GROUP MEMBERS

TITLE
PLATE NO.

NUEZ, ELIZA KARLA

J.
OCAMPO, GIZELLE R.
ONG, MARK CHESTER
A.
PEREZ, RIZEN JARED
H.

PION, ANGELINE G.
PUNA, PHILIP
NICOLAS L.
QUINSAAT,
NATASSHA MAE V.
SANTOS, JOHN
ANGELO G.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

4

DATE SUBMITTED

JULY 13, 2013

GROUP NO. 4
YR.& SECTION : 5 CE-D
PROF. : ENGR. RAYMOND SIAO
SUBJECT : CE 514L FOUNDATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: A-4(8) Silt: wl = 28.4

wp = 19.8

A. CBR Test

CBR Test Load Data

Unsoaked
(Surcharge 44.5 N)
Penetration,
mm

0.0
0.5
1

Piston Load dial

reading
(5.678N/div)
0
100
154

Stress,
kPa
0
293.44
451.89

Soaked
(Surcharge 44.5N)
Piston Load dial
reading
(5.678N/div)
0
33
57

Stress,
kPa
0
96.83
167.26

1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.0
12.5
Actual water
content,
w%

188
222
251
277
301
347
388
429
494
525
635
Top 1/3
Middle 1/3
Bottom 1/3
Average

Wet Density = 2.058

Dry Density = 1.727 g-cm3

CBR Piston AP = 19.35cm2

STRESS =

Piston Load dial reading x Constant

CBR Piston AP

551.66
651.43
736.53
812.82
883.24
1018.23
1138.53
1258.84
1449.58
1540.54
1863.32
18.1
18.5
19.1
18.6

78
96
113
131
149
181
204
249
274
290
332

228.88
281.70
331.58
384.40
437.22
531.12
598.61
730.66
804.02
850.97
974.21

21.5

2.041
1.68

STRESS VS. PENETRATION

2000
1500

STRESS , (kPa)

UNSOAKED

1000

SOAKED
500
0
0

10

12

14

PENETRATION, (mm)

% SWELL VS. ELAPSED TIME

30
25
20
SWELL (%) X 10-4 15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60

80

ELAPSED TIME (hrs.)

100

120

B.
Swell
Data
Mold #1
Surcharge = 44.5 N
Dial
reading
% = S/H *
( x0.01
100
mm)
0.0
0
3.7 x 10-4
0.047
5.59 x 104
0.071
8.5 x 10-4
0.108
11.02 x
0.140
10-4

Starting
time & date

Elapse
d time

6/16/2013
10:30am

0h
1h

12:30pm
2:30pm

2h
4h

12:30am

14 h

6/17/2013
10:30am

24 h

0.190

12 MN

37.5 h

0.272

6/18/2013
12N

49.5 h

0.300

12MN

61.5 h

0.325

73.5 h

0.335

98.5 h

0.355

6/19/13
12 N
6/20/13
1PM

After Soaking
Mold #
Surcharge N
Initial mss of wet soil + mold + base plate
Final mass of wet soil + mold + base plate
Mass of mold + base plate
Initial mass of wet soil, Mi
Initial wet Density, ri
mass of water absorbed, Mw
%water absorbed = Mw/Ms x 100

14.96 x
10-4
21.42 x
10-4
23.62 x
10-4
25.59 x
10-4
26.38 x
10-4
27.95 x
10-4

1
44.5
12056 g
12130
7352
4704g
2.041 g/cm3
74g
1.57%

C. QUESTION: What can you say about the quality of compaction here in the
Philippines?
Discuss your answer to the best of your abilities.

NUEZ
Nowadays, I have not yet heard of any news about the issue of failure in soil
compaction in the Philippines. Filipino engineers seem to follow strictly the
standards of soil stabilization before constructing the superstructure for they
know the consequences that they might face in the future. In fact, the trend
these days is having a reclamation area, an example is the SM Mall of Asia
Compound. Intense methodology including soil compaction is needed for a
reclaimed area. However, there must be an update from time to time with the
code or standards that the Filipino engineers are following since most of the
measures are just adopted from other codes.

OCAMPO
Soil compaction is of great concern as a preliminary procedure in construction.
It increases the density of soil which is crucial in construction applications that
require building or laying foundations for any type of building, structure, bridge,
etc. In the Philippines, methods of soil compaction are being done but not in a
manner as sophisticated as that in other countries. Considering the prevailing
costs and availability of the equipments, projects in our country always opt to go
for the cheaper ones with the average efficiency and quality of result. However,
this is done only in constructing high rise buildings and big structures because it
would be too costly and unnecessary in very small projects such as residential
houses.

ONG
Soil compaction is a very essential process, in the Philippines as we know it
people tend to choose the cheapest way, that is why most of the time people
use the typical way of compacting soil rather than using new methods . So soil
compaction in the Philippines is still performed properly in the cheapest manner,
because it is very essential but in the Philippines maximum compaction might
not be acquired as high as those in first world countries. Yet the problem also is
in small projects such as individual housing projects the private owner mostly
ignores the importance of soil compactions, thus skipping the process of using
mechanical soil compaction processes and just leaving the soil to compact itself
by means of soil consolidation.

PEREZ
Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction of
roads, air fields, embankments, and foundations. The durability and stability of
structure are related to the achievement of proper soil compaction. Compaction
is the process of mechanically densifying a soil. Densification is accomplished by
pressing the soil particles together into a close state of contact with air being
expelled from the soil mass in the process. Soil compaction in the Philippines is

primarily caused by the long-term use of farm equipment and by overgrazing.

Lynden and Odelman estimated the soil compaction affects 1.4 million hectares
of land in the Philippines. Low organic matter content of the soil contributes to
soil compaction. In terms of construction, our country lacks of modern
equipment to perform high quality procedures in compaction. It is quite evident
that most of the soil in the Philippines has a good quality in terms of compaction
because of a few problems related to this topic. Although we dont have much
equipment and problem, standard procedures of compaction are still being
performed in areas that is needed to.

PION
Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore
space between them. It changes pore space size, distribution, and soil
strength. Soil compaction is a very critical part of the construction process. A list
of methodologies should be followed as provided by the codes. Here in the
Philippines, strict implementation of the codes is commonly doubted. But if I
were asked about the quality of soil compaction in the Philippines, I would say
that it is probably of good quality. In the past years, there had been no reports of
any structural failure due to improper soil compaction. Filipino engineers seem to
be aware of the risk and damage that may face if soil compaction was not done
properly.

PUNA
In my own opinion, the soil compaction industry here in the Philippines is not
given that much importance as it should be. We are used to the system of giving
"lagay" in order to make the job easier which is very wrong. This can cause
drastic failure in the structure that can lead to ending lives of many individual.
This said system should end and every standards should be accomplished.
Another reason is the technology that we have here in our country, we don't
have enough facilities that can produce precise data in different testings. We
should be innovative in order to be productive at the same time.

QUINSAAT
In my opinion, the compaction methods here in the Philippines are somewhat
average. When it comes to the structures (buildings, houses etc.), the quality of
soil compaction is good because as far as I know, theres no news or reports
about failure due to improper soil compaction in the recent years. Although we
lack equipment used in compaction, we still manage to perform the standards
with our exceptional techniques. On the other hand, soil compaction methods
used for the roads here in the Philippines are sometimes faulty. Most of the roads
constructed are easily damaged due to improper soil compaction. If the soil
beneath the road is not properly compacted, the soil may cave in and the
concrete or asphalt on the roads will start to have cracks causing it to fail. In

conclusion, the quality of soil compaction will still depend on the methods and
techniques used.
o

SANTOS
The quality of compaction here in the Philippines is just fine, not that good
compared to other countries. There are soil compaction methods that can't be
done in our country because of lack of technology, but the existing soil
procedures are reliable, effective, and are often used. Some engineers decide to
use cheaper procedures to save money; these engineers are professionals, so
they know what they are doing. Besides, failure to secure the safety of people
will be charged for some liabilities or worst, they might cause them their license
as a Civil Engineer. Soil compaction is defined as the method of mechanically
increasing the density of soil. In construction, this is a substantial part of the
building process. If performed improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and
result in unnecessary maintenance costs or structure failure.