Final

Project

Year
Proposal

Novel

High Impedance Surface Based

Antenna Design
for SDMA W-LAN Application at 5.25 GHz
Submitted by:
Fazal Akbar
Registration No: 11BNELE-0428
Shah Hussain
Registration No: 11BNELE-0426

Submitted to:
Engr.Fawad Ahmad
Lecturer Department of Electrical Engineering

University Of Engineering and Technology ,CampusIII,Bannu

Introduction:High-impedance surfaces (HIS) are widely used in

microwave and antenna engineering such as filters, substrates with suppressed
surface-wave propagation or artificial magnetic conductors, i.e. surfaces that
reflect the impinging electromagnetic waves in-phase. An electromagnetic
structure having high surface impedance was introduced in 1999 by Sievenpiper
and became known as the mushroom . The geometry of the mushroom structure
is analogous to a corrugated metal surface in which the corrugations have been
folded up into lumped-circuit elements and distributed in a two-dimensional lattice.
The height of such a structure is lower than a one-quarter wavelength and the
distance between neighboring cells (periodicity) is much less than one wavelength.
High Impedance surface is important for an antenna application
because it is has the property of partially isolating the radiating elements from the
nearby electromagnetic surroundings. The new surface also provides high
electromagnetic surface impedance, which allows the antenna to lie directly
adjacent to the ground plane without being shorted out.

Problem Statement :Ordinary ground plane suffers with

surface waves that degrade the performance of the antenna.
Surface waves where it can be obtained from the leaky waves in
the smooth ground plane can lead to poor performance and
lower efficiency of an antenna. It is because surface waves are
the reverse radiation of the current that travel along the interface
between the free-space and top copper layer of ground plane.
These kind of unwanted waves are excited at the edges and
corners of the ground plane. When the wanted waves are added
with surface waves, multipath interference and back lobes
radiation will be formed. Surface waves can always occur if the
ground plane used is smooth and flat. It is
because such characteristics that can be obtained from perfect
electric conductor plate, allow surface currents to flow to infinite
distance. This will also lead to the multipath interference.

Aim And Objective:The main objective of the project is to

design high impedance surface based antenna for wireless Lan at
5.25 Ghz. This antenna will be more efficient as compared to the
other existing antennas regarding the problem created due to
surface waves.
Methodolgy:This antenna will be designed in the CST- Microstripe which
is a complete software tool for the 3D electromagnetic analysis and design of
devices and structures required in the high frequency range .Then the following
parameters will be calculated.

Reflection coefficient
Voltage standing wave ratio
Gain of the antenna
Radiation pattern
Efficiency of antenna
Relationship between data rate and band width of the antenna
Then we will compare this design with the already existing antennas.

Literature review:The remodeled ground plane is characterized

by having high surface impedance compared to the ordinary
ground plane. With no continuous copper layer, the remodeled
ground plane is developed by texturing(banawat) the top copper
layer by etching(kanda karna, naqsh karna) out some of the
copper in order to form arrays of patches or protrusions. The
patches will be connected to the bottom layer through conductive
via and the via is fabricated by drilling and soldering the center of
the protrusions to the bottom layer. This is portrayed in Figure 1
and such remodeled ground plane is called as high impedance
surface (HIS) named by D. Sievenpiper . However, there are a lot
of applications emerged from the development of HIS. HIS was
known as electromagnetic band gap (EBG) plate. It has been
named as HIS because of the textured structure on top of the PCB
that consists of insulative gaps that serve as surface waves
eliminator.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 1. (a) Side view of the high-impedance electromagnetic surface. (b) Top view of the high-impedance
electromagnetic surface

The structure of HIS can also be folded-up into equivalent LC

circuit that consists of inductance and capacitance as shows in
Figure 2. From this LC circuit where
the inductance and capacitance are in parallel, the total
impedance can be mathematically calculated in order to prove
that the result will be infinity, simultaneously proving that HIS has
high surface impedance.

Figure (2) Equivqlent LC Circuit

The gaps on the HIS are insulative in nature where they disallow
the currents to pass through them. Thus the currents on the HIS
ground plane cannot flow from one patch to another continually
on the same layer. However, the currents have to propagate from
a patch to bottom layer through via and up to the other patches.

Because of the existence of the gaps, forbidden frequency band

occurs. This frequency band acts as a filter that eliminates the
propagating surface waves. They also mentioned that when the
forbidden frequency is close to resonant frequency, the HIS will
have higher surface impedance compared to PEC. Within the
band, the efficiency of the radiation will be stunning as it wont be
affected by multipath interference. As the gap is associated with
the capacitance as shown in Figure 2, it can be understood that
the operating frequency will be higher if the gap is wider because
the capacitance will definitely be lower. This has been proven by
the project conducted by and Equation.
2 LC
f =1/(
Work Plan:-

Activity

Literature review
Design & simulation
of HIS antenna
Calculation of HIS
antenna parameters
Comparison of HIS
antenna with existing
antennas
Thesis writing

September,
October

November,
December

January,
February

March

April,
May

References:(1)

D.Sievenpiper L.Zhang, R.

Broas,

N.

Alexopolous, and

E. Yablonovitch,

High-impedance

electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band , IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47,
(2)

no. 11, pp. 2059-2074, Nov. 1999.

O. Luukkonen, C.R. Simovski, A.V Raisanen, and S.A Tretyakov, An efficient and simple analytical
model for analysis of propagation properties in impedance waveguides, IEEE Trans. On AP,

(3)

vol.53,no.1,pp. 8-17, Jan. 2005.

O.Luukonen, M.G. Silveirinha, A.B. Yakovlev, C.R. Simovski , I.S Nefedov ,and S.A. Tretyakov ,
Effects of spatial dispersion on reflection from mushroom type artificial impedance surfaces, IEEE

(4)

Trans.Microw . Theory Tech,. vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2692-2699,2009.

Costanzo, S., I. Venneri, G.Di Massa, and G.Amendola, Hybrid array antenna for broadband millimeter-

(5)

wave applications, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 83, 173-183, 2008.

Mahmoud, S.F. and A.R. Al-Ajmi, A novel microstrip patch antenna with reduced surface wave

(6)

excitation, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 86, 71-86, 2008.

Wu, Z.-H and W. X. Zhang, On profile thickness of printed compound air-fed array antenna, Journal of

(7)

Electromagnetic waves and Applications, Vol. 24, 199-207, 2010.

Maslovski, S., P. Ikonen, C. Simovski, M. Karkkainen, S.Tretyakov, and V. Denchev, Improving antenna

(8)

near-field pattern by use of artificial impedance screens , physics/0504123, 2005.

Yang, F. and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Reflection phase characteizations of the EBG ground plane for
profile wire antenna applications, IEEE Transactions on antenna and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 10,
2939-2949,2003.

Comments 0f Project Review And Evaluation Committee

Comments by The Chairman:

Approved

Approved with Suggested Changes