TOPIC: -NANOTECHNOLOGY

AUTHORS:
Shradha.J.Kaktikar
6th Sem,
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering
K.L.S Gogte Institue of Technology, Belgaum
e-mail id:gitipsjk@yahoo.co.in

Trupti.P.Kokitkar
6th Sem
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering
K.L.S Gogte Institue of Technology,Belgaum
e-mail id:gitiptpk@yahoo.co.in
truptikokitkar@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT
Many words have been written about the dangers of advance
nanotechnology.Most of the threatening scenaries involve tiny manufacturing
systems that run amok,or are used to create destructive products.A
manufacturing infrastructure built aroud a centrally controlled,relatively large,self
contained manufacturing system would avoid these problems.A controlled nano
factory would pose no inherent danger, and it could be deployed and used
widely.Cheap clean,convenient on-site manufacturing would be possible without
the risks associated with uncontrolled nanotech fabrication or excessive
regulation.Control of the products could be administered by a central
authority,intellectual property rights could be respected.In addition,restricted
design software could allow unrestricted innovation while limiting the capabilities
of the final products.The proposed solution appears to preserve the benefits of
advanced nanotechnology while minimizing the most serious risks.

Nanotechnology
NanoFrom the Greek word for dwarf and means 10-9, or one billionth.
In this case it refers to 10-9 meters, or 1 nanometer (nm).
1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.
NanotechnologyManufacturing materials, devices and machines at the
nanometer, or atomic/molecular, scale
Most consider nanotechnology to be technology at sub-micron scale: 1-100s
of nanometers.
Exact definition of nanotechnology is not clear.
At SNF, we provide tools to do work at nanometer, micron, and up to mm
scales.
There are many different definitions of nanotechnology and there is a degree of
hype regarding it.
Whatever the exact definition, key features in this field are:
combining different sciences and technologies
enhanced or new properties

Why is Small Good?

Faster

Lighter

Can get into small spaces

Cheaper

More energy efficient

Different properties at very small scale

-Faster

Lighter

Can get into small spaces

Cheaper

More energy efficient

Different properties at very small scale

Examples of Nanotechnology Applications

-Supercomputer in your palm, perhaps made from silicon nanowires,

carbon nanotubes, or organic materials such as DNA

Very tiny motors, pumps, gyroscopes, and accelerometers; helicopters

the size of flies or smaller

Tiny bio- and chemical-sensors;

nanoparticles that track and destroy

cancer cells; artificial body parts and

implantable drug delivery systems

Nano-composite materials and embedded nano-particles for stain and

wrinkle resistant

clothes, for transparent zinc oxide sunscreen,

and for photo ink that never fades

Mite spinning on micromotor

Bugbot for traveling and taking

photos in human digestive system

Antleg strength and motimeasured

Worlds smallest mobile robot, with no

whells, gears or hinged joints on microsensor, for robot development

How do you build something so small?

Tools are needed to image, analyze, and manipulate very small features

Scanning Probe Microscopy, including the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) AFM
tip, used to manipulate,image and measure atomic scale feature

The Nanofactory
Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical fabrication units
Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale products
General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop format
Extremely advanced products with compact functionality
Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies of itself
Developing a Nanofactory
Three milestones:Basic molecular manufacturing:The precise formation of
molecular structures under direct mechanical control.
Exponential molecular manufacturing: The use of nanoscale molecular
manufacturing tools to build more of themselves, making it possible to produce
large quantities of product.Integrated molecular manufacturing: The integration of
tools into massively parallel structures, nanofactories, that can combine their
outputs into large products

Jolt to the System

The ability to build anything we can design, by manipulating molecules under

direct computer control, will be a jolt to the system.A transformative, disruptive,
discontinuous jolt to ecological, economic, political, and social systems on a
local, national, and global scale.
The most disruptive future changes may occur as a result of molecular
manufacturing, an advanced form of nanotechnology.
As for nanotechnologys transformative and disruptive impacts, were
on the roller coaster heading toward the big climb. Progress is occurring
every day, taking us closer, even if we dont notice the gradual incline. Soon,
however, the curve will sharpen and take us rapidly into a future

for which we may not be prepared. The Coming Nanotechnology Revolution

Not just new products a new means of production
Manufacturing systems that make more manufacturing systems exponential
proliferation
Accelerated product improvement cheap rapid prototyping
Affects all industries general-purpose technology
Inexpensive raw materials, potentially negligible capital cost economic
discontinuity
Portable, desktop-size factories social disruption
Impacts will cross borders global transformation
Much of the motivating force and technology for nanotechnology
came from integrated circuit industry

As with the fabrication of integrated circuits, nanotechnology is based

on building structures and systems at very small sizes
- to enhance performance and produce new properties and applications for many
types of systems (mechanical, biological, chemical, optical) in addition to
electronic

Gold nanoparticles, some coated with antibodies, that fluoresce and

heat up can track and destroy cancer cells
Why learn about nanotechnology in middle and high schools?

Important and challenging to study things on such a small scale.

Very multi-disciplinary (physics, chemistry, biology, mechanics,

electronics, materials, earth sciences). Critical for future of science.

Interests both genders.

Important societal and ethical issues.

Can motivate students to go into math, science, engineering.

Iron nanoparticles to

clean poisons from water

Carbon nanotube
transistor for computer
future chips
Bottom-up fabrication
Self-assembly of atoms and molecules (since top-down is very
difficult for manufacturing at nanoscale level).
Use of chemical and biological processes.
Current day examples: Growth of nanowires from vapor, using gold
nano-dot catalysts; Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) from solution.

Challenges of bottom-up fabrication

Getting the structures to always grow exactly how and where you want them to
Making complicated patternsFabricating robust structures
Some common strategies:
Use catalysts, stress fields, diffraction gratings to achieve selective growth in
specific locations
Use top-down processes in conjunction with bottom-up processes, and build on
silicon substrates

How do you build something so small?

Tools are needed to image, analyze, and manipulate very small features

Consumer Products of Nanotechnology

The future could hold more than just better tennis balls
Analysis of Molecular Manufacturing

Capabilities, benefits, and risks

Three Systems of Action
Different principles for different problems
Thirty Essential Studies
Unfortunately, more questions than answers NanoFora

Nanotechnology could be
Not just new products a new means of production
Manufacturing systems that make more manufacturing systems
exponential proliferation
Vastly accelerated product improvement cheap rapid prototyping
Affecting all industries and economic sectors

general-purpose

technology
Inexpensive raw materials, potentially negligible capital cost economic
discontinuity
Impacts crossing borders global transformation

Societal Implications
Rapid design, prototype, refinement
Local manufacturing from local materials
High-performance products
Self-contained, automated factories
Exponential manufacturing
Factories become as cheap as any product
Products become as cheap as raw materials
(as cheap to build, not necessarily to buy)
The challenges of nanotechnology will have to be addressed by a diverse
collection of people and organizations.
No single approach will solve all problems or address all needs.
Issues of multiple stakeholders and world regions (North-South) must be
represented. The only answer is a collective answer, and that will demand an
unprecedented collaboration of leaders in science, technology, business,

government, and NGOs. It will require participation from people of many nations,
cultures, languages, and belief systems.

Uses of nanotechnology in day today life:

Healthcare
Biotechnology
Automotive
Aerospace
Information and Communications Technologies
Food and Drink
Advanced Manufacturing
Advanced Materials
Energy
Security and Environmental
The melting point of gold decreases rapidly as the particle dimension reaches the
nanometer scale.

Melting point of gold as a function

of gold particle diameter
m.p. bulk

1000

500

10
15
Particle Diameter (nm)

20

CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology offers the ability to built large numbers of products that
are incredible powerful by todays standards.This possibility creates both
opportunity and risk.The problem of minimizing the risk are not simple,excessive
restriction creates black markets,whoich in this context implies unrestricted
nanofabrication.Selecting the proper level of restriction is likely to pose a difficult
challenge
Preventing a personal nanofactory from building and unapproved products
can be done using technologies already in used today.It appears that the
nanofactroy control structure can be made virtually unbreakable.Product
approval by contrast depends to some extent to human institutions.With a block
based design system,many products can be assessed degree of danger without
the need for human intervention;this reduces subjectivity and delay and allows
people to focus on the few truly risky design.
Naitonal security will demand limits on the weapons that can be produced

REFERENCES
www.iop.org/EJ/nano
www.nanotech-now.com/
www.foresight.org/
www.nanotechnology.com/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology