Professional Documents
Culture Documents
APA Referencing Guide for IPFE UII was developed for the International Program Faculty of Economics,
Universitas Islam Indonesia by Michael Adam Costa, Nihlah Ilhami and Cithra Orisinilandari of the
Curriculum and Program Development.
Permission is granted for copying and use by other institutions, with appropriate acknowledgement.
Available in electronic form from http://www.international.fecon.uii.ac.id/
Further enquiries regarding permission and availability:
Curriculum and Program Development
International Program Faculty of Economics
Universitas Islam Indonesia
Phone/Fax: +62 274 881721
E-mail: interpro@fe.uii.ac.id
http://www.international.fecon.uii.ac.id/
Contents
Introduction
Example of referencing
27
29
Introduction
The international Program FE UII expects all students and staff to act with honesty and
integrity in all matters. That means being truthful and recognizing the intellectual ownership
of other people's words, ideas, research findings and information. To not do so, is academically
dishonest and may incur a range of penalties. The referencing style used by the International
Program is standardized to comply with the American Psychological Association (APA)
referencing system, and is adapted from three APA referencing sources; Edith Cowan
University, Curtin University of Technology, and The Owl at Purdue, Purdue University. It is
expected that with the aid of these referencing guidelines, students will be able to standardize
their referencing for assignments and avoid academic misconduct.
2.
3.
4.
Paraphrasing other person's idea but most of the words and structure do not
change; and
5.
B. Collusion
Collusion involves working with others with the intention of deceiving examiners
about who actually completed the work. For example, if a student employs someone
else to do their work for them, that would constitute collusion. Or if one student
willingly allows another student to copy their work for an individual assessment task,
that would constitute collusion. In that case both students may have committed an
academic offense. Collusion is not the same as collaboration. Collaboration is
working together on a task; collusion is doing so in an authorized manner. What is
authorized varies from task-to-task. For example, collaboration is allowed or
expected on many assignments, but for other tasks such as exams and some in-class or
online tests no collaboration is allowed. If you have any doubt what constitutes
authorized and unauthorized collaboration on a particular task you should consult IP
management.
C. Cheating in examinations;
D. Misappropriating the research of others; and/or
E. Misrepresenting research findings.
the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references
within the text of an assignment, for example, (Smith, 2008).
n
Where
authors of different references have the same family name, include the author's
initials in the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994).
n
If two
or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the
same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are
presented alphabetically by author.
n
When
directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and
double quotation marks placed around the quote.
n
When
n
Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
n
If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters
long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to
short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,
There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new
media.)
capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: NaturalBorn Cyborgs.
n
When
n
Capitalize
the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of
Hitchcock's Vertigo."
n
Italicize
or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies,
television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The
Wizard of Oz; Friends.
n
Put quotation marks around the titles of
Example 1:
Psychologists have long observed that the physical act of writing gives birth and
shape to thought and is the process by which you truly know what you think
(Putnis & Petelin, 1999, p. 300).
Example 2:
Putnis and Petelin asserted that Psychologists have long observed that the
physical act of writing gives birth and shape to thought and is the process by
which you truly know what you think (1999, p. 300).
Example 3:
Butler (2000) found the most significant difference is age and place of origin (p.
27).
Note. The full stop is placed after the brackets of the citation.
Example 4:
Learning the rules of grammar improves significantly with peer and self
correction methods (Peck & Coyle, 1999, p.25).
Longer Quotations (40 words or more in length) must be displayed in block format without the
use of quote marks. The quote should start on a new line and be indented about 1.3 cm or 5
spaces from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the
first line of each additional paragraph a further 1.3 cm or 5 spaces. The entire quotation (in the
block format) should be similar to the rest of your document. Do not change the font size or use
italics. Use double quotation marks to show words/phrases that were presented within
quotation marks in the original.
When citing quotations, supply the author's surname, year and page number. In the case of
electronic sources, supply the paragraph number/section heading instead of the page number.
Example:
This is outlined in the following statement by Beukes and Pollit (2001):
A sentence is a grammatically complete unit, a group of words that makes
sense. These are simple sentences, and the technical term for them is also
'simple' sentences. They consist of a subject, a verb, and an object. Usually the
subject comes first in the sentence: it is what the sentence is about. Traditional
grammars speak of the subject as the doer of the action. This can be a very
useful way of remembering what a subject is. (p. 96)
(Note: the full-stop is placed before the brackets in block quotations.)
When omitting material from a quotation use an ellipsis () within a sentence to indicate that
some material has been omitted from the original text. To show that you are omitting material
between sentences, use a full-stop at the end of a sentence followed by an ellipsis at the
beginning or end of a quotation to show that the quotation begins mid sentence. This will
prevent misinterpretation.
Example:
The APA system well established in natural sciences and increasingly
adopted in social science writing by way initially of anthropology, sociology
and psychology has certain advantages. By using an abbreviated form of
citation in the text it obviates most of the labor and unsightliness of giving
complete citations in individual footnotes. As it does not require citations to
be numbered it enables references to be added or removed in the course of
drafting with the minimum of inconvenience. It automatically provides every
article or chapter or book with formal list of sources referred to in the text.
(Parker, 1978, p. 9)
Summarizing or Paraphrasing
When paraphrasing (and/or summarizing) an idea contained in another work, you are not
required to provide a location reference (e.g. a page number, or in the case of electronic
sources, a paragraph number of section heading). You must, however, provide the author's
surname and year of publication.
Basic Rules
n
All lines
after the first of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
n
Author's
names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has
more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's
name to indicate the rest of the authors.
n
Reference
list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of
each work.
n
If you
have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or
multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are
listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
n
When
referring to any work that is not a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page,
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first word after a colon or a
dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word
in a hyphenated compound word.
n
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
n
Italicize titles of
n
Do not
italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as
journal articles or essays in edited collections.
REFERENCES
Aisbett, N. (1995, January 7). Secret war still baffles veteran. The West Australian, pp. 1415.
Aker, D. A., Day, G, S, & Kumar, V. (2001). Marketing research. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
Jennings, P. (1995, January 14). The national front. The West Australian [The West
Magazine], 8-12.
Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of adult development. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
Lock, G. (1993). The prevalence and sources of perceived occupational stress among teachers in
Western Australian Government metropolitan primary schools. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.
Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capstone Publishing. Retrieved September
28, 2004, from NetLibrary database.
Robinson, D. N. (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA:
Academic Press.
Technical specifications (iPhone). [n.d.] Retrieved November, 2007, from Apple:
http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of
resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123.
In-Text Example
2 authors
Burns, A., & Bush, R. (2000). Marketing research. New Jersey: PrenticeHall.
3, 4, or 5 authors
OR
Aker et al. (2001, p. 525) stated
In subsequent citations, include only the surname
of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized
and with a fullstop after al) and the year.
6 or more authors
Groups as authors
As it appears in the first in-text reference.
(e.g. corporations,
(Harvard Law Review Association, 2007)
associations, government
agencies, etc)
As it appears in subsequent in-text references.
These results (Harvard Law Review Association,
2007).
Rodgers, P., Smith, K., Williams, D., Conway, L., Robinson, W., Franks,
F., et al. (2002). The way forward for Australian libraries. Perth:
Wombat Press.
In-Text Example
Cite in-text the first few words of the reference list Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the
entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double
Australian job search process for professionally qualified migrants.
quotation marks around the title of an article or
(2000). Carlton, Victoria: Australian Multicultural Foundation.
chapter, and italicize and capitalize the title of a
book, brochure, report or periodical.
Patients Voices. (2004). NSW: Social Press.
Title of an article or chapter.
these findings (Employment the Professional
Way, 2000)
Title of a book, brochure, report or periodical.
The book Patients Voices (2004)
If the reference list includes publications by two King, C.P. (1999). Corporate finance. London: Blackie.
or more primary authors with the same surname,
include the first authors initials in all in-text King, J.B. (1995). Corporate finance II. Sydney: Robertson.
references, even if the year of publication differs.
In-Text Example
This helps to avoid possible confusion for the Walker, B. L, & Jamieson, S. (2000). Introductory statistics. Newburry
reader.
Park: Sage
J. B. King (1995) and C. P. King (1999) also found
Use a, b, etc to differentiate between works in Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
same year.
Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Several studies (Napier, 1993a, 1993b) pointed out
Order alphabetically by title in the reference list.
that
Author referred to by
another author
If you are quoting an author referred to by the Gibbs, G. (1981). Investment management. Queensland, Australia: John
author you are reading, you need to identify the
Wiley & Sons.
citation and where it occurs in the text in which it
is cited.
John, E. (2000). Teaching students to learn. Milton Keynes: Open
University Press.
Beaty (cited in Gibbs, 1981, p. 73) asserted
Where you have quoted an author referred to by the author whose
In discussing the different approaches students take work you actually read, the reference list will show only the name
toward their university study, William (1978) cited in and title of the work actually read.
John (2000, p. 73) claimed:
In-Text Example
When a work has no publication date, cite in-text Browning, M. (n.d). Marketing strategy. Sydney: Author.
the authors name, followed by a comma and
n.d. (no date) to indicate that the source has no
date.
These strategies have been successfully used
(Browning, n.d.).
If the publication is a classical work, cite the year
of the translation you used or the year of the
version you used.
In-text citation
(Plato, trans. 1947)
(Bunyan, version 1969)
If the original date of the publication is known add
this before the translation you used.
In-text citation
(Bunyan, 1684/1969)
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the Davies, H, & Johnson, T. (1999). American economy. New York:
page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the
Longman.
appropriate point in the text. Always give page
In-Text Example
numbers for quotations. Note that the words Jamieson, A. (2000). Accounting principles. Melbourne: Willey.
page and chapter are abbreviated in such text
citations; do not italicize these abbreviations.
This shows (Davies & Johnson, 1999, p. 312).
A case in point (Jamieson, 2000, chap. 2).
Edited book
(Kastenbaum, 1993, p. 51).
Different Editions
Editor or translator
named in addition to
author
Name the translator or editor only in the end-text Genet, J. (1966). The balcony (2nd ed.). (B. Frechtman, Trans.). London:
reference, immediately following the title. In the
Faber.
case of translated works cite the title in its
translated form, not in its original form.
(Genet, 1966, p. 61)
Chapter/ article in an
edited book with one
editor
Use the word In before the name of the editors, Kiernan, B. (1976). The novels of Patrick White. In G. Dutton (Ed.), The
use editors initials before name and indicate
literature of Australia (Rev. ed., pp. 461-484). Ringwood, New South
pages by p. or pp.
Wales: Penguin.
(Kiernan, 1976, p. 462)
In-Text Example
If available, give the English translation in square Traversa, V. P. (1981). Parola e pensiero: Introduzione alla lingua Italiana
brackets after the original title.
moderna [Word and thought: An introduction to modern Italian
language] (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
(Traversa, 1981)
Only italicise the original title. Do not italicise the translated title.
Use ampersand (&) to connect the name of the Mandler, G. (1993). Thought, memory, and learning: Effects of emotional
last editor.
stress. In L. Goldberger & S. Bregnitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress:
Theoretical and clinical aspects (2nd ed., pp. 40-55). New York: The
(Mandler, 1993, p. 41)
Free Press.
Robinson, A. (1994). The principals of genetics and heredity. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 19, pp. 699-740). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Book whose titles include Distinguish the included title by double quotation Whitley, J. S. (1970). Golding: Lord of the flies. London: Edward Arnold.
the title of another work
marks.
(Whitley, 1970)
Brochure
Treat brochures as books. Indicate type of Edith Cowan University. (n.d.). The joint achievement project. [Brochure].
publication in square brackets after the title.
Perth, Western Australia: Author.
When the publisher is the same as the author,
write Author as the name of the publisher.
The word Author is used as the publisher when the author and
publisher are the same.
(Edith Cowan University, n.d.)
Image in a book
Sexton, M. (2005). The great crash: The short life and sudden death of
the Whitlam government. Melbourne: Scribe Publications.
(Wedekind, 2007)
In-Text Example
Periodicals/ Articles
In-Text Example
Journal article with 6 or With six or more authors only cite the first author AI-Awadi, S. A., Naguib, K. K., Moussa, M. A., Farage, T. I., Teebi, A. S.,
more authors
followed by et al. in the first and subsequent in& El-Khalifa, M. Y. (1986). The causality between inflation and
text references. All authors should be cited in the
exchange rate. Economic Development, 29, 384-388.
end-text reference.
(AI-Awadi et al., 1986)
OR
As discussed by Al-Awadi et al. (1986)
Journal article with no (Global Economic Crisis, 2008)
author
Periodicals/ Articles
In-Text Example
(Jennings, 1995, p. 9)
Jennings, P. (1995, January 14). The national front. The West Australian
[The West Magazine], 8-12.
Magazine article
(Aisbett, 1995).
Aisbett, N. (1995, January 7). Secret war still baffles veteran. The West
Australian, pp. 14-15.
The use of p. or pp. is only for newspaper articles not journals.
Articles
or
lectures (Barnes, 1999)
published independently
Watersmith, C. (2000, March 1). BHP enters new era, [Press release].
Melbourne: BHP Limited.
(Watersmith, 2000)
Put 2000, March 1 in the Year field, Press release in Report Number,
BHP Limited in Institution.
Audiovisual media
In-Text Example
Music recording
General form:
Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if
different from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording: CD,
record, cassette, etc]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different
from copyright date)
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New
York: PolyGram Music.
Video recording
Interviews/personal
communication
A remark quoted from a conversation, whether in Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.
a formal interview situation or not, is
acknowledged by an explanatory note following
the quotation.
It was confirmed that an outbreak occurred in London
(S. Savieri, personal communication, April 24, 1999).
The same referencing style would apply if the
acknowledgement were of a tape, a personal
letter or a transcript of a speech or dialogue.
These references are not included in the
reference list.
In transcribing conversation or dialogue it is
customary to mark the beginning of each
speakers contribution by starting it on a new line.
Most publishers set conversation in single
quotation marks, indented. Scripts, however, do
not use quotation marks for speech.
When a speech that is quoted extends over more
Audiovisual media
In-Text Example
Example:
What did Sue tell John?
She said, Get lost.
Note. If any part contains matter not quoted, the final
period comes outside the quotation marks.
Example:
He replied, She said, Get lost.
Note. In general, periods are not duplicated, except
where they are differently distinguished.
Example:
Did he hear the Speaker call, Order!?
He said, Do you think I am mad?.
Audio-visual/ electronic Commonly these items have no named author; in such cases an abbreviated form of the title should be used in both inmaterial (no author)
text and end-text references. The end-text reference should be completed with a description of the medium.
Video recording
author)
Electronic Media
In-Text Example
Citing specific parts of a Be careful when providing page numbers for texts
source
from the Internet. Some electronic texts do have
page numbers; some dont. Some texts have
paragraph numbers and some have line numbers.
What you should avoid doing is allocating page Buttler, H. (2002). Business ethics in islamic perspectives. Retrieved
October 30, 2008, from http://www.islamiceconomics.com/
numbers on the basis of how many pages your
printer prints out as this will differ from user to
user and if someone tried to follow your source,
they might face difficulty in specifically locating
the information.
If the text you are quoting from has paragraph
numbers, then use the symbol/character or the
abbreviation para. to signal the text location of
your quote.
(The Benton Foundation, 1998, 5).
Most schools (Butler, 2002, Conclusion section,
para. 1).
It was found that (Jones & Avery, 2002, Results
section).
Image on the website
The image of the wasp (Wasps, hornets, and Wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets [Image] (n.d.) Retrieved November 28,
2005, from http://www.laters.com/
yellowjackets, n. d.)
Web page
Include the author if available, the name of the Technical specifications (iPhone). [n.d.] Retrieved November, 2007, from
webpage, a retrieval date and the full URL. If the
Apple: http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html
Electronic Media
In-Text Example
Web page
Include the author if available, the name of the Technical specifications (iPhone). [n.d.] Retrieved November, 2007, from
webpage, a retrieval date and the full URL. If the
Apple: http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html
author is not identified then start the reference
with the document title. If the web page is part of
a section in a website then identify the There is no full stop after the URL.
website/organisation and the relevant section.
Precede the URL with a colon only if you identify
the website.
(Technical specifications, n.d.)
Wiki
Similar to webpages
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements
in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates
[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Non-periodical
Based on Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Helathy Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on
(Multipage
document Community
Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal?
created
by
private
You
do!
Retrieved
October
5,
2000,
from
organisation, no date.)
http://www.familymealtime.org
Chapter or sections in an Benton Foundation (1988, July 7) has proved
internet document
Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing
ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age
(Ch.
2).
Retrieved
August
18,
2001,
from
http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html
Electronic Media
In-Text Example
Smith, J. (2002). PFF 1198 Lecture notes. Retrieved March 14, 2002,
from Edith Cowan University, School of Nursing and Public Health
website: http://www.ecu.edu.au/fchs/sonph/units/pff1198.html
Aggregated
database Borman, et al. (1993, p. 400) found that
(e.g., ProQuest)
OR
(Borman, et al., 1993, p. 400)
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L.
A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor
performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved
October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.
Computer software
Commonly these items have no named author; in Computer literacy for nurses [Computer software]. (1985). Edwardsville,
such cases an abbreviated form of the title should be
Kansas: Medi-sim.
used in both in-text and end-text references. The endtext reference should be completed with a description
of the medium.
(Computer literacy for nurses, 1985)
A. B. Smith (personal communication, December 29, Office of Research and Development. (1995). ARC large grant guidelines.
2005)
Email December 2, 1995, from t.lampard@cowan.edu.au/Get
ARCLG95
(M. T. Browne, personal communication, November
15, 2004)
Electronic Media
In-Text Example
CD-ROM
Electronic Book
Conference
presentation/
proceedings
In-Text Example
Jones, D. A., Oran, E. S., & Sichel, M. (1992). Numerical simulation of the
resignation of detonation by reflected shocks. Proceedings of the
Fifth Australian Supercomputing Conference (pp. 15-24). Melbourne:
RMIT University.
Unpublished
presentation
(Jongeling, 1988)
Poster session
(Jones, 1993)
OR
According to Jones (1993)
Conference
presentation/
proceedings
In-Text Example
Unpublished
manuscript
Unpublished thesis
University Report
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
Please use block letters, and enter your name as it appears on your student card
Student name
Student ID
Sigit Pamungkas
04312104
Subject name
Lecturer
Cithr a Or isinilandar i,
M.A.
Due date
Final Essay
June 5, 2009
An assignment will not be accepted for assessment if the declaration appearing above has not been signed by
the author. If the assessment task involves group work, marks will be allocated only to students in the group
who have completed and submitted a copy of this form.
It is advised to retain a copy of your work until the original has been assessed and collected by you.
This assignment has been assessed and moderated in accordance with University Policy.
Assessors Name
Signature
Date
Cithr a Or isinilandar i, MA
June 7, 2009
Assessment Breakdown
Original Thought
30%
Content
40%
Evidence/
Research
20%
Quality of
Presentation
10%
30
32
18
8.5
88.75
Comments:
It is or iginal and somewhat inspir ing, however , you need to impr ove the
wr iting style for an academic envir onment.
The Content is good and compr ehensive, but it would be better if you could
elabor ate on each suppor ting element.
You have used the APA r efer encing guide ver y well. Excellent wor k!
An Essay
Written by
SIGIT PAMUNGKAS
Student Number: 04312104
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA
2008