METAMORPHOSIS OF INSECT

BY:
-

OKSIANA TIOVANI/17/VIIIA

RIZQA FAUZIAH AYUNINGTYAS/20/VIIIA

With a few odd exceptions, all insect life begins as an egg. After leaving the egg, insects must
grow and transform until reaching adulthood. Only the adult insect can mate and reproduce.
The physical transformation of an insect from one stage of its life cycle to another is called
metamorphosis.
Insects may undergo gradual metamorphosis, where transformation is subtle, or complete
metamorphosis, where each stage of the life cycle appears quite different from the others. In
some insects, there may be no true metamorphosis at all. With regard to metamorphosis,
entomologists divide insects into three groups ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and
holometabolous.

Dengan pengecualian beberapa aneh, semua kehidupan serangga dimulai sebagai telur.
Setelah meninggalkan telur, serangga harus tumbuh dan mengubah sampai mencapai
dewasa. Hanya serangga dewasa dapat pasangan dan bereproduksi. Transformasi fisik dari
serangga dari satu tahap siklus hidup lain disebut metamorfosis.
Serangga dapat mengalami metamorfosis bertahap, di mana transformasi halus, atau
metamorfosis lengkap, di mana setiap tahap dari siklus hidup muncul cukup berbeda dari
yang lain. Dalam beberapa serangga, mungkin tidak ada metamorfosis benar sama sekali.
Sehubungan dengan metamorfosis, entomologis membagi serangga ke dalam tiga kelompok ametabolous, hemimetabolous, dan holometabolous.

The most primitive insects, such as springtails, undergo little or no true metamorphosis
during their life cycles. Entomologists refer to these insects as ametabolous, from the Greek
for "having no metamorphosis". In ametabolous insects, the immature which emerges from
the egg looks like a tiny version of the adult. It will molt and grow until it reaches sexual
maturity. Ametabolous insects include silverfish, firebrats, and springtails.

Serangga yang paling primitif, seperti springtail, mengalami metamorfosis benar

sedikit atau tidak ada selama siklus hidup mereka. Ahli entomologi mengacu
pada serangga ametabolous, dari bahasa Yunani untuk "memiliki metamorfosis
tidak". Pada serangga ametabolous, yang belum dewasa yang muncul dari telur
terlihat seperti versi kecil dari orang dewasa. Ini akan meranggas dan tumbuh
hingga mencapai kematangan seksual. Serangga Ametabolous termasuk
ngengat, firebrats, dan springtail.

Simple or Gradual Metamorphosis

In gradual metamorphosis, three life stages occur: egg, nymph, and adult. Insects with
gradual metamorphosis are said to be hemimetabolous (hemi = part). Some entomologists
refer to this type of transformation as incomplete metamorphosis.
Growth happens during the nymph stage. The nymph resembles the adult in most ways,
particularly in appearance. Usually, the nymph also shares the same habitat and food as the
adults, and will exhibit similar behaviors. In winged insects, the nymph develops wings
externally as it molts and grows. Functional and fully-formed wings mark the adult stage.
Some hemimetabolous insects include grasshoppers, mantids, cockroaches, termites,
dragonflies, and all true bugs.

Dalam metamorfosis bertahap, tiga tahap kehidupan terjadi: telur, nimfa, dan
dewasa. Serangga dengan metamorfosis bertahap dikatakan hemimetabolous
(hemi = bagian). Beberapa ahli entomologi merujuk pada jenis transformasi
sebagai metamorfosis lengkap.
Pertumbuhan yang terjadi selama tahap nimfa. Nimfa menyerupai orang dewasa
dalam cara yang paling, terutama dalam penampilan. Biasanya, nimfa juga
saham habitat yang sama dan makanan seperti orang dewasa, dan akan
menunjukkan perilaku serupa. Pada serangga bersayap, nimfa mengembangkan
sayap eksternal seperti molts dan tumbuh. Sayap fungsional dan sepenuhnya
terbentuk menandai tahap dewasa.
Beberapa serangga hemimetabolous termasuk belalang, mantids, kecoa, rayap,
capung, dan semua bug yang benar.

The house fly is holometabolous, with complete metamorphosis.

Most insects undergo complete metamorphosis. Each stage of the life cycle egg, larva,
pupa, and adult looks different from the others. Entomologists call these insects
holometabolous (holo = total).
The larvae of holometabolous insects bear no resemblance to their adult parents. Their
habitats and food sources may be entirely different from the adults as well. Larvae grow and
molt, usually multiple times. Some insect orders have a unique name for their larval forms:
butterfly and moth larvae are caterpillars; fly larvae are maggots; and beetle larvae are grubs.
When the larva molts for the final time, it transforms itself into a pupa. The pupal stage is
usually considered a resting stage, although much activity occurs internally, hidden from
view. The larval tissues and organs break down entirely, then reorganize into the adult form.
After the reorganization is complete, the pupa molts to reveal the mature adult with functional
wings.
Most of the world's insect species are holometabolous, including: butterflies, moths, flies,
ants, bees, and beetles.

Lalat rumah adalah holometabolous, dengan metamorfosis lengkap.

Kebanyakan serangga mengalami metamorfosis lengkap. Setiap tahap siklus hidup - telur,
larva, pupa, dan dewasa - terlihat berbeda dari yang lain. Ahli entomologi menyebutnya
serangga holometabolous (holo = total).
Larva serangga holometabolous tak memiliki kemiripan dengan orang tua dewasa mereka.
Habitat dan sumber makanan mungkin sama sekali berbeda dari orang dewasa juga. Larva
tumbuh dan meranggas, biasanya beberapa kali. Beberapa perintah serangga memiliki nama
yang unik untuk bentuk larva: larva kupu-kupu dan ngengat ulat, larva fly belatung, dan

larva kumbang adalah belatung.

Ketika larva molts untuk terakhir kalinya, mentransformasikan dirinya menjadi kepompong.
Tahap pupa biasanya dianggap tahap istirahat, meskipun aktivitas banyak terjadi secara
internal, tersembunyi dari pandangan. Jaringan larva dan organ memecah seluruhnya,
kemudian mereorganisasi ke bentuk dewasa. Setelah reorganisasi selesai, molts pupa untuk
mengungkapkan dewasa yang matang dengan sayap fungsional.
Sebagian besar spesies serangga di dunia adalah holometabolous, termasuk: kupu-kupu,
ngengat, lalat, semut, lebah, dan kumbang.
TAMBAHAN :

Insect metamorphosis
All insects in the Pterygota undergo a marked change in form, texture and physical
appearance or metamorphosis, from immature to adult. These insects either have
hemimetabolous development, and undergo an incomplete or partial metamorphosis, or
holometabolous development, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, including a pupal
or resting stage between the larval and adult forms.[3]

Incomplete metamorphosis in the grasshopper with different instar nymphs

In hemimetabolous insects, immature stages are called nymphs. Development proceeds in

repeated stages of growth and ecdysis (moulting); these stages are called instars. The juvenile
forms closely resemble adults, but are smaller and lack adult features such as wings and
genitalia. This process is known as "partial" or "incomplete" metamorphosis. The differences

between nymphs in different instars are small, often just differences in body proportions and
the number of segments, although external wing buds will form in later instars.
In holometabolous insects, immature stages are called larvae, and differ markedly from the
adults. Insects which undergo holometabolism pass through a larval stage, then enter an
inactive state called pupa, or chrysalis, and finally emerge as adults. This process is called
"complete" metamorphosis. It is theorized that the pupal stage is the evolutionary compaction
of all the nymphal stages of their hemimetabolous ancestors, while the larval stage is an
extended, mobile form of the developing embryo [4].
According to recent research, adult Manduca sexta is able to retain the behaviour learned as a
caterpillar.[5]
Many observations have indicated that programmed cell death plays a considerable role
during physiological processes of multicellular organisms, particularly during embryogenesis
and metamorphosis.

Pieris rapae larva

Pieris rapae pupa

Pieris rapae pupa, ready to hatch.

A Pieris rapae adult

Perbandingan lama metamorfosis
Spesies
Lalat rumah
Kepik
Monarch Butterfly
Periodical Cicada
Mayfly
Kecoa

Telur Larva/Nimfa
1 hari 2 minggu
4 hari 2 minggu
4 hari 2 minggu
1 bulan 13/17 tahun
1 bulan 3 tahun
1 bulan 3 bulan

Pupa
1 minggu
2 minggu
10 hari

Dewasa

2 minggu
3-9 bulan
2-6 minggu
2 bulan
tidak melewati tahapan ini 1 hari
9 bulan