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Chapter 2
Circuit Elements
.
SMS
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October 2010
Circuit elements:
There are five ideal basic circuit elements: voltage sources, current
sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
In this chapter we discuss the characteristics of voltage sources, current
sources, and resistors.
Inductors and capacitors will be discussed in Chapter 6, Where their use
requires solving integral and differential equations.
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October 2010
sources
are
that
vx
, the
determines
vs
is:
v s= v x
is a multiplying constant
that is dimensionless.
In Fig.2.2(b), the controlling current is
ix
, the equation
supplied
.for
the
voltage v s is : v s= ix
the multiplying constant has the dimension volts per ampere.
SMS
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October 2010
vx
current is is : is= v s
the multiplying constant has the dimension amperes per volt.
In Fig.2.2(d), the controlling current is
ix
current is is : is= ix
the multiplying constant is dimensionless.
An active element is one that models a device capable of generating electric
energy (like voltage and current sources).
Passive elements model physical devices that cannot generate electric energy
Like Resistors, inductors, and capacitors
SMS
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October 2010
Example 2.1:
Using the definitions of the ideal independent voltage and current sources, state which
interconnections in Fig. 2.3 are permissible and which violate the constraints imposed by
the ideal sources,
Solution:
Connection
(a) is valid. Each source supplies voltage across terminals a, b. This requires
that each source supply the same voltage with the same polarity to each terminal, which
they do.
Connection (b) is valid. Each source supplies current through terminals a, b. This requires
that each source supply the same current to each terminal in the same direction, which
they do.
Connection (c) is not permissible. Each source supplies voltage across terminals a, b.
This requires that each source supply the same voltage with the same polarity to each
terminal, which they do not.
Connection (d) is not permissible. Each source supplies current through terminals a, b.
This requires that each source supply the same current to each terminal in the same
direction, which they do not.
Connection (e) is valid. The voltage source supplies voltage across terminals a, b. The
current source supplies current through terminals. Because an ideal voltage source
supplies the same voltage regardless of the current, and an ideal current source supplies
the same current regardless of the voltage, this is a permissible connection.
SMS
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October 2010
Solution:
Connection
(a) is invalid. Both the independent source and the dependent source supply
voltage across terminals a, b. This requires that each source supply the same voltage
with the same polarity. The independent source supplies 5 V, but the dependent source
supplies 15 V.
Connection (b) is valid. The independent voltage source supplies voltage across
terminals a, b. The dependent current source supplies current through the same
terminals. Because an ideal voltage source supplies the same voltage regardless of
current, and an ideal current source supplies the same current regardless of voltage, this
is an allowable connection.
Connection (c) is valid. Same as (b).
Connection (d) is invalid. Both the independent source and the dependent source supply
current through terminals a, b. This requires that each source supply the same current in
the same reference direction. The independent source supplies 2 A, but the dependent
source supplies 6 A in the opposite direction.
SMS
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October 2010
Assessment 2.1:
Solution:
a)
ib
ib
4
i b=8 A
i 8
v g= b =
=2V
4 4
P8 A=vi=2 8=16 W (delivers)
SMS
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October 2010
Assessment 2.2:
Solution:
a) The independent and dependent current sources are in same branch, So they
should be equal.
v x =25
v x =15
15
=
=0.6
25
b)
OR
.
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.1:
a) Is the interconnection of ideal sources in the
circuit in Fig. P2.1 valid? Explain,
b) Identify which sources are developing power
and which sources are absorbing power.
c) Verify that the total power developed in the
circuit equals the total power absorbed.
d) Repeat (a)-(c), reversing the polarity of the
10 V source.
Solution:
a) Yes, independent voltage sources can carry the 8 A current required by the
connection; independent current source can support any voltage required by
the connection, in this case 20 V, positive at the top.
b) 30 V source: absorbing.
10 V source: delivering.
8 A source: delivering.
c)
||
P30V =( 30 ) ( 8 ) =240W
P10V =( 10 ) ( 8 )=80 W (del)
d) The interconnection is valid, but in this circuit the voltage drop across the 8 A
current source is 40 V, positive at the top; 30 V source is absorbing, the 10 V
source is absorbing, and the 8 A source is delivering
||
P30V =( 30 ) ( 8 ) =240W
||
P10V =( 10 ) ( 8 )=80W
P8 A=( 40 )( 8 )=320 W (del)
P||= P del=320 W
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.2:
If the interconnection in Fig. P2.2 is
valid, find the power developed by the
current sources. If the interconnection is
not valid, explain why.
Solution:
The interconnection is valid and the voltage and current in the circuit are
shown in figure:
Pdev =1700 W
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.3:
If the interconnection in Fig. P2.3 is
valid, find the total power developed by
the voltage sources. If the
interconnection is not valid, explain why.
Solution:
The 4 A and 5 A current sources in the right branch should supply the same
current in the same direction, so the interconnection is not valid.
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.4:
If the interconnection in Fig. P2.4 is valid, find
the total power developed in the circuit. If the
interconnection is not valid, explain why.
Solution:
The interconnect is valid since the voltage sources can carry 5 A of current
supplied by the current source, and the current source can carry the voltage
drop required by the interconnection. Note that the branch containing the 10
V, 40 V, and 5 A sources must have the same voltage drop as the branch
containing the 50 V source, so the 5 A current source must have a voltage drop
of 20 V, positive at the right. The voltages and currents are summarized in the
circuit shown:
||
P50V =( 50 ) ( 5 )=250 W
||
P10V =( 10 ) ( 5 )=50 W
P40 V =( 40 )( 5 )=200W (dev )
Pdev =300W
SMS
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October 2010
where:
i
R
1
S
R
v or
i
is not
known.
a) Calculate the values of v and i .
b) Determine the power dissipated in each
resistor.
SMS
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October 2010
ib
( 50 ) ( 0.2 )=10
A or loop: Starting at an arbitrarily selected node, we trace a
Aib=closed
path
closed
path vin
ais circuit
selected
basic circuit
elements
and return to
The
voltage
a rise in through
the direction
of the current
in the resistor,
Hence
c
v c =( 1 ) ( 20
)=20
V
original
node
without
re-passing through any intermediate.
The current id is in the direction of the voltage rise across the resistor. Therefore
i d=
50
=2 A
25
Sum the currents at each node in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.16. Note that there is no
every closed
provides
an the
opportunity
to write
equation
based
4 branch
connection
dot ()path
in the
center of
diagram, where
thea useful
crosses
theon
Kirchhoff's
Notsource
every inode
provides for a useful application of
branch
containingvoltage
the ideallaw.
current
a .
Kirchhoff's current law. Some preliminary thinking can help in selecting the
most useful analysis tools for a particular problem.
.
SMS
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October 2010
Solution:
SMS
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October 2010
Solution:
SMS
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October 2010
Example 2.8: Applying Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws to Find an Unknown Current
a) Use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law to find
i o in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.18.
b) Test the solution for i o by verifying that
the total power generated equals the total
power dissipated.
power
power
power
power
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October 2010
Solution:
i 3=15 A
i 2=
120
=5 A
24
i 1 +i 2+i 3=0
i 1=20 A
i 1 R=80
R=4
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October 2010
Question 2.18:
Given the circuit shown in Fig. P2.18, find
a) the value of ia ,
b) the value of ib ,
c) the value of v o ,
d) the power dissipated in each resistor,
e) the power delivered by the 50 V
source.
Solution:
i a=4 i b
Solving,
i a=2 A ,i b =0.5 A ,i g=2.5 A
c)
d)
OR
v 0 =20i a =40 V
i o=80 i b=40 V
p=i 2 R
2
p4 =(2.5) 4=25 W
p20 =(2)2 20=80 W
2
e)
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.21:
The current i o in the circuit in Fig. P2.21 is
4A .
a) Find i1 .
b) Find the power dissipated in each resistor.
c) Verify that the total power dissipated in the
circuit equals the power developed by the
180 V source.
Solution:
a) Applying
KVL for the outer loop:
180+ 25i 0 +8 i 2=0
i 2=10 A
b) p5 =(8)2 ( 5 )=320 W
2
p25 =( 4 ) ( 25 )=400W
2
p70 =(2) ( 70 )=280 W
p10 =( 6 )2 ( 10 )=360 W
2
p8 =(10) ( 8 )=800 W
c)
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.22:
For the circuit shown in Fig. P2.22, find
(a) R and (b) the power supplied by the
125 V source.
Solution:
a) Applying
KVL for the outer loop:
125+ (3 9 ) + ( 3 6 )+ ( i e 10 ) + ( ie 6 ) =0
i e =5 A
i c =3 A
i g+ ia +3=0
i g=8 A
P125V =vi =125 8=1000W (delivers)
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.25:
The currents ia and ib in the circuit in
Fig. P2.25 are 4 A and 2 A , respectively.
a) Find ig .
b) Find the power dissipated in each resistor.
c) Find v g .
d) Show that the power delivered by the
current source is equal to the power
absorbed by all the other elements.
Solution:
a, c) Applying KCL at node (a):
2+4i 4 =0 i 4 =6 A
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October 2010
Question 2.28:
a) Find the voltage v y in the circuit in
Fig. P2.28.
b) Show that the total power generated
in the circuit equals the total power
absorbed.
Solution:
a) Applying KCL at node (a) leads that current in the 200 resistor is
30 i B
i =1 10 A
Power (m
Power
Current
W )
15.2
Equation
180
p=R i 2
(mA)
1
1
1
30
130.5
p=vi
29
420.5
29
29
10
0.8
p=vi
2
p=R i
p=vi
p=R i
725
p=v i
P generated=15.20.8725=741 mW
Element
15.2 V
10 k
0.8 V
200
Depen.
Source
500
25 V
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October 2010
Question 2.29:
Find (a) i o , (b) i 1 , and (c) i2 in the
circuit in Fig. P2.29.
Solution:
a) No current can occurs in an open loop, so
i 0=0
i 2 500i 1 2000=0
i 2=4 i 1
6 10 v i1i2=0
i 1+i 2=0.3
By solving,
i 1=0.06 A=60 mA
i 2=0.24 A=240 mA
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.30:
Find v 1 and v g in the circuit shown in
Fig. P2.30 when v o equals 250 V .
(Hint: Start at the right end of the circuit
and work back toward v g .)
Solution:
v =i R
v o =i a 12.5
i a=
250 10
=20 mA
12.5
ib
ic
ia
v o =i b ( 50 )
i b=
250 103
=5 mA
50
.
SMS
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October 2010
Question 2.31:
For the circuit shown in Fig. P2.31,
calculate (a) i and v o and (b) show
that the power developed equals the power
absorbed.
a) Applying
KVL for the outer loop:
Solution:
5020 i +5 i +20=0
i =2 A
v o =40 2=80 V
5020 i +18 i =0
i =5 A
Thus, we can now know current & voltage values in all parts
as shown.
b)
+
A 47
A 42
60 V
A 40
(Generates)
P20 i =vi=( 20 2 ) 47=1,880 W
(Generates)
P18 =i 2 R=( 5 )2 18=450 W
(Absorbs)
P5 i =vi=(5 2 ) 42=420W
(Absorbs)
P40 =i 2 R=( 2 )2 40=160 W
(Absorbs)
P8 i =vi=60 ( 8 5 ) =2,400W
(Absorbs)
P20 v =vi=20 40=800 W
(Absorbs)
P generated = Pabsorbed
SMS
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