil)
Non-productive Oil
(tars, bitumen)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TRIANGLE METHOD (Geoservices)

so-called POTATO PLOT (early 1970s)
C2/C(1-5)
4 /C
(15)
developed in Middle-East, extended to Europe & Africa
gas ratios used:

C2 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) based on production
C3 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)
gas data (DST)
C4 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)
1 - TRIANGLE (size & orientation) defines FLUID TYPE:
upward
a apex
downward
b
c
dry
low GOR:
Tars
GAS
c
b
wet
OIL
high GOR:
Condensate
5)
2 - HOMOTHETIC CENTER defines PRODUCTIVE ZONES:

by drawing 3 lines from initial plot apexes (A,B,C)
to sample ratios apexes (a, b, c)
IF HOMOTHETIC POINT IS INSIDE brown POTATO
/C (1
C3
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Wh, Bh and Ch ratios (EXLOG)

EXLOG (1985), now BHI
Wh ratio
Ch ratio
Bh ratio
gas ratios used based on drilling:

(C 2 + C 3 + C4 + C5)
* 100
(C1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C5)
2 - BALANCE
( C 1 + C 2)
Bh =
( C 3 + C 4 + C 5)
3 - CHARACTER
Ch =
Wh
< 0.5
Fluid
DRY GAS
17.5 - 40
GAS
Bh
Fluid
Bh
> 100
dry Gas
>>Wh
coal bed
> Wh
GAS
> Wh
GAS
Fluid
= Wh lt G / Cond
OIL
Bh
> 40
Fluid
> Wh coal-N/A*
> Wh
N/A*
< Wh
heavy to
<< Wh residual
OIL
OIL
<<Wh heavy OIL
LIGHT GAS
Residual Oil
Bh
Fluid
GAS &
LIGHT OIL
COAL-BED
EFFECT
MEDIUM
GRAVITY OIL
< 0.5
GAS or COAL
COAL or N/A*
Ch
> 0.5
N/A*
OIL
10
17.5
40
100 0
0.5
RESIDUAL
OIL
(*) N/A => incompatible
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
VERY LIGHT
DRY GAS
(C 4 + C 5)
C3
0.5 - 17.5
PL
OT
TI
NG
Wh =
CO
NT
IN
UO
US
1 - WETNESS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LIGHT HYDROCARBONS ratios INTERPRETATION

100000
1000
4 /C
(15)
10000
C 2/C(1-5)
WHICH PLOT
to trust ?
(C2/C 1)x103
100
/C (1
C3
10
1
1
10
100
1000
Non-productive Gas
10000
5)
NONE or ALL !
(C3/C 1)x103
100000
Wh ratio
Bh ratio
WHY ?
10
Ch ratio
1000 1 2 3
VERY LIGHT
DRY GAS
Productive Gas
Productive Oil
Non-productive Oil
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
NO MIRACLE METHOD
LIGHT GAS
GAS &
LIGHT OIL
CALIBRATED IN SPECIFIC AREAS
... based on
RATIOS ACCURACY
COAL-BED
EFFECT
MEDIUM
GRAVITY OIL
RESIDUAL
OIL
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RATIOS ACCURACY
DEPEND ON . . .
... DRILLING PARAMETERS
... GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN

DEGASSER: location
Rate Of Penetration
Drilling modes (rotary, sliding)
Mud Flow Rate
Bit types
Mud weight
Mud type (WBM, OBM, ...)
Help for GAS NORMALISATION
efficiency?
GAS LINE: Flow pressure

Ambiant Temp
(Atmosph. Press.)
pre-elution?
DETECTORS: windows
... for each component
thus, better use C1+C2
calibration?
sensitivity?
overlap?
(instead of C2/C1 or C1/C2 ratios)
SELECTED GAS RATIOS REMAIN HIGHLY HELPFUL for:

- Fluids pre-identification & characteristics
- Geosteering (warning: recycling?)
- Detection & Monitoring HP wells

and ... GAS DATA RELIABILITY!
NEVER FORGET ROP vs Cycle time analysis vs Reservoir thickness
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: AIM

AIM:
TO ELIMINATE CHANGES IN DRILLING PARAMETERS AND IN MEASURING CONDITIONS
BASED ON TOTAL GAS Measurement(TG)
APPROACH remains empirical (surface cond.) and/or approximate (downhole cond.)
It normally ONLY represents the LIBERATED GAS content per volume of rockdrilled
warning IF: GAS RECYCLED (from surace)
IF: GAS CONTAMINATION ( from mud, bit, ...) => BACKGROUND GAS
IF: GAS PRODUCED ( from Open Hole)
CGI
Corrected GasIndex
VGN
Volumetric Gas Normalisation
SPI
attempts for
GAS
NORMALISATION
Surface Potential Index
CGS
Calculated Gas Saturation
SEVERE LIMITATIONS: sources ofgas, Temperature& Pressure effects

on mud gas composition while gas migration , ...
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: magic!

CGI (Corrected GasIndex)
SPI (Surface Potential Index)

SPI = 197
. *
Gas(%)* FR(bbl / min)

CGI(%) =
HV(bbl / ft) * ROP(ft / min)
BS: bit size
approximate normalisation for changes

of flow rate (FR), of hole volume (HV) and of ROP
(equivalent to SPI)
SPI estimates, at SURFACE CONDITIONS,

the m3 of gas per m3 of rock
(dimensionless value)
THE MOST REALISTIC INDEX
FOR FAST & EASY COMPARISONS
tremendously
VGN (Volumetric Gas Normalisation)

VGN (%) = Gas(%) *
(ROP in m/hr
ROPnormal HVnormal FRactual 1

*
*
*
ROPactual HVactual FRnormal E
HV in bbl/ft
Gas(%) * FR (l / min) * ROP(min/ m)

100 * (BS(inches))2
E=degasser efficiency in decimal %)
MAGIC!
CGS (Calculated Gas Saturation)
CGS = 100 * SPI *
Pa (kg / cm2) Tu( K)

*
*Z
Pu(kg / cm2) Ta( K)
Pa: ambiant surface pressure=1 Ta: ambiant surf. temp (AMST)

Pu: estimated fluid pressure
Tu:estimated bottom temp (BHT)
Z: deviation coefficient from Ideal Gas Law (gas compressibility)
normal conditions derived from

a specific field, basin or region (!)
CGS estimates, at BOTTOM CONDITIONS,

the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value)
Similar to CGI, more rigorous

but incomprehensible!
Gas saturation affected by

drilling conditions (flushing)
Recommended DEGASSERS: steam still (Cst volume) and/or suction probe (Cst flow)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Generality & Formation PRESSURES

SUMMARY
(1/2)
GENERALITIES
Concepts
Pressure Regime status
HYDROSTATIC Pressure
OVERBURDEN: Definition
OVERBURDEN: Calculation
OVERBURDEN: Evaluation
PORE Pressure:Definition
Overburden and Pore Pressure
COMPACTION: Normal & Abnormal
LUCKY & UNLUCKY: examples
FORMATION PRESSURE
Acquisition
Indicators
Evaluation
Swab Gas Test & LCT
Drilling pressure evolution
ROPnormalized story
Advanced d exp
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
./.
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation & Well PRESSURES

SUMMARY
(2/2)
FORMATION PRESSURE (suite)

Normal Compaction Trend dCn
Rock bit types vs ROP curve vs dexp
Compaction vs Drilling parameters
Compaction vs Lithology
Compaction Trend Observed dCo
Shale Pore Pressurecomputed: Eaton method
Pore Pressure:Eaton formula (dC, tcl, R cl) and Overlays
EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW)
dCoOVERLAYS example: Excel worksheet
Fracturation pressureevaluation
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
THEORETICAL TESTS: CSG, SBT, LOT, FIT
(Casing, Shoe Bond Test, Leak Off Test, Formation Integrity Test)
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT

Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW)
CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES
ANALYSES & INTERPRETATIONS
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE CONCEPTS
HYDROSTATIC
pressure
H 2O
OVERBURDEN
pressure
Matrix
+
Fluid
into pores
PORE
pressure
Fluid
in pore
beurk!
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE REGIME STATUS

Pressure (psi)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2000
3000
en
.31
5000
g/c
c(
1p
7500
si/f
t)
ABNORMAL
pressure
SUBNORMAL
pressure
4000
s=
2
GE
OS
TA
TI
C
10000
12500
15000
5000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Pressure (kg/cm2)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Depth (feet)
Depth (meters)
IC
AT
ST
) RO
i/f t D
ps Y f t)
H
68
si/
0.4
3p
c(
43
g/c c (0.
08
/c
1.
0g
s=
1.0
en
.D
s=
en
Eq
.D
Eq
Eq
.D
2500
LITHOSTATIC
pressure
1000
FLUID
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Pressure exerted by a static fluid at a given point in a column
practically
HP = (MW x TVD) x 1.422
theoretically
Ph = (d . h) / 10
0m
mud
weight:
water
density:
1000m
d
h
TMD
MW
(2) TVD
g/cm 3
meter
TVD
1.30g/cm3
1.00g/cm3
1300m
(1)
1000m
Ph = 130 kg/cm2
g/cm 3
meter
HP = 1850 psi
Note: 130 kg/cm2 = 1850 psi
Pressure depends on vertical height (1) and on fluid density (2)

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
OBG
Pressure exerted by the total weight of overlying sediments

(sea water + matrix + fluids into porous medium)
Cumulative Geostatic pressure

EMW
air gap
S OBG =
EMW
1
* (Z i Z i 1 )* i
Z i i =1
Z i Z i 1 = int erval (usually 50m TVD )

i = average density ( litho log y )
sea water
Zi - 1
cumulative
SOBG
Zi
along int erval
cumulative
SOBG expressedin EMW
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
SOBG
TVD
TVD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN CALCULATION
0m RTE
pb= 0
Air gap
25m AMSL
S1= (0 x 25) / 25 = 0.000 EMW
pb= 1.03
Sea water
125m Sea bed
S2= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03)] / 125 = 0.824 EMW
pb= 1.65
Litho 1
S3= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) ] / 300 = 1.306 EMW
Litho 2
S4= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) + (150 x 1.75)] / 450 = 1.454 EMW
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION
BULK DENSITY EVALUATION
directly from DENSITY log:
average value along constant interval
=> NOT ACCURATE in case of
heterogeneousformations
S OBG
SOBG = A*(ln ZTVDBRT) + B *ln ZTVDBRT + C

2
Z i 1 )* 3.28
=> parabolic equation
note : interval (Z i Z i 1 ) 50m
with
Sonic velocity (sec/ft), computed

whatever formations: AGIP formula
If SOFT form. =2.75 2.11 * (t 50 )
b
( > 70 sec/ft)
(t + 200 )
If HARD form.
( < 70 sec/ft)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
= 3 . 28
n
1
=
* (Z i Z i 1 )* i
Z i i =1
=> rough approximation:
TTI(msec )*1000
(Z i
known regionally, ie from logs ( t )
unknown (ie exploration: wildcat)
derived from SONIC log:
? t (sec/ft ) =
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION
t
89
in feet
soft
hard
A
0.01304
0.01447
B
-0.017314
-0.018350
C
1.4335
1.4846
A
in meters
soft
0.01304
hard
0.01447
B
-0.014215
-0.014912
C
1.2462
1.2870
=> or regional equation/parameters
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PORE PRESSURE
Po
Po
Pressure exerted by fluids density into pore space

SUBNORMAL
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
Po < Ph
Po = Ph
Po > Ph
EQUILIBRIUM
GAINS
LOSSES
- for SHALE
- for RESERVOIR
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
=> Po corresponds to Pp (dexp, Sigmalog)

=> Po corresponds to Pf (formation testers)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN and Pore Pressure

PRESSURE
DEPTH
Pressure
supported
only
by matrix
PP
OVERBURDEN =
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
effective
Pore
Stress + Pressure
d
ui
Fl
re ure
Po ss
e
pr
Pressure
supported
by FLUIDS and MATRIX
S = + PP
(TERZAGHI law)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION
Oooh
He-he!
ABNORMAL
NORMAL
pore
pore
... ONLY
BY
GRAIN TO GRAIN CONTACT
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
WEIGHT
TRANSMITTED
...
pore
pore
... BY GRAIN CONTACT

AND
... BY PORE FLUIDS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LUCKY and UNLUCKY ?

(NORMAL and ABNORMAL PRESSURES)
sponge
+
H 20
plastic bag
sponge
+ H 2O
weight
weight
H2
0
weight
H2
0
NORMAL COMPACTION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
H 20
H 2O
KICK
2O
H 20
H 20
H
2O
weight
UNDERCOMPACTION <=> OVERPRESSURE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureACQUISITION
1 - CONTRACTORS INVOLVED vs DATA MODES
DATA
On SURFACE
RECORDING
REAL TIME DRILLING
MUD LOGGING
CREW
POST DRILLING
controlled
(DST)
uncontrolled (FFT)
ACQUISITION
DOWNHOLE
(transmitted to surface)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING

CREW
and
WIRELINE LOGGING
CREW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureINDICATORS
2 - DATA INVOLVED and RESULTS
PARAMETERS
BKG, LCT, SwG, PCG, Ratio,
GAS
ROP, WOB, Bit type, TRQ, Drag
DRILLING
Shape, Size, Density (shale)
CUTTINGS
Thermal gradient: (TIN , TOUT)
Well Temp
none
ROP, CAL, Rotary/Sliding modes
none
BHT, Mud T, Tool T
none
NUCLEAR
GR, Density (RhobCL), Neutron (PhiNCL)
none
ELECTRIC
Resistivity (R CL)
none
ACOUSTIC
SONIC Transit Time (deltaTCL)
Empirical formula or laws
RESULTS
THROUGH
Direct physical measurements
COMPACTION TREND
SOBG
PORE PRESSURE(PP) Psh, Pf
dexp, Sigmalog, Form. testers

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureEVALUATION
3 - DATA RESPONSES versus SHALE POROSITY INCREASE EFFECTS
ABNORMAL
NORMAL
GAS
BKG
PCG
LCT
DRILLING
ROP
WOB
TRQ
CUTTINGS
Cavings
Size
Shape
Well Temp
NUCLEAR
ELECTRIC
ACOUSTIC
(diversity)
Thermal gradient
RHObCL
ResCL
PHINCL
DeltaTCL
WHOLE CRITERIA MAY or MAY NOT REACT
and IF ONLY 1 => ALERT
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Swab Gas Test & Long Connection Test

AIM
ANTICIPATE the ARRIVAL OF the TRANSITION ZONE with the lowest MW
SwGT
Hook height
Hook height
SPM
Stop drilling
FormG
Stop circulating
BKG
Off Bottom3-5m
swabbing time < 1min
Resume circulation
Back to drilling
Total DURATION: 5-10min
PSWB << PFORM < PECD
LCT
SPM
Stop drilling
Off Bottom2-3m
Circulating ~10min
Stop circulating
LCT time ~10min
Resume circul~5min
Back to drilling
Total DURATION <30min
PC
PC
TG lagged
TG lagged
1 std (Top Drive)

1 single (Kelly)
FormG
BKG
SwG
SwG
LCT
PC
PC
time
time
PLCT < PFORM < PECD
Better PFORM follow-up with LCT than SwGT (PSWAB < PLCT)
PROCEDURE
Mudlogging crew records gas on surface
(and checks associated lithology),
then informs WSG and Co-Man for actions:
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Keep on drilling to next gas test

Increase MW step by step (5 points= 0.05sg)
Logging & Set casing (depending on LOT, FIT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING PRESSURE EVOLUTION

What to do?
MW
PP
FR
AC
ECD
EN
RD
BU
ER
OV
1
c
tati
ros
Hyd
DEPTH
PRESSURE (EMW)
ss.
Pre
3
5
too early (?) for

- setting Casing
- rising MW
(possible LOSSES)
too late (?) for

rising MW => KICK
(if porous reservoir)
PP = MW, but still < ECD

Unsafe drilling
=> well in equilibrium
(in static conditions)
ECD > PFRAC ( or PLOT)

=> LOSSES
(slow pump rate: reduce ECD
and pump LCM)
drilling conditions
=> LOSSES (ECD > P FRAC)
static conditions (PP > MW)
=> GAIN to KICK
depending on permeability
THE WORST SITUATION!
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ROPNORMALIZED STORY!
dexponent
empirical formula
BINGHAM (1964, Gulf coast): relationships between LITHOLOGY and DRILLING PARAMETERS
ROP
RPM
( ft / hr )
WOB (lbs)
= K.
BS
(inches)
with d = compaction exponent(=> d exp)

and K =lithological constant
JORDEN & SHIRLEY (1966) solved this equation for a constant lithology (K=1 for shale)
CLST
Why only for

SHALE?
log ROP
60 RPM
' d' =
log 126WOB
10 BS
( ft / hr)
10
SST
CLAY @ Z depth =surface *exp( Cst*Z )
(lbs)
10
RUBEY & HUBBERT law (1959)
Any decrease in d exp

(expressed in EMW)
when drilling a shaly sequence
is a function of the degree
of undercompaction
(inches)
REHM & McCLENDON (1971): d exp correctedfor mud weight (P function of Shale pore presure)
' dc ' =' d '.
Phydro
ECD
( EMW )
easy,
Man?
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Parameters not takeninto account:
( EMW )
Yeah!
Fair enough?
NO !
- P, not known accurately

- bit type and bit wear
- mud hydraulics when drilling
with jetting (unconsolidated Clay)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UPGRADED or ADVANCED d exp

How to restitute an almost true normalized ROP ?
p
a
log
0 .3048 * ROP
* RPMc
Ph
*
d=
0.026469 *WOB
ECD
log
BS
corrected for ROCK BITS

as new ones
for each depth drilled
(min/ m )
( EMW )
(T )
( EMW )
( inches )
where
a = 0.93 * Z 2 + 6 * Z + 1
and p = 0.3 0.5 (teeth bit) 0.1 0.2 (insert bit)
with
Z=
BW 2 3 * BW
+
+1
8
8
0.31 * x 2 + 3 * x + 1
0.31 *
0.0 ? ( PDC bit)
YES!
and RPM corrected = RPM ( 8*10
*RPM + 1.09 )
dCo
dCn
HELP!
and
x=
BW Bit depthOUT Bit depthIN

*
8
(Interval drilled)
and dCnstill not drawn !

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
& MUDLOGGING Crew
MUDLOGGING Unit
COMPUTER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
NORMAL COMPACTION TREND dCn

RUBEY & HUBBERT
log() = -c.Z + log(o)

=> linear relationship between Depth (Z) and Porosity ()
INTERCEPT
3
ZAMORA: the d exp (proportional to porosity),
1.00
log (d Cn 2 / d Cn 1 )
Depth 2 Depth 1
1000
Intercept B
log( B ) = log( dCn ) A * Depth

B =10 [log( dCn ) A* Depth ]
*
2000
Depth
A=
dCn
(TVDBRT)
Slope A
3000
dCn= 1
@ 4500m
dCn= 2
Geologist job
slope A= 1.003*10-4
Computer job
intercept B= 0.707
(MUDLOGGING CREW)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
dCo
PE
SLO
Example:
@ 1500m
follows the same law for claystone/shale:

log(dCn) = A.(DEPTHTVDBRT) + B
dc(EMW)
4000
*
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ROCK BIT types vs ROP curve vs dexp

Cone bits
Fixed head bits
NOZZLES
3 x ??/32
NOZZLES or
TOTAL FLOW AREA
TEETH bit
INSERT bit
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

NOZZLES
3 x /32
TFA inch2
converted
to equiv.
nozzles
Rock is SHATTERED by pressure
Formation is CUT with cutters
ROP curve CONTRASTED:

drilling parameters relativelysteady
Cuttings shape & size generally
well representative of rock compaction
ROP curve SMOOTHED:

parameters adjustedvs lithology
Cuttings shape & size fairly to non
representativeof rock compaction
+
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and Drilling param s

Fast
ROP (min/m)
Slow
TEETH
assumed to reflect a normalized ROP
tricone bit
OBM effect
DCn
PDC bit
WBM effect
INSERT
tricone bit
IT WORKS!
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
with constant (!)

DRILLING
&
MUD
parameters
Depth
COMPACTION TREND
Core bit
Worn bit
WOB
RPM
Bit type
Bit size
OBM
WBM
MW
ECD
ADJUST END to ENDSHIFTS

WITHOUT CHANGING SLOPE(S)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and LITHOLOGY

Fast
ROP (min/m)
Slow
DCn
SILT effect
COMPACTION TREND
assumed to reflect a normalized ROP
CO3 effect
based on pure (!)

CLAYSTONE / SHALE
Dcn => NORMAL
Sand
baseline
Dco
=> OBSERVED
Shale
baseline
DCo
Depth
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
check LITHOLOGY
check CALCIMETRY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND OBSERVED dCo

dCo
d(EMW)
3
reflects a Normalized ROP

corresponding to:
normal
compaction
dCo= dCn
1000
dCn
pore
Depth
3000
4000
pore
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
dCo
pore
pore
The increasein pressure is

proportional to the difference
dCn and dCo
2000
abnormal
compaction
dCo < dCn
1.00
PRESSURE
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SHALEPore Pressure COMPUTED

d(EMW)
Shale Pore Pressure (PP)

3
EATON method
1.00
1000
1.2
Example
at 4000m: dCo
Ph
= 1.50 g/cc (EMW)

= 1.00 g/cc (function of water salinity)
dCn
2000
Depth
dCo(observedtrend)
PP (EMW) =SOBG (SOBG Phydrostatic )
d
Cn
(normal
trend)
3000
dCo
dCn = 10(1.003*10- *4000 + log(0.7)) = 1.76 g/cc (EMW) at 4000m

SOBG = 0.01447*(ln4000)2 + (-0.014912*ln4000) + 1.287 = 2.16 g/cc
4000
PP = 2.16 - (2.16-1.00)(1.50/1.76)1.2 = 1.20 g/cc (EMW)

5000
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Pore Pressure & Overlays

Overlays
EATON formulas
isodensity EMW
(Pp sucessively taken to1.00, 120, 1.40, )
While drilling
dexp
dCo = dCn n * 1.2
S Pp
S Ph
t clay
t o = t n * 3
S Ph
S Pp
1.2
dCo(observed trend)
PP =S (S Phydro)
dCn (normal trend)

During logging
tn (normal trend)
P P =S (S P hydro )
to (observedl trend)
1 .5
R clayn (normal )
P P =S (S P hydro )
R clayo (observedl )
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Resclay
Rclo = Rcln *1.5
S Pp
S Ph
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW)

Isodensity lines for dexp
d (EMW) 1.00
1.00
1 - Determine the dCntrend:

( slope & intercept)
1.20
1000
dCo = dCn n * 1 .2
S Pp
S Ph
1.40
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
1.60
dCo
3000
1.80
4000
2.00
Quick look method for Shale Pp

Note: Eaton exponents may vary(1.1 - 1.5)
dCn
2000
depth
2 - Compute at each depth, knowing

- the SOBG (regional or recomputed)
- the Ph hydrostatic gradient (1.00 to 1.08)
the theoritical values of the dCofor different
pressure gradients (1.20, 1.40, 1.60, )
using Eaton s formula:
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
dCoOVERLAYS example (Excel worksheet)

NORMAL TREND dcn:
log(dcn)=A*depth+B
dcn1 =
0.75
dcn2 =
0.9
depth1 =
250
depth2 =
1000
Pr.hydr. =
EATON exp'=
1.01
1.2
SHALE PORE PRESSURE at depth:

dco =
DEPTH
(mTVDBRT)
100
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
dcn= 1,00
1.00
0.723
0.750
0.797
0.847
0.900
0.956
1.016
1.080
1.148
1.220
1.296
1.377
1.463
1.555
1.653
1.756
1.866
1.983
2.107
2.239
A=(log(dcn2/dcn1))/(depth2-depth1)
0.00010557 => slope
B=10^(log(dcn1)-A*depth1)
0.70577702 => intercept
sgEMW
sgEMW
m
m
dcn=10^(A*(depth)+log(B))
=> OVERLAY at depth:
or enter newcoefficients
=> dcn at depth:
sgEMW
OVERBURDEN:
S=a*(ln(depth))^2+(b*(ln(depth))+c
depth in meter
a =>
0.01447
b =>
-0.01491
c =>
1.28700
dco= dcn*[(S-Pp)/(S-Ph)]^(1/Eaton exp') or enter local OBG formula
1.35
S =
dcn =
2.129
1.65
SOBG OVERLAYS (sgEMW)

(EMW)
1.20
1.40
1.525
0.493
0.222
1.646
0.558
0.340
1.753
0.623
0.429
1.822
0.678
0.491
1.874
0.732
0.546
1.916
0.786
0.598
1.952
0.842
0.651
1.983
0.901
0.705
2.010
0.963
0.760
2.034
1.028
0.818
2.056
1.097
0.879
2.076
1.169
0.942
2.095
1.247
1.010
2.113
1.328
1.081
2.129
1.415
1.156
2.144
1.507
1.236
2.159
1.605
1.321
2.172
1.709
1.411
2.185
1.819
1.506
2.198
1.937
1.607
OPEN
FILE
SHPP= S-(S-Ph)*[dco/dcn]^1.2
=>
1.249
sgEMW
1.60
#NOMBRE!
0.084
0.214
0.288
0.346
0.398
0.447
0.496
0.546
0.596
0.649
0.704
0.761
0.821
0.885
0.952
1.024
1.099
1.179
1.264
1.80
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
0.043
0.117
0.173
0.222
0.268
0.312
0.356
0.401
0.447
0.495
0.544
0.596
0.650
0.708
0.768
0.832
0.900
2.00
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
0.024
0.071
0.113
0.153
0.193
0.232
0.273
0.315
0.359
0.404
0.452
0.503
2.20
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
#NOMBRE!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
FRACTURATION evaluation
WHY ?
TO DETERMINE the MAXIMUM:
- Mud Weight (ECD) permitted during drilling
FRACTURE gradients depend on:

- stress conditions in the wellbore (x, y, z)
- Hole geometry & orientation
(FRACHORIZ. WELL << FRAC VERT. WELL)
- Annular surface pressureallowed during kick
- FRACOFFSHORE < FRAC ONSHORE
- Casing shoe settings
- Mud Weight, wellbore Temp, Lithology, ...

0
NUMEROUS ATTEMPTS
ALL METHODS ARE APPROXIMATIONS
1000
SOBG
2000
depth
The less worse

: EATON

FRAC =
FRAC
* (S PP )+ PP
1
FRAC
3000
4000
PLOT
LOT
5000
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
sg (EMW)
POISSON s RATIO =>K
with 0.33 < < 0.45
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
ln(K) = a * ln(depth) + b
equation equivalent to SOBG
DEFAULT COEFFICIENTS
with depth in feet
soft fm
hard fm
a
0.226
0.354
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
b
-2.667
-3.607
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

Theoretical Pressure tests types
Casing and/or
Liner Test
SBT
Shoe Bond Test
LOT
Leak Off Test
DRILLER interest
FIT
Form. Integrity T.
DRILLER & GEOLOGIST interest
TO CHECK
possible leaks
along casing or liner
equipments
TO CHECK
possible leaks
at casing shoe
(cement: presence
and hardness)
before
drilling out
cement
after drilling out

casing shoe
TO DETERMINE
the maximun pressure
up to leak off= PLOT
which can be applied
at the first
permeable level
Equivalent to LOT,
TO CONFIRM
the validity of former
LOT at shoe
with cracking the
formation PFIT P LOT
below the shoe

(or no more than 50m)
while drilling
the new section
Practically
PERFORM IN A ROW (RAT HOLEDRILLED)
UP TO FRACTURATION/INJECTIVITY THROUGH THE FORMATION
OR at a LOWER PRESSURE (assumed to be valid as PLOT ),
DEPENDING ON EXPECTED FORM. PRESS. ALONG THE SECTION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT

Measurementsfor the determination of the maximun mud weight
permitted for drilling (ECD) without loss of circulation
2
3a
PLOT
Pressure (psi)
METHOD: Increasing the mud pressure,

generally using Cement Unit pump(s),
by shut-in-well (well closed)
3b
PINJECTIVITY
LINEAR INCREASE IN ANNULAR PRESSURE,

PROPORTIONAL TO THE VOLUME PUMPED,
AT CONSTANT MUD FLOW RATE
DEPARTURE FROM LINEAR SLOPE:

START OF LEAK OFF=>PLOT
=> AS PUMPING CONTINUES, MUD
PENETRATING/INJECTING THE FORMATION
PUMPING
BLEED OFF
THEORITICAL
Volume (bbl)
Pressure outputs
paper print
screen plot
computer
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
3a
CRACKING and INJECTIVITY THROUGH

THE FORMATION => STOP PUMPING
3b
END OF INJECTIVITY f(racture propagation)

WELL STILL CLOSED (TIME > 15min)
Time (min)
CEMENT UNIT
MUDLOGGING UNIT
+
-
+
+
+
END OF TEST: PRESSURE PURGE

=> COMPARE VolPUMPED vs VolRETURNED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EQUIVALENT MUD WEIGHT: EMW

(psi)
EMW =
PINJECTIVITY
(g/cc)
Pressure (psi)
PLOT
PLOT
* 0.7032 + MW
TVDBRT (conversion
(g/cc)
factor)
(m)
FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
BLEED OFF
PUMPING
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
In OBM well, the pumping phase

might be smoothly curved,
due to fair oil compressibility
example
PLOT
= 1250 psi
Shoe
= 1820 mTVDBRT
MW
= 1.22 g/cc
VolPUMPED = 5.50 bbl
VolRECOV = 4.25 bbl
EMW = 1.70 g/cc

Injected through formation:
=> 1.25 bbl = 200 liters
CONVERSION:
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
10
= 0.7032)
14.22
1bbl 42 gal 160 liters
1psi = 14.22 kg / cm2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES
P (psi)
1 Csg Test
2 SBT
P (psi)
CASING
SHOE
(15 min)
VOLRECOV = VOLPUMPED
VOLRECOV
SOB !
V (bbl)
P (psi)
V (bbl)
T (min)
3 LOT
P (psi)
VOLPUMPED
T (min)
4 FIT
FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
Permeable bed
VOLRECOV
Volume (bbl)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
<
VOLRECOV<< VOLPUMPED
VOLPUMPED
Time (min)
Permeable bed
Permeable bed
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE ANALYSES
P (psi)
CEMENT
1 PLOT > Ppropag.
P (psi)
CASING
SHOE
RAT HOLE
FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
2 PLOT = Ppropag.
FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
B
A
SOB !
Volume (bbl)
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
VOLRECOV << VOLPUMPED

POOR or WEAK CEMENT JOB
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL JOB?
VOLRECOV < VOLPUMPED
SBT
?
HIGH PROPAGATION INTO
re-OPENED FRACTURES,
LIMITED ECDWHILE DRILLING
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Time (min)
GOOD CEMENT JOB,

SAFE in case of KICK CONTROL
(CIRCULATION through CHOKES)
LOT
FORMATION NOT DAMMAGED

BELOW THE SHOE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE PROCESSING
SUMMARY
SAMPLING PROCESS:
- SAMPLES: Why? and Types?
- SAMPLES: Preservation ... what for?
SAMPLING: BASIC RULES
CUTTING PREPARATION
WASH OUT SAMPLE EVALUATION
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY and VISUAL ESTIMATION
DESCRIPTION and Order Standardization:
General RECOMMENDATIONS
1 - ROCK NAME
2 - COLOUR
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION
4 - TEXTURE:
General
Summary
SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES
CARBONATE DESCRIPTION
5 - MATRIX and CEMENT
6 - FOSSILS and ACCESSORIES
7 - Apparent POROSITY
8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities
Observation
Comments
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (1)

AIM
OBSERVATION and EVALUATION OF FORMATION DRILLED,

SUMMARIZED IN MUDLOG DOCUMENT, ON RIGSITE
SOLIDS samples
WHY?
=> to rebuilt
lithological
column
=> to visualise
reservoir
characterisation
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
=> to identify
true
formation fluids
=> to precise
rheology
(drilling fluid)
Gas
SAMPLES
TYPES?
FLUIDSsamples
CUTTINGS
Unwashed (UNW)
Washed & Wet (W&W)
Washed & Dried (W&D)
( + spot samples)
CORES
+
wax preserved
samples
FORMATION SAMPLES
Liquids
Cond
Oil
Water
MUD SAMPLES
Prior logging job,
New mud type
(per Drlg phase)
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (2)

SOLIDS samples
PRESERVATION
MODE
CUTTINGS
CORES
BAGS
BOXES
wooden
cotton, paper,
plastic,aluminium,
glass pills
(preferably)
or plastic
FLUIDSsamples
FORMATION
SAMPLES
Liquids
jerricans
bottles
MUD
SAMPLES
Gas
PVT cells
chamber
CANS
Jerricans
SAMPLES
UNW
W&D
W&W
LABORATORY
STUDIES
&
=>Accurate DESCRIPTION
Lithology
CALCIM., FLUO.,
Shale density
Thin sections, ...
analysis
(in town)
HCb extraction, TOC (W&W)

Heavy Mals identification
Microfauna, ...
measurement
(on rigsite)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
=> Rough description

CHIPS observation
CALCIM., FLUO.
(thin sections)
PETROPHYS. on Plugs
SCAL (Phi-K, matrix, Sw)
SEDIMENTOLOGY
on slabbed core
Quick look
Density (API),
Pour Point,
Resistivity
& Salinity, ...
Component
C1 ... C 5
CO2, H 2S
same analysis more accurate

+ Volume Factor (Bo, Bg)
+ Gravity, Finger prints, ...
Mud weight
OBM: Elect. stability
O/W ratio, ...
WBM: Rm, Rmf, Rmc
Visc, Gels, ...
rarely to none
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING: BASIC RULES

UNFORESEEN EVENTS OCCUR ONLY ONCE DURING WELL DURATION
THUS
NEVER MISS OPPORTUNITY TO COLLECT SAMPLES

SOLID SAMPLES
=> WHILE TRIPPING/FISHING ...
rock samples remaining
stuck on BHA:
OTHERWISE
LIQUID SAMPLES
...
=> WHILE DRILLING ...
- bit (tricone)
- stabilizers
- junk basket
- ...
Bigger cuttings for
nicer thin sections
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
... Oil on Shale-Shakers

(fractures indicator ?)
=> WHILE TESTING ...
YOU CAN BE TRAPPED !

AND LOOSE SOME IMPORTANT WELL DATA
no flow on surface or
nothing while reverse circulation
(but test technically successful !)
CHECK below DST string
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTINGS PREPARATION
WRITTEN WITH PENCIL
FROM SHALE SHAKERS SIEVES
DEPTH
UNWASHED sample
RAW & MIXED CUTTINGS

EMBEDDED
WITH MUD including
ADDITIVE PRODUCTS
(Polymers, LCM, ...)
WASHED sample
FOR CHECKING POSSIBLE CAVINGS

BIGGER CUTTINGS MAY BE USED for:
- SELECTIVE CALCIMETRY
- THIN SECTIONS
COARSE
sieve
MEDIUM
sieve
FINE
sieve
SUCK EXTRA WATER

with towel,
sponge,
paper filter, ...
STEEL / INOX
SAMPLE TRAYS
FOR PERCENTAGE EVALUATION

& FOR DESCRIPTION
(Medium and Fine granulometric sizes
may be mixed)
GLASS-WATCH
ALUMINIUM DISH
curved
undulated
area
flat area
RECOMMENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . IF NOTHING ELSE
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
THROUGH SIEVES COLUMN
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL WASH OUT

Possible ORIGIN:
. formations poorly cemented, indurated, ...
. and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud)
H
coarse
Height BEFORE ...
PHENOMENA:
Drilling with almost no WOB (jetting) => vf-f SD/SST
Washable CL/CLST, SLST, ...
Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit:
Samples do not reflect the expected lithology
Volume cuttings recovered<< Volume drilled
Final Consequences => Miss DATA, borehole instability
How to solve the situation?
Wash samples yourself & check residue inside sink
Look for lostsamples: flow-line, sand-trap, ...
Washed out evaluation:
medium
fine
WASHING
sieves set
h
Height AFTER ...
Raw percentage
after washing:
SAND: 80%
CLAY: 20%
WASH OUT EVALUATION
Other: unexpected SALT, drilled ... with WBM not saturated
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACT

then ... INFORM => Drlg Supervisor
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
SAND =0.8 x = 0.4 => 40 %

H
h H h
CLAY = 0.2 x +
= 0 .6 => 60 %
H H
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY

ACCURACY
EXPECTED ?
1000
remember:
5%
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ESTIMATION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (1):
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
BE CONSISTANT
BE SELECTIVE
BE HOMOGENEOUS
BE ACCURATE
BE CONCISE
limestone
LMST
LST
LS
Lime-stone
OBSERVE under
same conditions
RECOGNIZE and
DISREGARD
USE
usual codification
NOTE
DOMINANT
REPORT
MAIN
TIME => hardness

LIGHT => colour
FOCUS => texture
...
CAVINGS and
other
contaminants
STANDARD
SIGNIFICANT
ROCK
ABBREVIATIONS
DETAILS
FEATURES
=> EXAMINE SEVERAL SAMPLES IN A ROW ... for updating the

interpretated lithological column ... and KEEP LAST SIGNIFICANT ONES
BUT AVOID TO fill up volume for the base Geologist!
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

BASIC RULES or STANDARDISATION
DESCRIPTION ORDER
1 - ROCK NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 - COLOUR
and abundance (estim.%)
....................................
under Cst lighting
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . subjective appreciation

4 - TEXTURE: rocks components . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic elements
5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . mechanical/chemical process
6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary rock particles
7 - POROSITY (apparent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qualitative
8 - OIL SHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
evaluation
ephemeral approach fct(rock Phi,K)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
1 - ROCK NAME
SILICEOUS
SLST
SD
SST
CHT
Silstone
Sand
Sandstone
Chert
ARGILLACEOUS
SH
CLST
MRL
Shale
Claystone
Marl
CARBONATES
LS/LMST Limestone
DOL
Dolomite
CHK
Chalk
Six (6) BASIC

CATEGORIES OF ROCKS
ANH
Anhydrite
GYP
Gypsum
SA or HAL Salt
EVAPORITES
BM
BAS
GRT
SSDD -
Basement
Basalt
Granite
SXST
Miscellaneous
NOTE: DIATOMITE and RADIOLARITEmay be encountered,

but FORAMINIFERITE generally corresponds to
an intensive washing of Argillaceous deposits !
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
COAL
LIG
BIT
Coal
Lignite
Bitumen
ORGANICS
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
Less than 5 = TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
2 - COLOUR
ROCK COLOUR DEPENDS ON:
REDDISH to LIGHT BROWN
a- CONSTITUENT GRAINS
b- MATRIX and/or CEMENT
c- STAINING (mud products, iron, ... , OIL)
STRESS ON PREDOMINANT COLOUR
(rdsh-lt brn)
SAMPLE TRAY:
a- MUSHROOMS, TOMATO, ...
b- CHEESE, NODDLES, ...
c- MEAT, PAPRIKA, ... , Oil
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
for
COLOUR BLIND WSG
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
for more details, see the

ROCK COLOR CHART
(The Geological Society of America)
representing the:
U.S. Geological Survey, AAPG, ...
BROWNISH to ORANGE
(brnsh-or)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION
MOHs scale (standard Mineral and Qualifying terms)
(brittle)
NAIL: 2.5
GLASS: 5.5
STEEL: 6.5
(soft)
(very hard)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
1 - TALC
2 - GYPSUM
3 - CALCITE
4 - FLUORINE
5 - APATITE
6 - ORTHOCLASE
7 - QUARTZ
8 - TOPAZ
9 - CORUNDUM
10- DIAMOND
loose, uncons.
friable
soft
plastic
firm
brittle (as coal)
moderately hard
hard
very hard
very hard
lse, uncons
fri
sft
plas
frm
brit
mod hd
hd
v hd
v hd
ROP
WBM
OBM
ANHYDRITE
v slow
pasty, soft
mod hd
SALT
v fast
lost
firm
French scale
Ta
your
Grosse
huge
Concierge caretaker
Follement madly
Amoureuse in love
Ose
dares
Qumander asking
Tes
your
Caresses
divine
Divines
caresses
(friable)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

4 - TEXTURE: GENERAL
ORGANISATION of the COMPONENT ELEMENTS ofthe ROCK
SHAPE
SIZE
(simplified WENTWORTH scale)
CLASTICS
CARBONATES
Grains
size of
element
Mud - Clay
< 20
crpXln - mXln
Crystals
Silt
20 - 63
extrXln
vf - f
63 - 250
vfXln - fXln
med - v crs
250 - 2mm medXln - vcrsXln
Granule-Boulder 2 - 256mm
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
extrcrsXln
ARRANGEMENT
ROUNDNESS:
edges sharpness
v ang
ang
sbang
sbrnd
rnd
wl rnd
v elong
elong
sli elong
sli spher
spher
v spher
SPHERICITY:
shape of the grain
(ratio width/length)
SORTING:
grains range size
extr wl srt
v wl srt
monomodal
wl srt
pr
fr
gd
mod srt
pr srt
v pr srt
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
polymodal
4 bis - TEXTURE summary

ROCK GRAINS / CRYSTALS ORGANISATION
SIZE
ROUNDNESS
SORTING
SHAPE
SPHERICITY
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TEXTURE: SEDIMENTARY PARTICULES

very coarse
coarse
medium
fine
very fine
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CARBONATE DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICATION according to
DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE
Structures of ELEMENTS
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT

MATRIX
CEMENT
MECHANICAL
DEPOSIT
CHEMICAL
PRECIPITATE
Silica, Calcite, Dolomite,
Pyrite, Salt, ...
Silt, Clay
OF SMALL INDIVIDUAL GRAINS,

AROUND GRAINS or CRYSTALS,
BETWEEN LARGER GRAINS,
OFTEN BOUNDED TO THE SEDIMENT ,
FILLING INTERSTICES BOTH REDUCING FILLING INTERSTICES and/or VOIDS
POROSITY
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES

EASY TO RECOGNISE, DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY
MINOR ROCK PARTICLES ARE USEFUL

FOR CORRELATIONS and FOR ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS
even if it is A SPECIALIST S job
FOSSILS
FORAMINIFERA
GASTROPODS
DONT FORGET
PERCENTAGE
QUALIFIERS
ACCESSORIES
(crystal, framboid)
GLAUCONITE
> 10 % Abundant
5-10 % Minor
1-5 % Rare
< 1 % Trace
PELECYPODS
CORALS
=> MARINE: EXTERNAL SHELF
CALCITE
=> FAULT, RECRYSTALL
(BIOT, MUSC => detrit acid rocks) MICA
(CHLORITE =>fluvio -marine)
SCATTERED GRAINS (Org.Mat, Coal, Gyps., ...l
ALGAE
HEAVY MINERALS
and COLOUR
OSTRACODS
BRYOZOA
...
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
ORGANISMS
PYRITE
=> DIAGENETIC, CONFINED DEPOSITS
(APATITE: detritic, PO4 deposits)
MINERALS
lithics rock fragments

magnet => Fe-Mg minerals
...
=> INFORMATION on ORIGIN and HISTORY of the SEDIMENT

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
7 - APPARENT POROSITY
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
0 - 5%
negligable visual porosity(n vis por: nvp)
5 - 10%
poor porosity (p vis por)
10 - 15%
fair/medium visual porosity (fr/med vis por)
15 - 20%
good visual porosity (g vis por)
20 - 25%
very good visual porosity(vg vis por)
INTERCRYSTALLINE
MOLDIC
soft
sediments
solid or
liquid ?
INT
ER
GR
AN
ULA
cuttings?
R
VUGGY
CORE => OK
INTRAGRANULAR
FRACTURE
CONNECTED or ISOLATED network ?

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities

ONE OF THE MAIN INTEREST OF A WELL
knowing that:
SHOWS ARE
EPHEMERAL
(highly volatile)
SHOWS ARE FUNCTION OF:

- mud weight
flushed while drilling
- mud types (WBM, OBM) samples washing
- bits used
cuttings size
DESCRIPTION ORDER
STRONGEST SHOWS
DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT
THE BEST RESERVOIR
FLUORESCENCE (direct)
ODOUR & COLOUR: intensity
DISTRIBUTION:staining & bleeding
FLUORESCENCE
(cut, residual)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8bis - OIL SHOWS: Observation

FLUORESCENCE
DIRECT
SOLVENT
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Minerals ( calcite, ...)

Bitumen Dead Oil
Crude Oil
OIL ODOUR & OIL COLOUR

the stronger, the darker (dk brnsh), the lower API
the fainter, the lighter (lt yelsh), the higher API
SOLVENT FLUORESCENCE (crushed sample)

OIL STAINING & BLEEDING
DISTRIBUTION
EVEN
MOTTLED
PATCHY
SPOTTY
SPECKLED
PINPOINT
NIL
very good
good
fair
poor
very poor
4a
>40%
20-40%
10-20%
1-10%
1-2 grains
solvent
reference
solvent
reference
INTENSITY
BRIGHT => DULL => PALE => FAINT

(strong to weak)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
1 SPEED
PAPER FILTER
TEST TUBES
DEPTH
RIGSITE COMPARISONS
(test tubes or white porcelaine)
flash: instant.
fast: < 5sec
slow: 5-10sec
crush:needle
2 STRENGTH
strong
weak
faint
RING
3 FORM
sample
(RATING roughly= 1/permeability)
4b
CUT
EASY STORAGE for

later comparisons
blooming
streaming
( sl, mod, ...)
4 COLOR
RING FLUORESCENCE or RESIDUAL
brown, gold, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8ter - OIL SHOWS: Comments

CUT FLUORESCENCE
DIRECT FLUO
main COLOUR
PERFORM ON
Brownish
Orange
DRY POWDERED SAMPLE

(before calcimetry analysis)
DIR
CUT
3 2 1 1 2 3
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
OIL Gravity
deg API
<15
15-25
g/cc
>0.97
0.97-0.90
Gold yel-grnsh
25-35
0.90-0.85
White-Milky
35-40
0.85-0.80
Whitish-Blueish
>45
<0.80
SOLVENTS
+++ CHLOROTHEN (fairly toxic ... only!)
++
ACETONE (satisfactory for heavy Hcb)
ETHER (volatile, for light soluble Hcb)
TETRACHLORID (poison very toxic!)
MUD
PRODUCTS
&
ADDITIVES
VENTILATED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
AREA
LABORATORY: ANALYSIS & MEASUREMENTS

LABORATORY
SUMMARY
MEASUREMENTS:
- CALCIMETRY
- SHALE DENSITY
ANALYSIS:
- CHEMICAL TEST(Sulfates, Cement, Chlorides, Coal & Lignite)
- OIL POUR POINT Temperature
- THIN SECTIONS
STAINING:
- CALCITE COLORATION
- OTHERS: Carbonates and Feldspars
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CALCIMETRY Measurement
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
e
d
20
CALCIMETER
CARBONATE CONTENT
(mechanical or electronic)
CORROSIVE ATTACK USING HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl 50%)
ON WASHED & DRY CRUSHED / POWDERED ROCK (1 g),
either RAW and/or SELECTED samples

TIME (min)
BLEED OFF
THE APPARATUS RECORDS

THE CO 2 PRESSURE PRODUCED (BOURDON tube)
LEAK
10
COMPLETE REACTIONachieved after 1

30 +min ,
depending on LST-DOL content ( ...dolomimetry)
Report values after 1 min AND after stabilization
(NEVER CHANGE CALCIMETRY SCALE ON MASTERLOG)
a
1mn
0
PERCENTAGE
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
CHECK:
- On Chart: depth and curve readings
- Under microscope / binoccular: residue
(Qz, clay, other Minerals, Org. matter, ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SHALE DENSITY Measurement

MICROSOL METHOD
(Geoservices)
VARIABLE-DENSITY
COLUMN METHOD
WASHED & HUMID samples and at least 3 MEASUREMENTS perlevel
d1
displacement in AIR
d2
displacement in WATER
soapy
WATER
Apparent
SHALE DENSITY
d SH =
FAIR RESULTS IN OBM

(Oil Base Mud)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
Calibration Chart
d1
g / cc
d1 d 2
ACCURACY & RELIABILITY

NOT EFFICIENT
VAPORS HIGHLY TOXIC

(Bromoform 2.85sg,
Trichloroethane, 1.47sg ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS

SULPHATES
(GYPSUM, ANHYDRITE)
CEMENT
BaCl2
SST, tan-gy, vf-f,

w cmtd, p calc,
rare Glauco, ...
HCl (10%)
DECANT
(filter paper)
TURNING to REDDISH-PURPLE with

HEAT
(destroy CO3)
WHITE
PRECIPITATE
BaSO4
PHENOLPHTALEIN (pH 8.3)

CEMENT components are a BASE
(Sandstones are not)
COAL & LIGNITE
CHLORIDES
distilled
water
AgNO3
[N/10]
+
filter
white
precipitate
CHECK with
Mud Engineer
for
quantitative test
HNO 3 (10%)
brownish
LIGNITE
SHAKE
and
DECANT
CHECK your
fingers if not
convinced !
transparent
COAL
remember: Always add acid to water, not the opposite way round
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
THIN SECTIONS
AR
KA
NS
ON
sti
ck
HELP TO IDENTIFY ROCK TYPES (mainly eruptives, ...) on SELECTED SAMPLES
3
HOT PLATE
4
frosted
glass
300
(A)
ARKANSON MOLTEN
(MUST NOT BOILED)
600
RUD DOWN UNIFORMY
with ABRASIVE POWDERS
(300 => 600)
PLACE the SAMPLES

glass slide
Qz
MAINTAIN SAMPLES
with needles
to eliminate air bubbles
PLACE some QUARTZ grains
at slide corners
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
RUB DOWN SAMPLES

with thinner
Abrasive Powders
TO
(B)
HEAT NEW GLASS SLIDE (B)

WITH ARKANSON
REVERSE (B) OVER (A)

REMOVE (B)
RE-HEAT GLASS SLIDE (A)

WITH SAMPLES
APPROPRIATE
THICKNESS
8
Put a COVER SLIDE
or not (=> see stain tests)
rolling grey
rolling yellow
OK
too thick
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OIL POUR POINT TEMPERATURE

AIM
RAW OIL CHARACTERISTICS during SAMPLING

(API, viscosity, ...)
TEMPERATURE
2
40 C
METHODOLOGY
POUR
POINT
(C / F)
1 COOL DOWN the OIL sample
to the COMPLETE SOLIDstate
1
ambiant
Temp
2 REPORT the POUR POINT Temp
at the FIRST OCCURRENCE of

LIQUID phase
note: NEVER DO IT
from LIQUID to SOLID state
5 C
into
FRIDGE
SOLID
state
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
FIRST DROP
LIQUID
LIQUID
state
OIL
phase
behaviour
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STAINING TEST: CALCITE COLORATION

HELP TO IDENTIFY CARBONATE ROCKS COMPONENTS on Cores & Cuttings
SAMPLES (Core chips, Drill cuttings)

REAGENT
1 gram ALIZARIN RED S

1 liter distilled water (998cc)
5 drops HCl [N] (2cc)
MUST BE CLEAN & DRY
CALCITE
PROCEDURE
APPLY 1-2 DROPS of SOLUTION
LEAVE TO DRY
OBSERVE under Microscope
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
DOLOMITE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OTHER (advanced) STAINING TESTS

CARBONATES
A
1 ml HCl
1 ml Alizarin red
1 ml saturated Potassium Ferricyanide
8 ml distilled water
Dip 1 min on polished sample,
Let stand until dry
RED
pure CALCITE
PURPLE
ferrugineous (Fe++) CALCITE
LIGHT BLUE ferrug. DOLOMITE Ca,Mg/Fe(CO3)2

DARK BLUE ANKERITE Ca,Fe(CO3)2
FELDSPARS
* Etch polished surface in close vessel of
HF ( hydrofluoric acid) vapor for 5 min
* Dip sample (quickly 2 times in & outinto

5% BaCl2 solution; then, rinse
Place sample for 1 min into saturated Sodium

Cobaltrinitrate solution (40g in 100 ml water)
YELLOW Potassium FELDSPAR (Alkali)
Cover etch with rhodizonate reagent; then, rinse
(reagent: 0.2g rhodizonic acid potassium salt in 30ml water)

RED
Dip in solution AgNO 3 at 60C for 3 sec

( rinse with water to eliminate excess)
Dip in solution K 2CrO4 at 10% for 30 sec
( rinse & leave to dry)
PRECIPITATE of SILVER CHROMATE ON CALCITE

(no stain on Dolomite)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Plagioclase FELDSPAR (Na, Ca)

Damned! HF ?
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
or HIGH FREQUENCY
ALWAYS WORK
UNDER HOOD
+ RUBBER GLOVES
+ GOGGLES
(dangerous acid fumes)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORES & CORING

SUMMARY
- GENERALITIES
. POLICY AGREEMENT
. WHY CORING?
. WHEN CORING?
. WHAT FOR?
- EQUIPMENT and TECHNICS
. CORE BARREL and CORE BIT
. AXIAL and LATERAL CORING
- CORING OPERATION
. MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE
. CORE RECOVERY: general
- METHODOLOGY
. UNSLEEVED CORE
. SLEEVED CORE
. CORE ORIENTATION and LABELLING
. PRESERVED SAMPLE: S.C.A.L.
- LABORATORY
. PLUGS and SLABBED SECTIONS
. ORIENTATION: Dip & Deviated wells
- Finally: CORING: its good ...
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: POLICY AGREEMENT

CONTRACTs
OWNER ...
CARE with CORE
CORE with CARE
... CONTRASTED
RESULTS
CORING IS EXPENSIVE and IT CAN BE A CONTINGENCY OPERATION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHY CORING ?
BRING TO SURFACE
A COLUMN
OF THE DRILLED FORMATION
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHEN to cut a CORE?

-
EXPLORATION
WELLS
CORING
DELINEATION &
DEVELOPMENT WELLS
CORING
WHEN THE FORMATION EXHIBITS SHOWS

CHARACTERISTICS of POTENTIAL RESERVOIR
FOR RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION PURPOSES

OF KNOWN RESERVOIR and THEIR BOUNDARIES
WHEN UNKNOWN or UNEXPECTED

GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
FOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
FOR BASEMENT IDENTIFICATION (TD CORING) . . .
FOR GEOLOGICAL MODELLING ,. . .
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: WHAT FOR? (AIMS)

RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
STATIC
parameters
DYNAMIC
GEOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
Facies deposition
Sedimentary sequences
Fracturation network
Dip (apparent, structural)
Thin sections: microfossils,
mineralogy, petrography
...
SEDIMENTOLOGIST,
PALEONTOLOGIST,
...
Matrix: Rhoma, Phie

m, n& acoeff.
Water Saturation Sw
Shaliness distribution
=> barriers
Correlations
...
PLUGS (surface cond.):

- Phi, K (horiz. and vert.)
SCAL (downhole cond.):
- Irreducible Swirr
- Relative permeabilities
- Kro, Krw, => wettability
...
LOG ANALYST
RESERVOIR Eng.
YES,
ARE THESE ENOUGH PURPOSES
and/or REASONS TO TAKE GREAT CARE
DURING & AFTER CORING? in view of
... the GEOLOGICAL MODEL
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
. . . almost!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING EQUIPMENT
CORE BARREL
CORE BITS
(DBS)
(DBS)
IMPREGNATED
(DIAMOND type)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
CUTTERS
(PDC type)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING TECHNIQUES
AXIAL CORING
LATERAL CORING
CORE BARREL
SIDEWALL
ADVANTAGES
CONTINUOUSRECORD
Possible ORIENTATED (Dip, Azimuth)
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
minimally disturbed
Various INNER TUBES:
. Aluminium, Fiberglass
. Rubber sleeve, Sponge, ...
LIMITATIONS
SLOW and EXPENSIVE

Possible POOR RECOVERY along:
. FRACTURED zones
. UNCONSOLIDATED formations
WIRELINE ACQUISITION
FAST & CHEAP
RUN at ANYTIME (preferably at TD)
SELECTED SAMPLES (after logging)
PERCUSSION or MECHANICAL bullets
Mineralogy studies, ...
DISCONTINUOUS RECORD
MODERATE RECOVERY
(flushed zone)
NO Phi-K ANALYSES
DRILLING Departments prefer not to core; but, they want: high ROP, long footage,
not too many trips, no twist-off, not to be stuck, ...(BHI Coring Seminar)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING OPERATION & MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE

... UNDER WELLSITE GEOLOGISTRESPONSIBILITY
1 - BEFORE Coring
. CHECK (or prepare) CORE TRAYS on rig floor and/or CORE BOXES:
nb
=> Quantity (length cored + 10%), Order (numbering & labelling)

. DATABASE: INCREASE SAMPLING RATE => every 0.5m, instead of 1m
. CHECK SPP & FR:
- before dropping the ball: mud circulates through the innertube
- after dropping the ball: mud circulates in annulus, between outer barrel-inner tube
2 - WHILE Coring
. ADJUST coring param(reduced compared to drillingphase) according to Core-man,
. RECORD & MONITOR, as usual, all parameters (including lithological control),
?
. DETECT eventual troubleshootings: core jammed/broken, connections, worn bit, ...
... in order to stop coring, if necessary.
3 - STOP Coring
. BREAK the core by pulling up (the core catcherretains the core in the inner tube)
when the core barrel isfull or if no more penetration is observed,
. PULLING OUT the core assembly WITHOUT CIRCULATING at TD
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING OPERATION: RECOVERY

UNSLEEVED CORE
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
CORE-BARREL
LAY DOWN
on
DRILL-FLOOR
Hammer,
Plastic bags
=> inner tubes:

RUBBER SLEEVE:
FIBER GLASS:
ALUMINIUM:
ORIENTED CORING
Sponge:
Bottom
T1
B1
Top
Electric saw + caps & clips

to seal each section
Bottom
Bn
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
B1
Tn
... ALWAYS UNDER WELLSITE GEOLOGISTRESPONSIBILITY

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
=> main use:

soft / unconsol. Fm
more and more used
high Temp Fm
dip, fractur., direct.K, ...
Fluid recovery (?)
LAY DOWN
on
PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY
CATCHING
CORE BOXES
Top Tn
SLEEVED CORE
BETTER PRESERVATION
for TRANSPORTATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNSLEEVED CORE
CORE RECOVERY
METHODOLOGY
CORE TRANSPORTATION
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
CORE-BARREL
1 - CATCHING CORE BOXES to ML Unit

2 - Rough SHOWS Observation:
=> Oil staining & bleeding + UV light: Dir.Fluo.
CORE MARKING
LAY DOWN
on
DRILL-FLOOR
Hammer,
Plastic bags
Bottom
T1
B1
CATCHING
CORE BOXES
Top Tn
Bn
3 - Soft washing with RAGS, BRUSH, Humid Sponge

4 - Pieces MATCHING & ORIENTING from Top to Btm
into DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES
5 - DRAW Orientation linesfrom TOP to BOTTOM
6 - Measuring core& mark depths
7 - % recovery= (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
CORE EXAMINATION
8 - Detailled SHOWS
9 - Litho. description, including sedimentary features, ...
10-Labo analyses: calcim., Cut fluo, thin sections, ...
CORE PACKAGING
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
11-Subsidiary, Well Name, Core Nb, Box nb, T B

=> note: Never write depths outside boxes
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SLEEVED CORE
CORE RECOVERY
=> inner tubes:
RUBBER SLEEVE:
FIBER GLASS:
ALUMINIUM:
ORIENTED
Sponge:
=> main use:

soft / unconsol. Fm
more and more used
high Temp Fm
dip, fractu., direct.K, ...
Fluid recovery (?)
CORE TRANSPORTATION
1 - CLEAR a.s.a.p. pipe-rack area, and move ...

2 - DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES to ML Unit
3 - COLLECT core chips every meter and
place chips inside plastic bags for examination
CORE MARKING
CORE-BARREL
LAY DOWN
on
PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY
Top
T1
Electric saw + caps & clips

to seal each section
Bottom
Bn
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
METHODOLOGY
4 - DRAW / underlined Orientation lines T => B

5 - NOTCH up with saw each segment / inner tube
=> for orientation inside inner tubes
6 - Clean with rags & mark depths on tubes
7 - % recovery= (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
CORE PACKAGING
8 - SEAL with caps and clip each segments ends

9 - Subsidiary, Core Nb, Well Name, Box nb
note: Never write depths outside boxes
CHIPS EXAMINATION
10 - A/A ... and fill in Core Description Sheet
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: ORIENTING & LABELLING

Pieces
matching
4
3-4
Good fit
Orientation
lines
LEFT: BLUE
or BLACK
RIGHT:
RED
3
2-3
Poor fit
(one line
each side
of break)
2
1-2
No fit
(two lines
each side
of break)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ououH
ououH
o
we x 5
ll G /7
HO
ST
#1
PRESERVED SAMPLE for SCAL => PHANTOM

OU CH !
25 cm
td
-
ALUMINIUM FOIL
1
AL#
SC
199 SCA
L
8.5
TO CO
0-1 #1
TA RE
998
L O #1
.25
WL
m
Lm -
SCAL#1
MiaouH
WAX or PARAFFIN
HOT Bath
Woou!
Btm
1
SCAL# .25m
-1998
1998.50 OST#1
H
well: G
Btm
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Btm
UU
OO
HO
along
GOOD
and
POOR
facies
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
...!
CORING & LABORATORY

PLUGS
V
PLUG
CORE
PLUG
SLABBED SECTIONS
H ORIZONTAL
PREFERABLY
CUT AT THE
SAME DEPTH
3 SCRATCHES FOR
ORIENTED CORING
E
R
T
I
C
A
L
CHIPS USED
FOR
THIN SECTIONS
SMALL CORES CUT

INSIDE MAIN CORE
STRUCTURAL DIP and/or HOLE DEVIATION

NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
LONGITUDINAL
CROSS SECTIONS
(for partners, ref., ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING ORIENTATION: DIP & DEVIATED WELL

DEVIATION AZIMUTH
= 90 ( + )
STRUCTURAL DIP
DEVIATION
ANGLE
TMD
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
HORIZONTAL
SECTION
TVD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING
ITS GOOD
IN ANYCASE,
MY DEAR
COLLEAGUE !
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Reporting DGR& Coding DDR

REPORTING
SUMMARY
- GEOLOGY:
. REPORTING ... through AGES!
. CURRENT REPORTING: when? & what to report?
. DGR : Daily Geological Report => CEF/SUB form
- GWR: Geological Well Report
- DRILLING:
. OPERATIONS CODING
. OPERATIONS TIMING: planned & unscheduled
. DDR:Daily Drilling Report => FPL/OPS form (DAISY)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL REPORTING through AGES

AIM
DAILY INFORM the SUBSURFACE OPERATIONS GEOLOGIST in BASE
HOW ?
Quantity of
data
transmitted
INFO-RIG
DOCUMENTS
e-mail
RADIO
YESTERDAY
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TELEX
PHONE
FAX
TODAY
Data
transfer
equipment
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CURRENT GEOLOGICAL REPORTING

INFO-RIG
WHEN ?
WHAT ?
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
ON A BASIS ROUTINE
=> TWICE A DAY
... on pre-scheduled time
ON UNUSUAL OPERATION
=> AT ANY TIME
TD, Logging, Coring point, ...
CURRENT SITUATION
DEPTH (TMD/TVD)
OPERATION IN PROGRESS
with details ... if requested
(ROP, litho, intervals shows, ...)
Possible Contractors failures, ...
Oper. planned ... w/ expect. timing
Miscellaneous:
- job: equipm. transp. <=> base
- perso: booking ...if any return ticket
DOCUMENTS
afternoon reporting
RUSH PRINTS
=> provisional data
MASTERLOG ... if requested
Deviation data ( detailled outprint )
Main LOG
Raw Pressure &Sampling data
Rush Core description
...
morning reporting
UPDATED FILES & PRINTS
=> previous day: 00:00 => 24:00
DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT
MASTERLOG
LOGGING files (ie):
- Logg. Supervision Report
- Press./ Samples / Temp, ...
Core sheets
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

TOTAL
"Subsidiary"
=> strictly one A4 sized page

=> Expansible item boxes according to
LICENCE:
Partners:
Rig Name
"XXXxx"
Contractors
FIELD:
Platform:
Drilling:
Coring:
Mud:
MWD:
Well Name
(abbrev.)
Slot:
Well Type:
Mud Logging:
LWD:
Off./Onshore
Well status:
Logging:
Testing:
Other
OPERATION SUMMARY
SURVEY DATA
TMDBRT(m/ft)
Angle
operations in progress (ie LOGGING)

1

Report: Nb Date: dd/mm/yyyy
COUNTRY:
Operator:
Azimuth
Survey Type
m/ft
UNIT
TVDBRT(m/ft)
delta X(m/ft)
delta Y(m/ft)
V section(m/ft)
TMDBRT
907.4
900
800
RTE MSL
GL/WD
PREVIOUS DEPTH
HEADER:
- well data: Name, location, status, type, contractors
- daily data: Report nb & Date ... as per DDR
Focus on main data ... and dog-leg
1200
MIDNIGHT DEPTH
400
310
890
DAILY PROGRESS
Last Casing Shoe : 13 3/8"

OPEN HOLE : 12 1/4"
MUD type:
WBM
TVDMSL
907.4
900
107.4
sg (g/cc, ppg)
-292.6
400
597
890
1.04
Operation SUMMARY
4
LAST FORMATION TOPS / LAST MARKERS
LAST FORMATION TOPS/LAST MARKERS

TMD BRT(m/ft)
PROGNOSED
Delta X (m/ft)
TVD MSL(m/ft)
ACTUAL
Delta X (m/ft)
Delta TVD MSL
Delta Y(m/ft)
(m/ft)
TMD BRT(m/ft)
TVD MSL(m/ft)
Delta Y(m/ft)
Driller/Logger
Driller/Logger
depth & Mud data ... as DDR

3 Midnight
(casing diam & size, ... precise units used)
Driller/Logger
LITHOLOGY
From (TMD)
GAS SHOWS
LITHOLOGY and DESCRIPTION
Fluorescence
Direct
ROCK name, colour, hardness,

texture, matrix & cement, fossils &
accessories, porosity, Oil shows
Gas Analyser Type:
From (TMD)
To (TMD)
(m/ft)
(m/ft)
6 Fluorescencesummary, Remarks (ROP, calcim.)

7 Interval depths for each gas types (Nature)
Main Litho
(m/ft)
4 DONT re-COPY the Drilling report (DDR)

5 Intervals depth - See lithological description order
To (TMD)
(m/ft)
NATURE
TG
(ppm / %)
Formation
Cut
BKG:background gas, FG:formation gas, TpG:trip gas, SWG: swabbed gas, PCG: pipe connexion gas, ..
C1
(ppm / %)
C2
(ppm / %)
C3
(ppm / %)
iC4
(ppm / %)
nC4
(ppm / %)
iC5
(ppm / %)
nC5
(ppm / %)
7
OTHER (LOGGING, CORING, SWC, RFT, DST, Remarks)
Unusual operations results(summerized)
8 and mail box(equipm. failure, Subsidiary requirem.,
Geologists Contractors crewchange, ...)
9 Morning situation & planned operations for the day

10 Wellsite Geologist(s) name
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
Status @ 06.00hr:
Operations planned:
GEOLOGIST :
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
10
Remarks
Geological Well Report

MUDLOG
TEXT.doc
PORE PRESSURE
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
ASCII fi
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
les
UOY
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOG
Basic wellsite document
MANUAL bi-hecto
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
AUTOMATIC GWR
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: Description sheet
GWR
CORE SHEET
computer aided design

deliberately
not developed
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING (1)

AIM
FOR REFERENCING and FILING EACH INTERVENTION & OPERATION

DURING WELL DURATION INTO THE DAILY DRILLING REPORT
DRILLING OPERATION
MOVING & RIG UP
A
CASING & CEMENT
SIDE-TRACK
PLUG & ABANDON
B
P
C
S
PRODUCTION:
WORK-OVER & COMPLETION
RESERVOIR EVALUATION
GEOLOGY EVALUATION
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING
(2)
00h00 - 24h00
TIMING
DDR => DECIMAL TIME 2.50

(GWR => SEXAGESIMAL
PLANNED
OPERATIONS
PRODUCTIVE TIME
(PT)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
P
G
02:30)
UNSCHEDULED
EVENTS
(DOWNTIME)
NON-PRODUCTIVE TIME
(NPT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DAILY DRILLING REPORT

Well NAME
RIG NAME
TOTAL subsidiary
drilling PARAMETERS average
DEVIATION SURVEYS
OPERATIONS DESCRIPTION
MUD data
REMARKS
Geological remarks:
- TOP FORMATIONS
- Main GAS peaks
- ...
Mud PRODUCTS
SUMMARY of OPERATIONS
WELL STATUS at:
OPERATIONS PLANNED
COMPANYS REPRESENTATIVE
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ANNEXES
SUMMARY
Easy RESEARCH
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index
Usual CONVERSIONS and EQUIVALENTS
UNIT CONVERTER (general)
Basic Wellsite GLOSSARY(English-Franais-Espaol)
Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: A => K
Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: L => Z
CUTTING DESCRIPTION worksheet (TOTAL & Geoservices forms)
Simplified GEOLOGICAL SRTATIGRAPHIC SCALE
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH Press to
OPEN
CUTTING
DESCRIPTION
SHEET
BASIC
GLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
UNIT
CONVERTER
OIL FIELD
ABBREVIATIONS
More ?
MUDLOGGING
AUDIT
KEYWORD
GENERAL INDEX
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
GEOLOGICAL
WELL REPORT
TECHNICAL
DATA SHEETS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS

LENGTH
1 m = 3.28 ft
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 in = 2.54 cm
TEMPERATURE
C = (F-32)*5/9
F = (C*9/5)-32
PRESSURE
1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi
1 bar
= 14.50 psi
1 atm
= 14.70 psi
1 bar
= 1.02 kg/cm 2
1 g/cc = 2.31 psi
1 psi
= 0.433 g/cc
1 psia = 1 psig - 14.7
GRADIENT
Pressure:
1 psi/100 ft = 2.262 bar/10m
1 bar/10m = 44.21 psi /100 ft
Temperature:
1C/100m = 0.549F/100 ft
1F/100 ft = 1.82 C/100 m
VOLUME
1 bbl = 159 lit
= 42 gal
= 5.61 cuft
1 gal = 3.786 lit
1 m3 = 35.31 cuft
= 6.29 bbl
1 cuft = 7.48 gal
= 28.32 lit
Gallon expressed in US gal (Imperial gal = 1.2 US gal)
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
MASS
1 lb = 0.454 kg
1 kg= 2.2 lb
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1 g/cc = 0.12 ppg
1 ppg
= 8.345 g/cc
AREA
1 acre
= 4047 m 2
320 acres = 1.295 km 2
1 ha = 10000 m2= 0.1 km 2
1 ha = 2.47 acres
API vs DENSITY(g/cc)
API@60F =
ppg => pound (lb) per gallon
1415
.
1315
.
sg(g / cc) @60F
psi => pound per square inch
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNIT CONVERTER
38 CATEGORIES INCLUDING MORE THAN 170 UNITS
PERMEABILITY
ANGLE
AREA
CONCENTRATION (mass/mass)
POWER
PRESSURE
CONCENTRATION (vol/vol)
PRESSURE GRADIENT
DIAMETER
RATE (mass/time)
ELECTRIC POWER
RATE (vol/time)
ENGINE SPEED
SPECIFIC HEAT
FLUID LOSS Coefficient

FORCE
SPURT LOSS Coefficient

TEMPERATURE
FRACTURE CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
THERMAL GRADIENT
INVERSE PRESSURE
TIME
INVERSE TEMPERATURE
INVERSE TIME
K PRIME
LENGTH
CLICK HERE
to open
UNIT Converter
TIME RELATIVE
VELOCITY
VOLUME
VOLUME GRADIENT
MASS
VOLUME per COUPLING
MASS GRADIENT
VOLUME RATIO
PERCENT
YIELD (vol/mass)
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
CLICK HERE
to open
GLOSSARY
3 SHEETS => 3sorting keys
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive )

A
about
above
abundant
altered
alternating
amorphous
and
angular
approximate
arenaceous
argillaceous
as above
associated
at
average
C
abt
abv
abd
alt
altg
amor
&
ang
apprx
aren
arg
a.a., a/a
assoc
@
av
B
become/ing
bed
bioclastic
black
blocky
blue
bottom
break
bright
brittle
brown
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
bcm
bd
biocl
bk
blky
bl
btm
brk
brt
brit
brn
calcareous
carbonaceous
caving
cement
chocolate
circulate/ion
clastic
clean
clear
coarse
common
compact
conchoidal
conglomerate
consolidated
cream
cross-bebbed
cross-lamin .
cuttings
dark
debris
detrital
decrease/ing
disseminated
dominant/ ly
dirty
calc
carb
cvg
cmt
choc
circ
clas
cln
clr
crs
com
cpct
conch
cgl
consol
crm
X-bd
X-lam
ctgs
earthy
elongate
equivalent
excellent
extremely
ea
elong
equiv
ex
extr
fair
ferruginous
fibrous
fine
fissile
flake:y
fluorescence
foraminifer
fossil
fracture:d
fragment
friable
fr
ferr
fibr
f
fis
flk
fluor
foram
foss
frac
frag
fri
dk
deb
detr
decr
dissem
dom
dty
generally
glass/y
glauconite/ic
good
grading
grey
green
gen
glas
glauc
gd
grad
gy
gn
1/2
hard
hd
heavy
hvy
high/ly
hi
homogenenous hom
horizontal
hor
hour/s
hr
hydrocarbon hc
I
inclusion
increase/ing
indurated
in part
interbedded
intercalated
intergranylar
interval
intrisive
iron
irregular/ly
incl
incr
ind
i/p
intbd
intercal
intgran
intvl
intr
Fe
irr
J
joint
kaolin / itic
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
jn
kao
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive )

L
lamina/ tion/ted
large
layer
light
limy
lithic
lithology
little
loose
O
lam
lge
lyr
lt
lmy
lit
litho
ltl
lse
M
marl/ly
massive
material
matrix
milky
mineral
moderate
most/ly
mud
mrl
mass
mat
mtrx
mky
min
mod
mst
md
N
no sample
NS
nodule/ar
nod
no show
n/s
no visible poro nvp
numerous
num
occasional/ly
olive
off-white
opaque
orange
organic
particle
patch/y
pebble
pellet
permeability
petroleum
pink
plastic
pour point
porosity
predominant/ly
primary
probable/bly
pseudopurple
pyroclastic
R
rare
recovery/red
red
remains
rock
round/ed
r
rec
rd
rem
rk
rnd
par
pch
pbl
pel
k, perm
pet
pk
plas
pp
por
pred
prim
prob
ps
purp
pyrcl
saccharoid/al
same as above
sample
scarse
scattered
secondary
sediment/ary
show
silica/iceous
silt/y
size
slight/ly
small
soft
sorted
stain
sticky
structure
subsucrosic
sacc
aa
spl
scs
scat
sec
sed
shw
sil
slt/y
sz
sli/ly
sml
sft
srt
stn
stky
str
sb
suc
Q
quartz
quartzite/ic
occ
olv
offwh
op
orng
org
qtz
qtzt
tan
texture
thick
thin
top
trace
translucent
transparent
tn
tex
thk
thn
tp
tr
trnsl
trnsp
unconsolidated uncons
very
visible
vitreous
vug/gy
v
vis
vit
vug
waxy
weathered
weak
well
white
with
without
wood
wxy
wthd
wk
wl
wh
w/
w/o
wd
yellow
yel
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981

. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
2/2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING DESCRIPTION Worksheet
A4 size
Booklet
from ML
Contractor
R
GW
Booklet out of print
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STRATIGRAPHIC SCALE
CENOZOIC
NEOGENE
PLIOCENE
MIOCENE
PALEOGENE
25
LIAS
PLEISTOCENE
CRETACEOUS
HOLOCENE
JURASSIC
my
PALEOCENE 65
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TRIAS
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
DOGGER MALM EOCRET. NEOCRET.
MESOZOIC
ANTHROPOZOIC
DANIAN
SENONIAN
TURONIAN
CENOMANIAN
ALBIAN
APTIAN
BARREMIAN
HAUTERIVIAN
VALANGINIAN
PORTLANDIAN
KIMMERIDGIAN
OXFORDIAN
CALLOVIAN
BATHONIAN
BAJOCIAN
AALENIAN
TOARCIAN
PLIENSBACHIAN
SINEMURIAN
HETTANGIAN
RHETIAN
KEUPER
MUSCHELKALK
BUNTSANDSTEIN
PALEOZOIC
my
70
my
PERMIAN
250
CARBONIFEROUS
290
DEVONIAN
360
SILURIAN
400
130
ORDOVICIAN
440
150
CAMBRIAN
600
95
180
PROTEROZOIC
200
ALGONKIAN
600
ARCHEAN
250
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
4500

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
. . . N atters
Around
Field . . .
ALPHA
BRAVO
CHARLIE
DELTA
ECHO
FOX-TROTT
GOLF
HOTEL
INDIA
JULIETT
KILO
LIMA
MIKE
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
NOVEMBER
OSCAR
PAPA
QUEBEC
ROMEO
SIERRA
TANGO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
WISKY
X-RAY
YANKEE
ZOULOU
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING CONCLUSION
. . . Natters
Around
Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

01 - ML For Dummies (Geolog)

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01 - ML For Dummies (Geolog)

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MUDLOGGING ...

GENERALITIES: PAST & FUTURE PRESENTATION

GENERALITIES: Hydrost., Overburden, Pore Pressure

SAMPLING: PROCESSING and DESCRIPTION

LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA

STONE AGE BIBLES ...

... 21st century BIBLES

THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE

Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research

EASY RESEARCH Press to

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

sensor type & model

sensor type & model

equipment & model

Features & Benefits:

Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)

Accuracy: +/- 1cm

Features & Benefits:

Check & frequency:

Unit: The Probe

Features & Benefits:

Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)

Accuracy: +/- 5% of Full Scale

Dimens.: 79x57x24 cm.

Check & frequency:

Calibration & frequency:No calibration.

Calibration frequency:With pure CaCO3 as reference.

location: Flow Line.

TOOLBOX - module 5.2

Check & frequency:

Calibration & frequency:With a tape measurer.

Operating limits:-40 -> + 60C

Operating limits: -25 -> +70C

Aim: To measure and record the amount of carbonates contained in rock

Certification: EEx ia IIC T4

Sensor location: On the shaft of the drawworks.

Features & Benefits:

Certification: EEx ia IIC T6

equipment & model

Geological Well Report

DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

TOOLBOX - module 7.0

DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENT

CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS

EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT

TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT

COMPUTER 1/2: Data acquisition and processing

CREW (Awareness and performance)

ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts:

ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers

BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI

MUDLOGGING: AIMS (1)

Provide Oil Companies with validated measurements /samples related to

DATA ... WHAT FOR?

( IN REAL TIME) PEOPLE INVOLVED IN WELL MONITORING

OF ALL PLANNED EVENTS .... or .... IN CASE OF UNFORECASTED EVENTS =>

MUDLOGGING: AIMS (2)

INSTALL ALL REQUIRED SENSORS

CONCLUSION: the MUDLOGGING ...

MUDLOGGING is a HIGHLY VALUABLE SERVICE