Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014-2015
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Radar bullet is a relatively new discovery that was invented in the US. It was
developed by International Research Centre for Telecommunications-Transmission and
RADAR (IRCTR). It is used for detecting land mines. And this discovery finds a very
important prospect as about 139 countries signed a treaty in favor of banning antipersonal mines. This treaty was signed during the second week of March 1999 in
Ottawa Canada.
Anti -personal
particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast. Are
more likely to sustain
that follow the blast mean these children will have to be looked after for many year.
A child injured at the age of ten will need about 25 artificial limbs during their
life time. The cost is at 3000, a huge sum to pay in countries where people earn as little
as $10 a month between 1979 and 19960, the red cross fitted over 70,000 amputees with
artificial limbs. And the landmines problem is still growing. Therefore considering these
factors the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches
into the 21't century.
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are Afghanistan,
Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier,
China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar are in the list of less mine
affected countries besides other 100 countries.
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CHAPTER 2
LAND MINE
The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an explosive
device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command detonated by electric wire
or radio signals. Most land mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are
activated by pressure or trip-wire. Usually most of the landmines will contain many
metallic parts, which can be made use of in their detection.
Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon is
particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to the blast are
more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities and psychological traumas
that follow the blast- means these children will have to be looked after for many years.
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CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER 4
RADAR BULLET
The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of radar bullet is to find
landmines without setting foot on the ground. This consists of firing a special bullet in
to the ground from a helicopter, which could pin point buried land mines.
The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This pulse strikes the mine
and its image gets available on the computer in the helicopter, offering a safe and
efficient way of finding land mines. Landmines In this discussion we deal with buried
anti-tank (AT) and anti-personnel (AP) landmines which require close approach or
contact to activate. AT mines range from about 15 to 35 cm in size. They are typically
buried up to 40cm deep, but they can also be deployed on the surface of a road to block
a column of machinery. AP mines range from about 5 to 15cm in size. AT mines which
are designed to impede the progress of destroy vehicles and AP mines which are
designed to kill and maim people.
Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded coin of
wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a magnetic field in the
cylinder.
Battery
bullet casing
Metallic cylinder
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CHAPTER 5
RADAR PRINCIPLE
Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar makes use of
radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to provide estimates of certain
characteristics of its surroundings most commonly the presence, position and motion of
aircrafts, ships and other vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the surroundings
and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of this energy is transmitted
by the directive antenna, the direction from which reflections come and hence the
bearing of object may be estimated. .The distance to the reflecting object in estimated
by measuring the period between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo.
In radar bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into
consideration.
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5.1Fundamentals
Transmitter
Duplexer
Receiver
Basic radar system: The block diagram of an elementary pulsed radar set is
shown in Fig. For each transmitted pulse, the cycle of events is as follows. Figure 1
Block diagram of an elementary pulse radar se
In response to an internally generated trigger signal, the transmitter generates a
short, rectangular pulse. As soon as a small fraction of the pulse power is fed to the
duplexer, this device disconnects the receiver from the antenna and connects the
transmitter to it. In most radars, though by no means in all, the antenna moves in a
predetermined pattern, i.e., it scans. Either way, it is normally directional and sends
out the generated pulse in the direction in which it is pointing at the time. The
scanning speed may be mechanically high, but it is small compared with the time
Dept of ECE, VIT
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5.2 CALCULATIONS
R
OBJECT
RADAR
2R
= 2R / T
Or
=CT /2
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CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The impulse radar bullet system developed in the International Research
Centre for Telecommunications-transmission and Radar (IRCTR). Impulse radar
bullet system comprises Impulse generator, Transmitter, Receiver, Pulse extender,
A/D converter, Processor and Visual display.
IMPULSE GENERATOR
The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns monocycle
pulses. The unique feature of this generator is its small trailing oscillations, which
are below 2.4% of maximum amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5%
afterwards. The advantage of a monocycle in comparison with a mono pulse is
that the frequency spectrum of the first one decreases to zero at low frequencies,
which cannot be efficiently transmitted via the antenna system, while the
Dept of ECE, VIT
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ANTENNA SYSTEM
The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of radar bullet system,
because its performance depends strongly on the antenna system. The antenna system
should satisfy a number of demands. The antenna system contains transmitter and
receiver. The transmit antenna should:
Dept of ECE, VIT
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Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out
undesirable back scattering from surrounding objects.
The waveform of the radiated field on the surface and in the ground should be
the same.
The waveform of the radiated field in the ground should not depend on type
of the ground.
Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground
reflection.
Receive the field in a local point; effective aperture should not be larger than
1cm2.
PULSE EXTENDER
Pulse extender will amplify the ground reflection signal up to the
maximum level acquired by A/D converter.
A/D CONVERTER
The transmitter sends out a series of electromagnetic pulses then listens
with the receiver connected to high speed sampler which in turn feeds A/D
Converter. A dielectric anomaly in the soil may cause the signal to be reflected back
to a separate receiver antenna. This information is converted from nanoseconds to
milliseconds so that it may be digitized by a conventional A/D converter for
processing and display. The center frequency and band width of the transmitted pulse
can be varied by changing the antenna and are chosen with respect to the required
Dept of ECE, VIT
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PROCESSOR
A/D converter converts the signal into digital signal which passes to the
processor. Processor filters the signal. This signal shows presence or absence of
surrogate mine in the soil. Processor allows passing the presence of mine detecting
signal. Processor selects the mine detecting signal and passes to the visual display.
VISUAL DISPLAY
Visual display helps to see the range of targets. It displays the exact
position of landmine. The advent of the magnetron also made possible the next steps in
the evolution of radar, namely, airborne radar for the detection of surface vessels and
then airborne aircraft interception radar. In each of these, particularly the former, tight
beams are necessary to prevent the receiver from begin swamped by ground reflections,
which would happen if insufficient discrimination between adjacent targets existed.
Microwave radar for antiaircraft fire control was quickly developed, of which
the most successful ground - based version was the U.S. Army's SCR-58. It was capable
of measuring the position of enemy aircraft to within 0.1, and the distance, or range to
within 25m. Such radars were eventually capable of tracking targets by locking onto
them, with the aid of servomechanisms controlling the orientation of the antennas. Antisurface vessel (ASV) radars became very common and quite accurate toward the end of
the war. So aid airborne radar for navigation, bombing or bomber protection electronic
navigation systems were also developed. Radar countermeasures were instituted,
consisting mainly of jamming (transmission of confusing signals at enemy radar) or the
somewhat more effective dropping of aluminum foil, in strips of about a half wavelength, to cover approaching aircraft by producing false echoes. This
"chaff"(American) or "window"(British) proved very effective, but its use in the war
was considerably delayed. Each side thought that the other did not know about it and so
it was kept secret; however, it eventually came to be used on a very large scale.
One
of the indications of the enormous growth in the importance of radar in World War 11 is
Dept of ECE, VIT
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One
of the indications of the enormous growth in the importance of radar in World War 11 is
the increase in the staff of the U.S. Army's Radiation Laboratory. It started with about
40 people in 1941, and number multiplied tenfold by 1945.
The radar receiver is an ordinary radio receiver having the lowest possible noise
figure, High sensitivity, and a bandwidth appropriate for handling the pulses involved.
The receiver video output is usually displayed on a cathode-ray tube indicator in such a
manner as to show the time difference between the outgoing pulses and the returning
echoes. To achieve this result, the sweep voltage of the cathode-ray-tube display is
synchronized with the transmitted pulses.
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CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from a gun
mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The bullet in designed in
such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground. The
bullet will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected
from any landmines within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on
the helicopter.
Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there exact position
are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact positions are noted so that can
be diploid later. And if the bullet hits it, it would explode. The Radar pulse is generated
from the bullets kinetic energy by a process known as, Magnetic flux compression.
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CHAPTER 8
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CHAPTER 9
FIELD TESTS
After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona desert. Using the
same experiment set up, the radar bullet as able to detect 35 cm anti tank mines and Val
Mara 69 anti personal mines, which are a particular problem in northern Iraq, where the
mines have been laid by Saddam Husseins forces in their confrontation with the Kurds
9.1. ADVANTAGES
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun, computer
controls etc.
Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet gives out a 4
kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power than a standard ground penetrating
radar from 20cm down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits more radio
wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating radar, little radiation penetrates the
soil, most is reflected by the ground because of the sudden change in density
between the air and the soil. Here the radiation has to change the medium twice.
First from air to ground, and then after reflection, from ground into air. Therefore
weak signals are obtained. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change
the medium only once i.e.; from the ground into the air and hence stronger signals
are obtained.
9.2. DISADVANTAGES
It cannot detect plastic land mines, but researches are working hard to overcome
this.
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9.3. APPLICATIONS
It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: - Recently an illegal
pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmistan has been discovered.
Such type of illegal pipelines can be detected out by using radar bullet.
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FUTURE PROSPECTS
As the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on anti-personal mines.
The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the destruction of mines.
Ten thousands of anti - personal mines lied buried in the hilly regions of
Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according to UN it would
more than 100 years to detect and destroy these, if worked
take
clearance or demining is normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal and
Disposal. Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground
penetrating radar infrared, magnetic resonance imaging] to biological detection schemes
(dog snuffers and insect or bacteria ) to simple brute forces detection methods (Rails,
Rollers and plows) and use of hand-held mechanical plodders .Most of these methods
are very slow and/or expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate. So with
helicopter and radar bullet, the mines can be cleared easily.
Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in Combodia, Kosoro
and in same African nations can be detected using radar bullets.
This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a different planet, in
that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect mineral deposits and other
deposits.
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CONCLUSION
Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and removal of
mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and animals alike.
The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine detection
involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall mine detection using
radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe and effective.
With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using radar bullets
will be more used in detection of mine there by making the world safer place to live in.
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REFERENCES
1. S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN Late time resonant frequencies buried bodies
of revolution
2. L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. Polarimatic SAR imaging of buried land
mines
3. MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill
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