Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANONYMOUS "ID", COELIFER ATLAS, 1559, ENGRAVING, ? X ? CM, IN WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, THE
COSMOGRAPHICAL GLASSE, LONDON, JOHN DAY, 1559.
Book stored at the Wipple Library at the University of Cambridge.
PART I
FINDING THE POLE STAR
a) If this is an evening lab and if the sky is clear go outside and try to find the Big Dipper and Polaris.
b) Here is cartoon drawing of a part of the sky without the constellations lines drawn in. After all,
thats what the sky looks like! Bright stars are represented by big dots, and fainter stars by smaller
ones. In the pattern below find the Big Dipper, Cassiopeia, and Polaris. Play the game of connectthe-dots, and identify the remaining constellations.
PART II
THE CELESTIAL SPHERE
Have you noticed that the night sky appears to be different if you travel much further north, or south?
You still see the same constellations, but they will appear to be at a different location on the night sky.
Also, if you follow the stars motions throughout the night, the stars will follow different paths. In this
exercise you will learn to how your location on Earth affects where you see Polaris. You will also learn
to visualize the motions of the stars on the night sky.
1) Orienting yourself
Imagine you are standing somewhere on Earth (lets take Boston), and you are looking up. The point
directly above you is the Zenith. Perpendicular to the Zenith, all the way around you is the Horizon.
As illustrated in the Figure below, position the Celestial Sphere so that the Zenith of a miniature
person standing on the Globe in Boston (see below) point to the same Zenith as you standing in the
classroom (turn the Celestial Sphere until Boston is at the top and pointing to the ceiling).
Zenith of the person on the Globe
in the Celestial Sphere.
Points to the top of the ceiling.
Your
Zenith
(Top of
Ceiling)
You in the
astronomy lab
looking at the
celestial sphere in
front of you.
The proportions in this Figure are a little off.
Compare the ALTITUDE of POLARIS to your LATITUDE. Determine the difference between
these angles and write that into the table.
LAT
90o
Symbol
North Pole
0o
30o
of
ALTN
POLARIS
ALTITUDE
dec
DECLINATION of
a star in ZENITH
ANGLEZen-N
ANGLE between
POLARIS &
ZENITH
ANGLECelEqHor
EQUATOR
CELESTIAL
ANGLE between
HORIZON &
ANGLEHorCelEq
+ LAT
ANGLEHorCelEq
ANGLEZenN
and LATITUDE
ANGLEHorCelEq
SUM of
ANGLEZen-N
and
ANGLECelEqHor
DIFFERENCE
between
ALTN LAT
LATITUDE
DIFFERENCE
between
ALTITUDE of
POLARIS
The Sky 5
Comment on this table. What correlation do you find in general? Are some of the columns always the same? What is the correlation
between your LATITUDE and the ALTITUDE of POLARIS?
Boston
Equator
Washington
60o
Your LATITUDE
Your
location
Oslo
PART III:
THE APPARENT MOTION OF STARS IN THE SKY
With the aid of the celestial sphere figure out what the night sky looks like, where the North Pole is
relative to your location on Earth, and how the stars appear to move throughout the sky. Use the
Celestial Sphere as in Part II, but rotate the Sphere around its axis. This will show you the motion of the
stars; where they rise, where they transit (when they are at their highest point), and where they set.
For EACH of the four diagrams below, draw the following:
a) Using a black pen label the HORIZON, and N, S, E, W on the HORIZON
b) Using a blue pen label POLARIS, the N-S AXIS, the CELESTIAL EQUATOR
c) Using a red pen label your LATITUDE and the ALTITUDE of POLARIS
d) Using a green pen draw the paths of the two stars in ALL FOUR diagrams
Zenith
North Pole / 90
Zenith
Washington / 30
6 Lab 3 The Sky
Zenith
Oslo / 60
Zenith
Equator / 0
PART IV:
THE SKY DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS
Have you noticed that different stars are visible during different seasons? Lets figure out why this is.
Look at the diagram below. Lets ignore the rotation of the EARTH around its own axis (only for now)
and consider the motion of the EARTH around the Sun.
Imagine that there are some aliens out there on a planet that is still unknown, but that is orbiting
around Arcturus. Arcturus is in the constellation Botes and is visible in the summer. In fact, in the
evenings in June it is the brightest star within about 20 degrees of your ZENITH. So if you wanted, you
could wave to the aliens.
Half a year later, sometime in December, you want to wave at the aliens again but Arcturus is not up.
Look at the diagram below, and convince yourself that the sun would blind you when trying to locate
Arcturus.
You can do this game with any other star too, and the sky appears to change with the seasons. Clearly,
the stars do not move but the sky appears to move because of the EARTHs motion around the sun.
constellation
transiting at midnight
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
of
that constellation
18 hours
20 hours
22 hours
0 hours
2 hours
4 hours
RIGHT ASCENSION
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
3. Do you get the idea? Explain below how RA correlates with the season.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. How many hours in RIGHT ASCENSION does each month correspond to?
_________________
_________________
PART V
USING SKY CHARTS TO OBSERVE THE SKY
You will be using all the information you learned in the last section to figure out in during which season
and during what time of night you will be able to observe which stars. Use the constellation charts SC-1
and SC-2. In particular check out SC-1. The x-axis corresponds to right ascension (RA), and the y-axis
to declination (DEC). We said previously, that stars with a RA of 0 hours will be transiting on
September 21 at midnight. But lets assume we want to observe at 8 p.m. at night, i.e., 4 hours before
midnight. Thus stars with a RA of -4 hours, or with an RA of 20 hours (i.e., 24-4 = 20 hours) will be
transiting.
Now check the SC-1 chart. On the x-axis you see RA. Find all stars that have an RA of 20 hours.
Below 20h on the x-axis you find a date (in a smaller script) - it says September 20. So at 8 p.m. in the
evening of September 20, stars with an RA of 20 hours are transiting.
Using the previous Table and/or the SC-1 chart answer the following questions:
[Note the SC-1 chart shows transits at 8pm, not at midnight!]
QUIZ QUESTION #1
(This is the type of question that could come up in a test)
1. Where (at what latitude) was this picture taken? Explain how you arrived at that answer.
[You may consult your textbook. Check out the diagrams with the star trails.]
3. The shutter of the camera was left open for several hours for how long? Explain.
QUIZ QUESTION #2
1) Label the following quantities: the
NORTH and SOUTH CELESTIAL
POLES; your HORIZON; your ZENITH;
your N, S, E, W; the MERIDIAN; and
the CELESTIAL EQUATOR.
2) Draw the paths of the five stars in the
diagram. Also draw arrows showing
the direction of motion.
3) Indicate which stars are always
visible, which stars are sometimes
visible, and which are never visible.
Always _______________________
Sometimes ____________________
Never ________________________
4) Take a red pen and draw the altitude
of Polaris (an angle). Then draw the
latitude of the observer in the picture.
5) Take blue pen and draw angle Polaris-to-Zenith and the angle Celestial Equator-to-Horizon. What
can you say about those angles?
6) Next add the altitude of Polaris to the angle Polaris-to-Zenith. What do you get? ________________
Then add your Latitude to the angle Polaris-to-Zenith. What do you get? ______________________
7) Compare both answers of question 6. What can you say about those angles?
8) What would happen to those angles as you travel North (i.e., as you increase your latitude?)
9) Comment on how the altitude of Polaris changes in relation to your latitude as you travel North.
LAB-REPORT
HAND IN THE ENTIRE LAB. FOR EXTRA CREDIT DO SKY LAB #2.
1. Explain the purpose of the Lab.
2 .Lets daydream a little. Imagine your friend invites you on a sailing trip. Its beautiful weather, and
youre having a good time. Then night sets in and you decide to sail a more, but the GPS brakes
down Your friend is totally lost, but you are not
a) Explain how you would find POLARIS.
b) But thats not all you can also tell your friend where you are on EARTH. Explain how you would
determine your LATITUDE. (hint: look at the table.)
d) Your friend is taken aback but is not sure whether to believe you. So, you have to convince your
friend that you are indeed correct. EXPLAIN WHY there is a correlation between your LATITUDE and
the ALTITUDE of Polaris (a diagram may also help).
3. Now you travel to Mexico. Explain in your own words how the sky in Mexico City looks different
from the sky in New York. Comment on the location of Polaris and on the paths of the stars at night.