Abstract Book PDF

2nd International Conference of the
International Journal of Structural Integrity
Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

1 - 4 September, 2014
Committees
Chairmen
Pedro Moreira, INEGI/FEUP, Portugal (chairman)
Paulo Tavares, INEGI/FEUP, Portugal (co-chairman)
Organizing Committee
Chris Rodopoulos, Monash University, Australia, and IJSI editor-inchief
Joaquim Silva Gomes, University of Porto, Portugal
Mrio Vaz, University of Porto, Portugal
Paulo Tavares de Castro, University of Porto, Portugal
Srgio Tavares, INEGI, Portugal
Scientific Committee
D Angelova, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia,
Bulgaria
Charis Apostolopoulos, University of Patras, Greece
J N Bandyopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology, India
Leslie Banks-Sills, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
Simon Barter, DSTO, Australia
Claudio DalleDonne, EADS Deutschland GmbH, Germany
Paulo de Castro, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Bahram Farahmand, Technical Horizon Inc, USA
A Giannakopoulos, University of Thessaly, Greece
M M I Hammouda, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
Seung Ho Han, Dong-A University, South Korea
Peter Horst, Technische Universitt Carolo-Wilhelmina zu
Braunschweig, Germany
Y H Huh, KRISS, Korea
Madabhushi Janardhana, Directorate General Technical Airworthiness,
RAAF, Australia
Rhys Jones, Monash University, Australia
J P Komorowski, CNRC, Institute for Aerospace Research, Canada
Daniel Kujawski, Western Michigan University, USA
G Labeas, University of Patras, Greece
L Marsavina, Universitatea Politehnica Timirosa, Romania
A Navarro, University of Seville, Spain
Sp. Pantelakis, University of Patras, Greece
P Peyre, LALP/CNRS, France
A Pistek, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
B Purna Chandra Rao, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research
(IGCAR), India
Stephen Reed, Ministry of Defence, Defence Science and Technology
Laboratory, UK
R Ritchie, University of California, Berkley, USA

Hamid Saghizadeh, The Boeing Company, USA
W Soboyejo, Princeton University, USA
C Soutis, University of Sheffield, UK
Koji Takahashi, Yokohama National University, Japan
V Troshchenko, National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine
Jaime Tupiass Pinho de Castro, PUC-Rio, Brazil
L Wagner, Technische Universitt Clausthal, Germany
Geng Sheng Wang, FOI, The Swedish Defence Research Agency,
Sweden
Ali Yousefiani, The Boeing Company, USA
Published by:
INEGI Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica e Gesto Industrial
Front cover figures credits:
S M Tavares
Editor IJSI2014 book of abstracts: PMGP Moreira and PJS Tavares
ISBN: 978-972-8826-31-4
http://ijsi2014.inegi.up.pt
Sponsors
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management
EASN European Aeronautics Science Network
ESIS European Structural Integrity Society
EURASEM -.European Society of Experimental Mechanics
SPM Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais
Official Carrier TAP Portugal
Grupo ALAVA Ingenieros
Prudente & Tavares Consulting
Regional Government of Madeira
International Journal of Structural Integrity
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________
Contents
Committees .......................................................................................................... 2
Sponsors ............................................................................................................... 4
Contents ............................................................................................................... 6
Welcome from President of the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial
Management ...................................................................................................... 11
Welcome from Conference Chairs ....................................................................... 12
Conference Overview .......................................................................................... 13
Conference site ................................................................................................... 15
About Madeira .................................................................................................... 16
Meetings rooms .................................................................................................. 17
Plenery Invited Speakerss.................................................................................... 18
Prof. Peter Horst, ............................................................................................ 18
The significance of the interaction of stability and damage propagation in
metallic and composite panels ................................................................... 18
Prof. Daniel Kujawski ....................................................................................... 19
A Deviatoric Neubers Rule and SWT Parameter for Fatigue Analysis......... 19
Prof. Chris Rodopoulos .................................................................................... 21
Optimising Controlled Shot Peening Parameters for Optimum Fatigue Life21
Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska ........................................................................... 22
Full-field optical methods for measurements and monitoring of industrial
structures.................................................................................................... 22
Prof. Carmine Pappalettere ............................................................................. 24
Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic Structures ...... 24
Prof. Mrio Vaz ............................................................................................... 26
Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics.................................................... 26
IJSI2014 Program ................................................................................................ 28
Program Overview .......................................................................................... 28
Technical Program........................................................................................... 29
Abstracts ............................................................................................................. 40
Session 1 ............................................................................................................. 41
6
Friction Stir Weldbonding of Aluminum Joints ................................................. 42

The effect of welding direction in the fatigue life of aluminium fs welded lap
joints ............................................................................................................... 43
Mechanical Fracture Behaviour of Laser Beam-Welded AA2198 Butt-Joints and
Integral Structures........................................................................................... 44
Influence of the Kissing Bond Defect to the Fatigue Life in Friction Stir Welds of
2024 Aluminium Alloy ..................................................................................... 45
Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on defect formation in lap
joining by friction stir welding of very thin plates ............................................ 46
Shoulder Design Options for FSW Lap Joints of Plastic Sheets .......................... 47
Session 2A ........................................................................................................... 48
Combining nanocrystallisation processes with a subsequent thermomechanical
processing interfacial oxidation .................................................................... 49
Structure, electromagnetic wave absorption and mechanical behavior of
carbonaceous nanofillers modified polymer composites ................................. 50
Hydrogen influence on fatigue in a Cr-Mo steel ............................................... 52
Structure-property relationships of PC/ABS blend composites with nanoclay .. 54
Evaluation of nitriding process effects on cold worked AISI 304 and 316
austenitic stainless steels ................................................................................ 56
Session 2B ........................................................................................................... 57
Safety assessment of helmets for roller hockey goal keepers........................... 58
Mechanical Behavior Characterization of a Lumbar Vertebra; With or Without
Cement Reinforcement ................................................................................... 59
Structural integrity of a Maryland dental bridge .............................................. 61
Comparison of mechanical behaviour between two brands of extra oral force
modules .......................................................................................................... 63
The application of epoxy paint for improved aesthetics in partial dentures
frameworks ..................................................................................................... 65
Effect of impressions disinfection on the surface detail reproduction .............. 66
Session 3A ........................................................................................................... 67
Elasto-plastic analysis of structures using an Isogeometric formulation ........... 68
Practical Applications of the SIFCM ................................................................. 69
Multi-objective Fatigue Life Optimization using Tabu Genetic Algorithms ........ 70
Induction of Through-Thickness Compressive Residual Stress Fields in thin

Al2024-T351 Plates by Laser Shock Processing................................................. 72
Session 3B ........................................................................................................... 74
Structural Assessment of Fine-scale Structures Produced by Complex Metal
Forming Processing ......................................................................................... 75
Damage tolerance improvement of laser beam welded fuselage structures via
crenellations ................................................................................................... 76
Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints .................................. 77
Manufacturing and characterization of nanostructured Al-Si-Si3N4-C composites
for high-wear application ................................................................................ 79
Development of multi-layer fibrous composites for fire resistant and sound
insulating doors............................................................................................... 80
Session 4A ........................................................................................................... 81
Cold plasma treatment of polymeric matrix composites .................................. 82
Modification of metallic surfaces by duplex treatments involving severe shot
peening, pulsed electron beams and nitriding. ................................................ 84
A study on the effect of weld induced residual stresses and the influence of
weld sequencing of centrifugal extractor rotating bowl using numerical
simulation and experimental validation ........................................................... 86
Internal Expansive Reactions in Concrete Structures Deterioration of the
mechanical properties ..................................................................................... 88
A comparison between the deformation behaviour of dissimilar AA2024
T3/AA7050T7651 welds produced by Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding
and standard Friction Stir Welding .................................................................. 90
Session 4B ........................................................................................................... 91
Considerations on the choice of the drilled hole diameter in ESPI-HDM residual
stress measurements in Ti6Al4V ...................................................................... 92
Experiment Research and Application on Super-Retarding Mortar .................. 94
Characterization of orthotropic stiffness components of Pinus pinaster from
heterogeneous plate bending tests ................................................................. 95
Sloshing effect on the dynamic behavior of large capacity horizontal cylindrical
tank due to seismic excitation and it's qualification ......................................... 97
Fatigue cracks thermal patterns ...................................................................... 99
Session 5A ......................................................................................................... 100
Predicting the fatigue life of mechanical components using continuum damage
mechanics (cdm): application to a railway axle .............................................. 101
8
Dynamic models in stress wave dispersion filtering in the Hopkinson Pressure

Bar ................................................................................................................ 102
Sensitivity of Material Parameters on the Fatigue Crack Growth Calculations 103
Structural analysis of a cross car beam using finite element models .............. 105
Session 5B ......................................................................................................... 107
Evaluation of Semi-Ellipsoidal Wall Thinning on Back Surface of Plate by DirectCurrent Potential Difference Method ............................................................ 108
Internal residual stresses of tungsten-CFRP hybrid laminates ........................ 110
Dynamic parameters and dissipative capacity of a pultruded FRP spatial
structure ....................................................................................................... 112
Sloshing forces in a 3D liquid waste storage tank under harmonic wave
excitation ...................................................................................................... 113
Session 6A ......................................................................................................... 115
Application of the Strain-Based FAD to Failure Assessment of Surface Cracked
Components.................................................................................................. 116
Theoretical and experimental model for the analysis of a cardan cross.......... 118
Multiscale Simulation Strategy for Low-Velocity Impact on FRP ..................... 119
Structural Deformation Measurements by Image Block Matching Algorithms 121
Session 6B ......................................................................................................... 123
Evaluation of mixed-mode I+II fatigue crack propagation in steels assisted by
DIC ................................................................................................................ 124
Virtual Sensors for SHM using isogeometric piezoelectric finite elements ...... 125
On Monitoring of Mechanical Characteristics of Hot Rolled S355J2 Steel ....... 126
The use of optical scanning methods for testing of thin oxide films deposited on
rough steel substrates ................................................................................... 128
Session 7 ........................................................................................................... 129
System for Fuel Elements Inspection of Nuclear Research Reactor by the Sipping
Method ......................................................................................................... 130
Remote monitoring of an elevated water reservoir using optical fiber
technology .................................................................................................... 132
Thermal Fatigue Behaviour of Polyamides used in Intercoolers ..................... 134
Long term monitoring of a high-speed railway bridge: thermal behaviour ..... 135
Session 8A ......................................................................................................... 137
Keying Effect During Fracture of Stainless Steel ............................................. 138
9
Non-destructive methodology based on magnetic flux density measurement, in

the reversibility domain region, to follow stainless steel embrittement ......... 139
Analysis of the magnetic field integrity of electric machine and construction
structure ....................................................................................................... 141
SIF determination with Digital Image Correlation .......................................... 142
Session 8B ......................................................................................................... 143
Characterization of nickel alloy 600 with ultra-fine structure processed by
severe plastic deformation technique (dpi) ................................................... 144
The effect of size, amount and surface treatment of micro particles of cork on
the toughness of a brittle epoxy .................................................................... 145
Corrosion performance of corrugated stainless steels in mortar partially
immersed in chloride solution for 8 years ...................................................... 147
Fatigue damage evolution and life prediction for metastable austenitic steels
under consideration of martensite phase transformation .............................. 149
Biodegradable composite thermoplastics used in interior parts of aerospace
and automobile products .............................................................................. 150
Session 9A ......................................................................................................... 152
Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement Automation .......................................... 153
Contactless defect detection using two emerging Optical Methods for NDT of
composite structures - Thermography and Shearography .............................. 155
Novel Non-Destructive Testing techniques for structural integrity ................. 157
Structural monitoring of wind turbine blades ................................................ 158
Session 9B ......................................................................................................... 159
Fire resistant coatings for polymeric matrix composites ................................ 160
Evaluation of Advanced Materials in Aircraft Structure .................................. 162
Electromagnetic shielding enclosure built on metallic lightweight structure for
aerospace EMI protection applications - Experimental tests and numerical
simulation - ................................................................................................... 163
Influence of Titanium, Niobium and Aluminium addition on microstructure and
mechanical properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel welds .................................. 164
Designing and optimization of new composite pallet ..................................... 165
Index................................................................................................................. 167
10
Welcome from President of the Institute of

Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management
Jorge Seabra
Dear Participants in the IJSI-2014 International Conference,
As President of INEGI, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you to the 2nd
Conference of the International Journal of Structural Integrity.
INEGI pledged its commitment to the subject of this conference several years ago,
and has been doing research work in the area that has not gone unnoticed. As an
interface institute between the University and the Industry, we are bound by the
numerous practical issues on the subject brought to our attention by the companies
we partner, the projects we embrace or the discoveries of our scholars and research
teams. Structural Integrity issues arise naturally on real-life parts, and those are
precisely the sort of subjects our industrial partners make a living of, and therefore
we either study or analyse as part of our daily work.
I wish you all a fruitfull meeting and may the consequences of this conference fuel
important work for new researchers and results for the industry and the Society at
large.
Warm regards,
Jorge Seabra
11
Welcome from Conference Chairs

Pedro M G P Moreira and Paulo J da Silva Tavares
Dear delegates of the IJSI-2014,
As chairs of the organizing committee of the 2nd Conference of the International
Journal of Structural Integrity, it is with great honour and a touch of unconcealed
excitement that we welcome you to Funchal.
Structural Integrity research has gone through an impressive leap in recent years.
An Emerald journal and a set of conferences fully dedicated to the topic are really
a testimony to both the relevance and increasing level of activity of researchers and
professionals alike.
In organizing this important conference in Funchal, the organizing committee
targeted two very clear objectives that can be summed up as the attempt to create
a lively and fruitful conference environment on one of the most pleasing places in
Portugal. We therefore hope we have, in a simple, humble fashion, contributed to
the advance of the discussion by bringing it to an inspiring and informal
environment where researchers from across the globe are able to convey their
views and vividly confront different perspectives, somehow shining the light from
knowledge where darkness and divergence are customary.
We hope you all are able to seize the day and contribute to this ideal, while
enjoying the little pleasures of Funchal and Madeira, that can't be found
anywhere else on Earth.
Our politesse formula could therefore be no other than,
True wishes of fruitful discussions,
Pedro Moreira and Paulo Tavares
12
Conference Overview
The International Journal of Structural Integrity IJSI was
launched in 2010 and is published in partnership with the
European Aeronautics Science Network EASN. The IJSI aims
at a broad coverage of structural integrity issues, including
material characterizations from the fracture and fatigue points to
view, numerical modelling of those phenomena in materials and
real structures, failure analysis methodologies and structural
integrity evaluation criteria. The journal provides a forum for the
key players in this broad area of science and technology, as
universities, research institutes, manufacturing industry,
legislative bodies and government agencies, SMEs, consultancy
and maintenance companies.
The 2nd International Conference sponsored by the journal, will
take place in place in Funchal/Madeira, Portugal on 1 4
September, 2014.
The conference aims at being a forum for discussion of current
trends of research in structural integrity, in aeronautics and
space, but also in other sectors of engineering where structural
integrity is a key concern.
Aim and Topics
The conference topics are aligned with the IJSI coverage, and
include but are not limited to:
Advances in Fracture Analysis
Coating Technology and Structural Performance
Design and Structural Assessment of Metallic and

Composite Structures
Durability of Electronic Materials
Durability of Metallic and Composite Structures
Environmental Effects and Structural Performance
Evaluation of Joining Technologies
Examination of Computational Codes for Stress Analysis

and Damage Tolerance
Nanomechanics and nanomaterials

13
Non-destructive testing
Probabilistic Approach to Damage Tolerance
Repair Technologies
Scale Effects
Structural Ageing
Structural Health Monitoring
Structural Integrity
Structural Integrity in Nuclear Power Plants
Structural Integrity of Bridges
Structural Performance Evaluation of Metals, Composites,

Hybrids and Polymers
Surface Engineering and Structural Performance
14
Conference site
The conference will be held in the beautiful city of Funchal in
Madeira (Portugal), at the Hotel Pestana Casino Park, which is
very convenient and well equipped for conferences in terms of
facilities, transportation and proximity to other hotels.
The Municipality of Funchal extends over a large hill, arranged in

an amphitheater, from the coast up to Pico do Areeiro, situated
at 1818m above sea level. The human occupation of the land over
time was conditioned by the steep slopes. According to the 2011
census, the municipality of Funchal has 111 892 inhabitants,
spread over 10 parishes.
Its one of the regions oldest municipalities and Funchal became
a city in 1508 by Royal Charter under D. Manuel I, and has
always done well due to its strong economic, social and cultural
potential.
The city of Funchal has many leisure activities on offer, you can
visit the magnificent monuments, museums and gardens, shop,
explore its pretty Portuguese-style cobbled streets or simply
have a pleasant time sitting on a terrace. Dont miss the chance
to visit the citys old town, a picturesque historic centre thats
lively and full of colour. There, along with the various traditional
bars and restaurants, youll find the Open Arts Trail project.
Unveil more of this municipalitys mysteries at www.cmfunchal.pt
15
About Madeira
Madeira island is 310 miles from the African coast and 620 miles
from the European continent, which is the equivalent of a 1 hour
30 minutes flight from Lisbon.
The Madeira Archipelago, discovered by the Portuguese in 1418,
is made up of the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo and the
uninhabited islands of Selvagens and Desertas. It is situated
between latitude 322220 and 33750 with its longitude
between 161630W and 171638W.
The island of Madeira has a surface area of 459 square miles (741
km2), (35 miles long and 13 miles wide).
These islands, because of their privileged geographical position
and mountainous relief, have a surprisingly mild climate.
Very mild average temperatures, 25C in the summer and 17C
in the winter, and a moderate level of humidity, confer upon
these islands exceptional subtropical features.
The seawater temperature is also very mild, because of the
influence of the warm Gulf current, presenting averages of 22C
in the summer and 18 in the winter.
16
Meetings rooms
Room Lisboa: Lisboa (main), Floor GF
Room Berlinerlin: Berlin, 1st floor
Conference
location
17
Plenery Invited Speakerss

Prof. Peter Horst,
Technische Universitt Braunschweig
Germany
The significance of the interaction of stability and damage

propagation in metallic and composite panels
Abstract
In general two main types of criteria are essential for the sizing of
aircraft structural panels, namely stability and damage tolerance. The
way these criteria act and interact is very different for metallic and
composite building blocks. While interaction of both types of criteria is
relatively clear for composite parts, this is normally not the case for
metallic ones. What is common for both is the fact that if an interaction
occurs, the impact is essential.
This subject is discussed for both cases and some conclusions are drawn.
------------------------------------------------
Peter Horst has a degree in Oceanography from Hamburg University and

Mechanical Eng., special field of Aeronautics, from Technische Universitt
Braunschweig. Dr. Horst received his PhD diploma in Mechanical Eng. in 1990
from TU Braunschweig. He worked as research assistant in this University from
1984 to 1990 and Head of Structure, Repair and Engineering in Airbus
Deutschland from 1990 to 1998. He currently holds a teaching position in
Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures and heads the Institute of Aircraft
Design and Lightweight Structures, at Technische Universitt Braunschweig.
18
Prof. Daniel Kujawski

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Western Michigan
University
USA
A Deviatoric Neubers Rule and SWT Parameter for Fatigue

Analysis
Abstract
Neubers rule and Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) parameter are the most
widely used approaches in fatigue analyses of notches and mean stress
effects on fatigue life, respectively. It is well known that Neubers rule
usually overestimates the notch-root strains, in particular for thick
components or circumferentially grooved shafts under axial tension. On
the other hand, the SWT parameter might be non-conservative for loads
that involve relatively large compressive mean stresses. Such large
compressive mean stresses can develop in notches after overloads.
In this paper, a deviatoric formulation of Neubers rule and SWT
parameter are presented. The Neubers rule is discussed from an energy
point of view in terms of the total energy, strain energy, and deviatoric
energy densities. The deviatoric formulation of Neubers rule results in
elastic-plastic notch-root strains, which correlate fairly well with
published experimental and FEA data. They are upper-bounded by the
traditional Neubers rule and lower-bounded by the equivalent strain
energy density method of Molski and Glinka. The deviatoric Neubers
rule has a consistent formulation independent of loading mode such as
axial, shear, or multiaxial. Based on an energy interpretation of the
SWT parameter and its analogy with the Neubers rule a deviatoric
formulation of the SWT parameter called SWTD is discussed. For
positive mean stresses and moderate negative mean stresses the
traditional SWT parameter and the deviatoric SWTD parameter yields
similar results. On the other hand, for large compressive mean stresses
with a stress ratio R < - 2, the proposed SWTD parameter demonstrates
a fairly good correlation while the original SWT parameter results in
wide scatter. It can be noted that both deviatoric formulations of
Neubers rule and the SWTD parameter do not involve or require any
adjustable constants or fitting parameters.
Also, a novel graphical method for analyses of notches and fatigue life
predictions will be demonstrated. This interactive, self-explained fatigue
analysis tool provides rapid practical results, allows their comparisons,
and facilitates a decision process in seeking a sound solution.
19
------------------------------------------------
Daniel Kujawski was educated at Warsaw University of Technology in Poland in

area of Precision Engineering. In 1978 he received Ph.D. degree in Solid
Mechanics at Polish Academy of Sciences. He has conducted research in Poland,
USA, France and Canada. In 1996 joined the faculty in Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering at Western Michigan University and became Professor in
2003. Prof. Kujawski is recognized for his research in the fields of inelastic
material behavior, fatigue crack growth, stress analysis at notches, and fatigue
life prediction. Author and co-author of more than 140 research contributions,
two books, and four patents. He is a member of the editorial boards of several
international journals. He teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in
the mechanical behavior of engineering materials, fatigue and fracture.
20
Prof. Chris Rodopoulos

Centre of Expertise in Structural Mechanics, Monash University,
Melbourne, Clayton 5800
Australia
Optimising Controlled Shot Peening Parameters for Optimum

Fatigue Life
Abstract
For over 50 years controlled shot peening (CSP) parameters have been
selected on the basis of maximising the depth of residual stresses
independently of their profile, induced cold work, exerted surface
roughness and ductility exhaustion of the near surface. Despite the fact
that relaxation, both in terms of residual stress profile and magnitude is
heavily influenced by the far field stress, manufacturing has repeatedly
failed to engage it in the optimisation process. Similarly, failure of
acknowledging the natural tendency of FCC materials towards short
cracking has led to irrational selection of CSP parameters.
In this work the steps required towards optimising CSP parameters for
over 140 different alloys along with their testing verification is
presented.
------------------------------------------------
Chris Rodopoulos was born in Athens, Greece in 1967. In 1991 he received his
Dipl.-Eng. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Patras. In 1992 he
received an MSc in Advanced Materials from Nottingham University. In 1996
he completed his PhD from the University of Sheffield. His research interests
are focused on Surface Engineering Treatments, Fatigue Damage Tolerance
Analysis, Theoretical Stress Analysis and Thermomechanical Fatigue of Metal
Matrix Composites. He is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of
Structural Integrity, and the author of more than 120 papers and four books.
Since 2002 he has led the Interest Group Surface Engineering Treatments with
the European Aeronautics Science Network. He is a member of several
professional organizations, including ASME, AIAA, ESIS and IMechE. During
his career so far he has received 5 awards for research papers. He has strong
collaborations with a number of key research institutes and industrial bodies
including, EADS, Airbus UK, Boeing, Rolls-Royce, Hyundai, NRC-CNRC,
NASA Langley, Applied Ultrasonics, Metal Improvement Company, CLFA,
DLR, NLR, SIKA, Penetron, LAGARGE, etc.
21
Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska

Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of
Technology
Poland
Full-field optical methods for measurements and monitoring of

industrial structures
Abstract
Structural integrity defined as a performance characteristic applied to a
component or a structure is most often provided by a combination of
experimental and numerical studies of an object. The excellent source of
experimental data are optical full-field methods, which deliver
displacement and strain measurements with different sensitivities,
measurement ranges, spatial and temporal resolutions, complexity of
measurement systems and capability to use them in laboratory or
outdoor environments. The optical methods include coherent
(holographic and speckle interferometry, grating interferometry) and
noncoherent image-based methods (moire fringe methods, structured
light methods, digital image correlation, thermovision). However in the
case of engineering structures and the tests performed outside
laboratory, in difficult outdoor conditions noncoherent image based
methods are most often applied. It is mainly due to relatively easy
measurement procedures, less expensive hardware configurations and
big measurement range of investigated quantities.
In the paper the concept of hierarchical and multimodal measurement
system based on an enhanced 3D digital image correlation (DIC)
method supported by thermovision, laser scanning and structured light
methods is described. The most important enhancement is the method
for automatic merging of data distributed in time which allows for long
term monitoring without the necessity to maintain DIC system in
permanent position. Also the correlation between thermal load and 3D
deformations or strains is introduced in the system and the method
allowing for efficient experimental data interaction with FEM modeling
or FEM model validation is described.
Several applications of the optical methods in the structural integrity
analysis are presented and discussed. These include applications in heatand-power generating industry (measurements of district heating
pipelines, expansion bellows, drums), building industry (studies of steel
struts and diaphragm walls, halls constructed with metal plate archs,
steel trusses, field containers e.g. for biomass) and in studies of highly
responsible composite structures (e.g. tanks for fluid hydrogen and
canvas paintings).
22
Finally the perspectives of wide implementation of full-field optical

measurement methods in standard structural integrity analysis are
discussed.
Acknowledgements
The financial support from the EU Structural Funds in Poland, within the
project Health Monitoring and Lifetime Assessment of Structures MONIT
POIG.0 101.0 2-00-013/0 8-00 and from the National Centre for Research and
Development in Poland, within the project number 513 G 1143 2740 000 are
gratefully acknowledged.
------------------------------------------------
Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska PhD DSc., SPIE Fellow, recipient of SPIE Optical
Metrology Award 2013, Professor of applied optics at Warsaw University of
Technology, head of Optical Engineering Division at Institute of Micromechanics
and Photonics, recognized expert on full-field optical metrology and sensing,
image processing and hybrid experimental-numerical methods in experimental
mechanics, material engineering, reverse engineering and multimedia. Author
and co-author of more than 200 papers in recognized scientific journals, one
monograph and several book chapters. Leader of 8 European Projects and
numerous national research and industrial projects. devoted to optical metrology
and development of innovative measurement systems based on interferometric
and noncoherent methods.
M. Kujawinska is the Past President of SPIE the International Society of
Optical Engineering (2005) and recently is the Vice-President of European
Technology Platform Photonics21.
23
Prof. Carmine Pappalettere

Politecnico di Bari, Dip. di Meccanica, Matematica e
Management, Bari
Italy
Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic

Structures
Abstract
The increasing use of titanium alloys in different industrial applications
in chemical, aerospace, naval and biomedical engineering is motivated
by the special properties of this material. Applications of titanium alloys
are very suited for naval constructions where resistance to corrosion is
the most important issue to be considered in the material's selection,
aerospace structures where the main target is to achieve high specific
strength, and orthopedic prosthetic treatments where biocompatibility
between implants and human tissues is mandatory.
In aeronautical industry, the current trend is to explore the possibility
of broadening the field of application of titanium alloys trying to
improve the use of this homogeneous and isotropic metallic material in
place of low-weight composite materials. This is justified in most part by
the high specific strength of titanium alloys. Furthermore, composite
structures are not very easy to be inspected and their mechanical
behavior in the nonlinear regime may be extremely sensitive to the
layup chosen in the design phase.
Welding of titanium alloys is still considered a fairly uncommon process
because industrial applications of these materials cover only the above
mentioned niches where the unique properties of titanium and its alloys
represent the best option in terms of minimizing the lifetime cost of the
structure yet meeting stringent requirements on structural integrity and
safety. However, whilst high quality welded components without
inclusions and distortions and with a mild notch at the weld toe can be
obtained through appropriate selection of welding process parameters, it
should be considered that the weld cord is anyhow a geometric
discontinuity in the structure, which modifies stress distribution.
Furthermore, residual stresses are an unavoidable consequence of the
thermal welding cycle.
Fatigue strength and residual stress level of welded joints are the most
important information needed in aerospace applications of titanium
alloys. Data available in literature are still not sufficient to make design
procedures general and reliable. For this reason, in order to investigate
the mechanical behavior of titanium welded joints and to build a
technical database useful to designers, this work presents some results
recently obtained on joints welded by using different techniques (laser,
hybrid, friction, electron beam).
24
Experimental results of fatigue tests are discussed in terms of both

curves determined experimentally are then compared with fatigue
design curves reported in a recent AWS standard that was specifically
released for titanium welded joints.
Residual stresses are measured by means of the hole drilling method
and/or Xray diffractometer and then correlated with mechanical
response of welded components and microstructure modifications.
In addition to experimental tests, very detailed finite element analyses
are carried out.
------------------------------------------------
Carmine Pappalettere, born in 1949, is since 1990 full professor of Mechanical

Engineering and Experimental Mechanics at Politecnico di Bari (University
Technical School of Engineering and Architecture), Italy. He specialized in
stress/strain analysis of structures with both experimental techniques (Strain
Gages, Photoelasticity, Moir, Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, Atomic
Force Microscopy, etc) and numerical methods (Finite and Boundary Element
Methods, Non-linear and Non-Convex Problems, Optimization-based Inverse
Analysis, etc). Welded joints, stress concentrations, biomechanical problems are
particular aspects of the above mentioned topics together with the
methodological improvement of experimental techniques for stress analysis and
mechanical characterization of engineering materials and biomaterials. In his
research activity, Prof. Pappalettere has published more than 300 papers in
international journals, edited books and conferences proceedings (100 in
Italian)..
25
Prof. Mrio Vaz

Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto
Portugal
Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics

Abstract
The main goal of Biomechanics is the study of the structure and
function of biological systems such as humans, animals, plants, organs,
and cells by using the methods of Mechanics. The characterization of
human locomotion is one of the central issues for its multiple
implications, occupational, leisure, sports and rehabilitation. For this
purpose systems that allow obtaining the forces and displacements
associated with lower limb during gait were built. Platform forces,
ergometers and systems for 3d recording of the movement, based on
multiple images or using inertial devices are currently used in
biomechanics laboratories. Thus a quantitative evaluation of the various
parameters of gait is possible, as is the use of this information in
postoperative rehabilitation in case of injuries or accidents.
On the other hand it is also possible to provide prostheses and orthoses
with systems and sensors to enable register forces and displacements of
interest to outpatient treatments in orthopedics and physiotherapy. The
experience gained over the past two decades with the application of
experimental mechanics techniques in Biomechanics identified a set
cross multidisciplinary needs which LABIOMEP Laboratory of
Biomechanics of University of Porto can provide answers. Ongoing
works to reduce the risk of injury in the diabetic foot and in the
optimization of the mobility of patients operated on the legs can lead to
results with application in gait of elderly people and in minimizing the
risk of falls.
26
Figure 1 - Sensor for 2D shear force assessment in the plantar region of patients
with diabetic neuropathy, (Patent pending).
------------------------------------------------
Mario Vaz joined the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto teaching
staff in 1985. Throughout his professional life took part in several research
projects in the area of inspection of structures and characterization of its
behavior under load, as well as in developing methods of inspection based on the
use of laser radiation. He was also involved in several projects of technology
transfer and expertise in various accidents involving structures. Currently his
main research interest are focused on Solid Mechanics, Holographic
interferometry, NDT of Composites, Dynamic of Materials, Biomechanics,
Experimental Mechanics, Image Processing.
27
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity________________________________________
IJSI2014 Program
Program Overview
28
Technical Program
August 07th, 2014
MONDAY, 1 September 2014
MON, 09:00 - 09:30
OPENING SESSION
Room Lisboa
Welcome to Participants
(Conference Co-Chairs)
Welcome Address
Vice-President of Regional Government
MONDAY, 24 JUNE 2013
MON, 09:30 - 10:15
PLENARY LECTURE I
Room Lisboa
Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic Structures
Professor Carmine Pappalettere
(Politecnico di Bari, Italy)
Chair: Dr. Pedro Moreira (INEGI, Portugal)
MON, 10:15 - 11:00

PLENARY LECTURE II
Room Lisboa
Full-field optical methods for measurements and monitoring of industrial structures
Professor Malgorzata Kujawinska
(Warsaw University of Technology, Poland)
Chair: Prof. Mrio Vaz (FEUP, Portugal)
MON, 11:00 - 11:30
COFFEE-BREAK
29
Lounge
MON, 11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Srgio Tavares
Ref:
#132
#136
#112
#117
#129
#190
MON, 13:00 - 14:15
Session 1
Title and Author (s)

Friction Stir Weldbonding of Aluminum Joints
Daniel F. O. Braga, Ana C. F. Silva, Lucas F.M. da Silva, P. M. G.
P. Moreira
The effect of welding direction in the fatigue life of aluminium
FS welded lap joints
F. F. Duarte, V. Infante, P.M.G. Moreira, M. de Freitas,
P.M.S.T. de Castro
Mechanical Fracture Behaviour of Laser Beam-Welded
AA2198 Butt-Joints and Integral Structures
N. Kashaev, A. Carvalho, M. Nurgaliev, S. Riekehr, N. D.
Alexopoulos, A. Karanika
Influence of the Kissing Bond Defect to the Fatigue Life in
Friction Stir Welds of 2024 Aluminium Alloy
Roman Rek, Martin Kadlec, Lucie Novkov
Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on defect
formation in lap joining by friction stir welding of very thin
plates
C. Leito, M.I. Costa, D.M. Rodrigues
Shoulder design options on lap joined FSW plastics
Shayan Eslami, Paulo J Tavares, P M G P Moreira
LUNCH
30
Room Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
link
Restaurant
MON
Session 2A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Jaime Monteiro
Ref:
#102
Combining nanocrystallisation processes
with a subsequent thermomechanical
processing interfacial oxidation
Michal Krzyzanowski ,Szymon Bajda, W.
Mark Rainforth
#122
Structure, electromagnetic wave
absorption and mechanical behavior of
carbonaceous nanofillers modified
polymer composites
R. Merijs Meri, J. Zicans, T. Ivanova, J.
Bitenieks, P. Kuzhir, S. Maksimenko
#123
Hydrogen influence on fatigue in a Cr-Mo
steel
Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova,
Svetla Yankova, Ralitsa Pavlova
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
MON
Room
Berlin
TOPIC: Bio-Mechanics
Chair: Jos Xavier
Ref:
#147
Safety characterization of helmets for
roller hockey goal keepers
M. A. P. Vaz, Nuno V. Ramos
Page:
link
link
#148
Mechanical Behavior Characterization of

a Lumbar Vertebra; With or Without
Cement Reinforcement
Cludia Carneiro, Nuno Neves, Nuno
Viriato, Mrio Vaz
link
link
#185
Structural integrity of a Maryland dental

bridge
Ivo Lopes, Andr Correia, Nuno Viriato
Ramos, Mrio Vaz, JC Reis Campos, Pedro
Couto Viana
Comparison of mechanical behaviour
between two brands of extra oral force
modules
LB Cavalcanti, MJ Ponces, MP Vaz, VC
Pinto, MA Sampaio-Fernandes, JCR
Campos
The application of epoxy paint for
improved aesthetics in partial dentures
frameworks
Francisco Gis, Bruno Henriques, Pedro
Gomes, Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes,
Maria Helena Figueiral, Maria Helena
Fernandes, Filipe Silva, Joo SampaioFernandes
Effect of impressions disinfection on the
surface detail reproduction
M Portela, P Fonseca, M SampaioFernandes, Francisco Gis, MH Figueiral
link
#126
Structure-property relationships of
PC/ABS blend composites with nanoclay
J. Zicans, R. Merijs Meri, R. Berzina, R.
Maksimov, V. Kalkis
link
#186
#152
Evaluation of nitriding process effects on

cold worked AISI 304 and 316 austenitic
stainless steels
W. A. Monteiro, S. A. L. Pereira, J.
Vatavuk
link
#187
#191
MON, 15:30 - 16:00
Session 2B
14:15-15:30
COFFEE-BREAK
31
link
link
link
Lounge
MON
Session 3A
16:00-17:15
Room
Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Virginia Infante
Ref:
#103
Elasto-plastic analysis of structures using
an Isogeometric formulation
J. Ferreira, M. Seabra, M. Parente, R.
Natal
link
Practical Applications of the SIFCM

Aaron Warren
link
#124
Multi-objective Fatigue Life Optimization

using Tabu Genetic Algorithms
Kim C. Long, William S. Duff, John W.
Labadie, Mitchell J. Stansloski, Walajabad
S. Sampath, Edwin K.P. Chong
Induction of Through-Thickness
Compressive Residual Stress Fields in thin
Al2024-T351 Plates by Laser Shock
Processing
J.L. Ocaa, C. Correa, J.A. Porro, M. Daz,
L. Ruiz de Lara, D. Peral
link
Mon, 18:30 - 19:30
Session 3B
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Mario Vaz
Ref:
#101
Structural Assessment of Fine-scale
Structures Produced by Complex Metal
Forming Processing
Janusz Majta, Marcin Kwiecien, Krzysztof
Muszka, Paulina Graca
#105
Damage tolerance improvement of laser
beam welded fuselage structures via
crenellations
J. Lu, N. Kashaev, N. Huber
#138
Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stir
Welded Butt Joints
Ana C.F. Silva, Daniel F.O. Braga,
Frederico Silva Gomes, M.A.V. de
Figueiredo, P.M.G.P. Moreira
#141
Manufacturing and characterization of
nanostructured Al-Si-Si3N4-C composites
for high-wear application
Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer, Jerzy Myalski,
Daniel Michalik, Tomasz Pawlik, Nathalie
Valle, Agnieszka Boto-Probierz
#143
Development of multi-layer fibrous
composites for fire resistant and sound
insulating doors
Fernando Cunha, Carlos Mota, Raul
Fangueiro, Manuel Ferreira, Nelson Silva
Page:
#104
#182
MON
link
WELCOME RECEPTION
COCKTAIL RECEPTION
by courtesy of IVBAM
Institute of Madeira Wine
32
IVBAM
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
TUESDAY, 2 September 2014

TUE, 09:30 - 10:15
PLENARY LECTURE III
Room Lisboa
A Deviatoric Neubers Rule and SWT Parameter for Fatigue Analysis
Professor Daniel Kujawski
(Western Michigan University, USA)
Chair: Dr. Paulo Tavares (INEGI, Portugal)
TUE, 10:15 - 11:00

PLENARY LECTURE IV
Room Lisboa
The significance of the interaction of stability and damage propagation in metallic and composite panels
Professor Peter Horst
(Technische Universitt Braunschweig, Germany)
Chair: Prof. Chris Rodopoulos (Monash Univ, Australia)
TUE, 11:00 - 11:30
COFFEE-BREAK
33
Lounge
TUE
Session 4A
11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Peter Horst
Ref:
#171
Cold plasma treatment of polymeric
matrix composites
F. Velasco, A. Bautista, S. Guzmn, M.
Pantoja
#173
#174
#128
#189
Room
Lisboa
link
link
A comparison between the deformation

behaviour of dissimilar AA2024
T3/AA7050T7651 welds produced by
Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding
and standard Friction Stir Welding
A. Barbini, J. Carstensen, J.F. dos Santos
Session 4B
11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Malgorzata Kujawinska
Ref: Title and Author (s)
#184 Considerations on the choice of the
drilled hole diameter in ESPI-HDM
residual stress measurements in Ti6Al4V
C. Barile, C. Casavola, G. Pappalettera, C.
Pappalettere
#188 Experiment Research and Application on
Super-Retarding Mortar
Xin Feng, Xianyan Zhou
Page:
Modification of metallic surfaces by

duplex treatments involving severe shot
peening, pulsed electron beams and
nitriding
T. Grosdidier, Y. Samih, B. Beaussir, T.
Czerwiec, S.Z. Hao, C. Dong
A study on the effect of weld induced
residual stresses and the influence of weld
sequencing of centrifugal extractor
rotating bowl using numerical simulation
and experimental validation
Satish Kumar Velaga, Gaurav Rajput, T.
Selvaraj, B.M. Anandarao, A. Ravisankar
Internal Expansive Reactions in Concrete
Structures Deterioration of the
mechanical properties
Joo Custdio, Antnio Bettencourt
Ribeiro
TUE, 13:00 - 14:15
TUE
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
#135
Characterization of orthotropic stiffness

components of Pinus pinaster from
heterogeneous plate bending tests
W. Cruz, J. Xavier, F. Pierron, J. Morais
link
link
#172
link
link
#180
Sloshing effect on the dynamic behavior

of large capacity horizontal cylindrical
tank due to seismic excitation and it's
qualification
Sanatana Maharana, Sunil Kumar Gupta,
T.Selvaraj, B.M.Ananda Rao,
A.Ravisankar
Fatigue cracks thermal patterns
Antnio silva, Pedro Moreira, Mrio Vaz,
Joaquim Gabriel
LUNCH
34
Restaurant
link
TUE
Session 5A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Carmine Pappalettere
Ref:
#142
Predicting the fatigue life of mechanical
components using continuum damage
mechanics (CDM): application to a railway
axle
Zoser Kalengayi T., Juan Carlos P., Cristina
Castejn S., Mara Jess G
#145
Dynamic models in stress wave dispersion
filtering in the Hopkinson Pressure Bar
Francisco Q de Melo, Mario A P Vaz, Jaime
M. Monteiro
Room
Lisboa
TUE
Room
Berlin
link
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Daniel Kujawski
Ref: Title and Author (s)
#176 Evaluation of Semi-Ellipsoidal Wall
Thinning on Back Surface of Plate by
Direct-Current Potential Difference
Method
Naoya Tada, Manabu Nohara
link
#113
Page:
#146
Sensitivity of Material Parameters on the

Fatigue Crack Growth Calculations
S.M.O. Tavares, P.M.S.T. de Castro
link
#130
#159
Structural analysis of a cross car beam

using finite element models
Andr Pinto, S.M.O. Tavares, J. M. A.
Csar de S, P.M.S.T. de Castro
link
#181
TUE, 15:30- 16:00
Session 5B
14:15-15:30
COFFEE-BREAK
35
Internal residual stresses of tungstenCFRP hybrid laminates

M. Kanerva, E. Sarlin, M. Wallin, M.
Laulajainen
T. Brander, O. Saarela
Dynamic parameters and dissipative
capacity of a pultruded FRP spatial
structure
Giosu Boscato, Salvatore Russo
Sloshing forces in a 3D liquid waste
storage tank under harmonic wave
excitation
V.S. Sanapala, T. Selvaraj, B. M. Ananda
Rao, A. Ravisankar, K.Velusamy, B.S.V.
Prasad Patnaik
Lounge
Page:
link
link
link
link
TUE
Session 6A
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Models
Ref:
#163
Application of the Strain-Based FAD to
Failure Assessment of Surface Cracked
Components
Igor Varfolomeev, Michael Windisch,
Gerben Sinnema
#164
Theoretical and experimental model for
the analysis of a cardan cross
Eugen Avrigean
#165
#115
Multiscale Simulation Strategy for LowVelocity Impact on FRP

C. S. Lopes, F. Naya, C. Gonzlez, P.P.
Camanho
Structural Deformation Measurements
by Image Block Matching Algorithms
Graa Almeida, Fernando Melcio, Jos
Manuel Fonseca
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
TUE
Session 6B
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Paulo Tavares
Ref:
#155
Evaluation of mixed-mode I+II fatigue
crack propagation in steels assisted by
DIC
ALL Silva, J Xavier, Diogo Carvalho, AMP
Jesus, AA Fernandes
#156
Virtual Sensors for SHM using
isogeometric piezoelectric finite
elements
Artur Szewieczek, Christian Willberg,
Michael Sinapius
#157
On Monitoring of Mechanical
Characteristics of Hot Rolled S355J2 Steel
Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova,
Alexander Georgiev, Svetla Yankova
#160
The use of optical scanning methods for
testing of thin oxide films deposited on
rough steel substrates
Janusz Jaglarz
36
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
WEDNESDAY, 3 September 2014

WED, 09:30 - 10:15
PLENARY LECTURE V
Room Lisboa.
Optimising Controlled Shot Peening Parameters for Optimum Fatigue Life
Professor Chris Rodopoulos
(Monash University, Australia)
Chair: Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska (Warsaw Univ, Poland)
WED, 10:15 - 11:00
PLENARY LECTURE VI
Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics
Professor Mrio Vaz
(Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Portugal)
Chair: Prof. Daniel Kujawski (Western Michigan Univ, USA)
WED, 11:00 - 11:30
WED, 11:30-13:00
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Chris Rodopoulos
Ref:
#108
#111
#114
#116
Room Lisboa
COFFEE-BREAK
Lounge
Session 7

System for Fuel Elements Inspection of Nuclear Research
Reactor by the Sipping Method
Rogerio Rivail Rodrigues, Amir Zacarias Mesquita
Remote monitoring of an elevated water reservoir using
optical fiber technology
Paulo Antunes, Humberto Varum, Paulo Andr
Thermal Fatigue Behaviour of Polyamides used in Intercoolers
D. Faustino, V. Infante, L. Neves
Long term monitoring of a high-speed railway bridge: thermal
behavior
Manuel Cuadrado, Daniel Gmez del Pulgar, Emma Moliner
WED, 13:00 - 14:15
LUNCH
37
Room Lisboa
Page:
link
link
link
link
Restaurant
WED
Session 8A
14:15-15:30
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Jos Xavier
Ref:
#119
Keying Effect During Fracture of Stainless
Steel
Farej Ahmed Emhmmed
#120
#127
#137
Non-destructive methodology based on

magnetic flux density measurement, in
the reversibility domain region, to follow
stainless steel embrittement
Edgard M. Silva, Jorge H. R. Silva, Ana L.
S. Souza, Neilor C. Santos, Josinaldo P.
Leite, Mickael M. Rodrigues
Analysis of the magnetic field integrity of
electric machine and construction
structure
Stanisaw Radkowski, Szymon Gontarz,
Przemysaw Szulim
SIF determination with Digital Image
Correlation
Paulo J. Tavares, Frederico Silva Gomes,
P.M.G.P. Moreira
Room
Lisboa
Page:
link
link
WED
Room
Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Peter Horst
Ref:
#151
Characterization of nickel alloy 600 with
ultra-fine structure processed by severe
plastic deformation technique (dpi)
W. A. Monteiro, S. L. V. Silva, L. V. Silva,
A. H. P. de Andrade, L. C. E. Silva
#134
The effect of size, amount and surface
treatment of micro particles of cork on
the toughness of a brittle epoxy
A.Q. Barbosa, L.F.M. da Silva, J. Abenojar,
M. Figueiredo, A. chsner
link
#169
link
#110
#162
WED, 15:30-16:00
Session 8B
14:15-15:30
Corrosion performance of corrugated

stainless steels in mortar partially
immersed in chloride solution for 8 years
A. Bautista, S.M. Alvarez, E.C. Paredes, F.
Velasco
Fatigue damage evolution and life
prediction for metastable austenitic
steels under consideration of martensite
phase transformation
Huang YUAN
Biodegradable composite thermoplastics
used in interior parts of aerospace and
automobile products
Andr F. C. Vieira, Rui M. Guedes, Volnei
Tita
COFFEE-BREAK
38
Lounge
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
WED
Room
Lisboa
Session 9A
16:00-17:15
TOPIC: Testing
Ref:
#139
Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement
Automation
Tavares, Paulo J., Viriato, N.S., Moreira,
P. M. G. P.
#140
Contactless defect detection using two
emerging Optical Methods for NDT of
composite structures - Thermography
and Shearography
Monteiro, J., Lopes, H., Vaz, M.A.P.
#144
Novel Non-Destructive Testing
techniques for structural integrity
F. Nascimento, T. Santos, C. C. C. R. de
Carvalho, R. Miranda, L. Quintino
#149
Structural monitorization of
windturbine
Silvina Guimares, Miguel Marques,
Joo Rio, M. A. P. Vaz, Nuno V. Ramos,
Jos Matos
Page:
link
link
WED
TOPIC: Materials
Ref:
#170
Fire resistant coatings for polymeric
matrix composites
F. Velasco, S. Guzmn, A. Bautista, M.A.
Martnez
#177
Evaluation of Advanced Materials in
Aircraft Structure
Martin Bugaj, Andrej Cger
link
#179
link
#183
#161
WED, 17:15 17:45
Session 9B
16:00-17:15
Electromagnetic shielding enclosure built

on metallic lightweight structure for
aerospace EMI protection applications Experimental tests and numerical
simulation
Mihai Enache, Dan Fostea, Adina Otilia
Boteanu, Cristian Puic
Influence of Titanium, Niobium and
Aluminium addition on microstructure
and mechanical properties of Ferritic
Stainless Steel welds
Nabil Bensaid, Mohamed Farid
Benlamnouar, Amar Boutagane
Designing and optimization of new
composite pallet
Alexander Janushevskis, Anatolijs
Melnikovs
CLOSING SESSION
Conference Organizing Committee
WED, 19:00 - 23:00
BANQUET
CONFERENCE BANQUET
courtesy of Madeira Government
Restaurante Adega da Quinta, Estreito de Cmara de Lobos
39
Room Lisboa
Room
Berlin
Page:
link
link
link
link
link
Book of abstracts of the 2nd International Conference of the International Journal of Strucutral Integrity______________________
Abstracts
40
Session 1
MON, 11:30-13:00
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Processes
41
#132
Friction Stir Weldbonding of Aluminum Joints

Daniel F.O. Braga1, Ana C.F. Silva1, Lucas F.M. da Silva2, P.M.G.P. Moreira1
1
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), University of Porto,

Porto, Portugal
2
Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica (IDMEC), Porto, Portugal
Abstract Replacement of conventional steel alloys for aluminum alloys has been an emerging
trend in metallic structures. Although the use of these alloys has previously been restrained by
production difficulties associated with their poor welding properties, friction stir welding and
adhesive bonding allowed for a larger flexibility in lightweight structural design. In this
preliminary work an innovative joining process combining these two technologies was studied.
Static properties of the obtained joints were accessed, and compared to joints obtained with
adhesive bonding and friction stir welding.
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a revolutionary joining method that allowed welding of
previously unweldable alloys with excellent characteristics, and has an enormous potential for
application in a large array of industries. Even though friction stir welding presents several
advantages over other welding techniques when regarding joining of aluminum alloys, it also
presents its share of challenges. The occurrence of fatigue cracks in these joints makes them
especially susceptible to this phenomenon, even more when the welding parameters used are not
optimized. Corrosion is also a concern in FSW, as the metallurgical modifications occurred during
the joining process may accelerate this deteriorating phenomenon.
The combination of FSW with adhesive bonding (AB), forming friction stir weldbonding may
present itself as a solution for these concerns. The development of this new joining technology
aims at incorporating properties and characteristics of both joining technologies. FSW is able to
produce joints with very high static strength, while the adhesive from AB will not only allow
improved vibration damping and fatigue strength improvement but may also serve double duty as
a sealant, isolating the weld from the environment.
In this presentation early studies on the development of the friction stir weldbonding technique
will be shown and the technique potential will be discussed.
42
#136
The effect of welding direction in the fatigue life of aluminium fs

welded lap joints
F.F. Duarte1, V. Infante2, P.M.G.P. Moreira3, M. de Freitas2, P.M.S.T. de Castro3
1INEGI, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
2IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
3FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
ABSTRACT
Friction Strir (FS) welding lap joints of aluminium alloy AA6082-T6 were joined using to distinct
configurations. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of the welding line direction
in the fatigue life of the specimens. For that purpose, the welding was performed in order to
establish two distinct loading situations, one with the welding line parallel to the loading direction
and the other with welding line perpendicular to the loading direction. Fatigue tests were
performed under a constant amplitude load and a stress ratio of R = 0.1. As shown in previous
studies, the hook defect plays a decisive role in the mechanical behavior of the joint, in particular,
when submitted to fatigue load cycles. The specimen with the welding line parallel to the loading
direction showed a superior fatigue behavior, approximately, two times more efficient than the
perpendicular configuration. Two finite element models were created in order to validate the
behavior of the welded zone and, in particular, to compare the hook formation influence between
both configurations.
KEY WORDS: Friction Stir Welding, Lap joint, Welding direction, Hook defect, Fatigue
behavior.
43
#112
Mechanical Fracture Behaviour of Laser Beam-Welded

AA2198 Butt-Joints and Integral Structures
1
N. Kashaev, 1A. Carvalho, 1M. Nurgaliev, 1S. Riekehr, 2N. D. Alexopoulos, 3A. Karanika
Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,

Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Contact: nikolai.kashaev@hzg.de
2
Department of Financial Engineering, University of the Aegean, 41 Kountouriotou Str., 82100

Chios, Greece
3
Research and Product Design, Hellenic Aerospace Industry S.A., P.O. Box 23, 32009
Schimatari, Greece
Abstract
To meet the future demands of the aerospace industry with respect to safety, productivity,
weight, and cost, new materials and joining concepts have being developed. Recent developments
in the metallurgical field now make it possible to use laser-weldable Al-alloys of the 2xxx series
such as AA2198 with a high structural efficiency index due to their high strength and low density.
AA2198 holds the promise of providing a breakthrough response to the challenges of lightweight
design in aircraft applications. Laser beam welding as an efficient joining technology for fuselage
structures is already established in the aircraft industry for lower fuselage panels because the
welded panels provide a higher buckling strength and lower weight compared with the classical
riveted designs. The key factor for the application of laser-welded AA2198 structures is the
availability of reliable data for the assessment of their damage tolerance behaviour. In the research
presented, the mechanical properties with regard to quasi-static tensile and the fracture toughness
(R-curves) of laser beamwelded AA2198 butt-joints in T3 and T8 temper were investigated. In
the next step a systematic analysis to clarify the deformation and fracture behaviour of the laser
beam-welded AA2198 four-stringer panels is provided. The mechanical test results were also
compared against the respective of conventional AA2024 and AA6013, in order to assess the
degree of improvement by exploiting the new material/process.
a)
b)
c)
Figure 1 a) Metallographic cross section of a butt-joint, b) metallographic cross-section of a T joint, and c)
welded demonstrator panel from aluminum alloy AA2198 (AA2198T3 as skin and AA2198T8 as stringer).
44
#117
Influence of the Kissing Bond Defect to the Fatigue Life in Friction Stir
Welds of 2024 Aluminium Alloy
Roman Rek1, Martin Kadlec1, Lucie Novkov1
1
Aerospace Research and Test Establishment, Beranovych 130, 199 05 Prague, Czech Republic.
Email: ruzek@vzlu.cz
Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) has advantages over conventional welding in terms of economic,
environmental and safety. This technology contributes to increased joining speed, higher stress
tolerance, better reproducibility and longer service life when compared to common riveting
methods used for aerospace structures. So far, the FSW is restricted only to non-safety critical
aerospace components, because there is no reliable method for detecting kissing bonds which
have significant effect on fatigue life.
In order to evaluate static and dynamic loading effect, a set of samples with different
thicknesses, which are representative of aerospace components, was manufactured and
categorized into: FSW without any defects and FSW with the kissing bond defects.
The effects of the KB defects on tensile and fatigue properties of 2024 T3 friction stir welds
have been quantitatively evaluated with respect to a reference weld without any flaws. Various
KB defects were investigated with the aim of evaluation which defect geometry has no influence
to the fatigue life of joined 6 mm thickness sheets. A critical value for KB geometry seems to be
0.3 mm in depth considering influence on fatigue life for investigated configurations.
The FSW can be interpreted as a stress concentration. Therefore, the basic material with stress
concentration equal to 1 and 2.6 was also evaluated. These values are typical for structures without
concentrators and for regular area of a riveted panel structure. The definition of this stress
concentration equivalent can be very helpful for design purposes and application.
45
#129
Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on defect formation

in lap joining by friction stir welding of very thin plates
C. Leito1, M.I. Costa1, D.M. Rodrigues1
1
CEMUC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra
Abstract: One of the main concerns in lap joining by friction stir welding (FSW) of any type
of plates is the formation of an important defect, such as that exemplified in Figure 1, mainly at
the advancing side of the welds. Due to its particular morphology, this defect, reported in most of
the studies in literature on lap joining by FSW, is usually called hook, and is attributed to the
particular material flow mechanisms and thermo-mechanical conditions developed during
welding. Naturally, the presence of this small discontinuity has a negative effect on welds
strength, which is particularly harmful in lap joining of very thin plates.
In current work several tools and welding parameters were tested in order to simultaneously
minimize the occurrence of this defect and improve welding productivity, for a selected range of
ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The mechanical characterization of the welds included not only
performing tensile-shear tests, but also fatigue analysis. It was found that by an accurate choice
of process parameters and toll geometry, it is possible to minimize or even suppress the hook
defect. The microstructural characterization of the welds, as well as the mechanical tests
performed, enabled to determine a strong influence of base materials properties on the selection
of the most suitable friction stir lap welding conditions.
Figure 1 Hook defect.
46
#190
Shoulder Design Options for FSW Lap Joints of Plastic Sheets

Shayan Eslami*, Paulo J. Tavares, P.M.G.P. Moreira
1
INEGI, Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica e Gesto Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400,
Porto, Portugal, *email: seslami@inegi.up.pt
Abstract
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method can be considered as one the most significant joining
methods, which has developed considerably in the last decade. FSW is mostly used for joining
metals and lightweight alloys that can be difficult to weld by traditional techniques. However, in
recent years, FSW of plastic materials has taken its initial steps with the purpose of becoming
widespread in different industrial applications due to its benefits over the conventional welding
methods. Nevertheless, as all new techniques, FSW of plastics needs technological development
in order to be considered as a major asset for new industrial applications.
The main difficulty for FSW of plastics is the lack of frictional heat generated through contact
between the rotational tool and the base material. This applied friction should generate the
adequate heat in order to increase the material temperature near its melting point. For FSW of
Aluminum alloys, this task is implemented by the shoulder touching the surface, which generates
enough heat to stir the material together. Therefore, the shoulder has an essential role in this
process and could be one of the main parameters that plays a considerable effect on the weld
strength, as well as welding surface. However, it is worth mentioning that the good welding
surface is normally followed by good joint quality.
The previous FSW studies suffer from a lack of proper investigation for joining the plastic
materials, especially for lap joining of dissimilar plastics. With this in mind, the present work
focuses on the effect of different shoulder designs for the lap joints of dissimilar plastics which
in this experiment are Polystyrene and Polypropylene. Furthermore, this case study demonstrates
the advantages of using stationary shoulder for welding the plastic materials, as well as
eliminating the flaws in this path with the intention of achieving sound welds.
47
Session 2A
MON, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Jaime Monteiro
48
#102
Combining nanocrystallisation processes with a subsequent

thermomechanical processing interfacial oxidation
Michal Krzyzanowski*, Szymon Bajda*, W. Mark Rainforth**

* AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial
Computer Science, Mickewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
** The University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
Abstract Impurities deposited on the surface of the materials cause bonding imperfections due
to interfacial oxidation during the duplex techniques based on combining nanocrystallisation
with a subsequent co-rolling in order to produce multilayered bulk structures with improved
mechanical properties. It has been shown that the interface oxidation occurring during duplex
processes can influence the microstructure development around the interfaces depending on
whether the oxide scale is a continuous layer or a layer of discontinuous oxide clusters with
heterogeneous thicknesses. Formation of oxide scale related defects at the interfaces and
formation of shear zones within the affected areas around the interfaces has been
demonstrated numerically. The through-thickness shear zones within the material can link the
scale related defects on both the upper and lower interfaces.
Acknowledgement
The financial support of Polish National Science Centre, research grant:
DEC-2013/09/B/ST8/00141, is highly appreciated.
49
#122
Structure, electromagnetic wave absorption and mechanical behavior

of carbonaceous nanofillers modified polymer composites
R. Merijs Meri1, J. Zicans1, T. Ivanova1, J. Bitenieks 1, P.Kuzhir2, S. Maksimenko2
1
Riga Technical University, Institute of Polymer Materials, Paula Valdena str. 3, Riga, LV
1048, Latvia, remo.merijs-meri@rtu.lv
2
Belarus State University, Institute of Nuclear Problems, Minsk, Belarus
Abstract Polymer-carbonaceous nanofiller composites are recognized are perspective

materials for broad range of engineering applications, serving building, automotive and aerospace
industries. Efficiency of carbonaceous nanofillers in tailoring electromagnetic, electrical,
mechanical and thermal performance of polymer materials according to the customer needs are
largely dependent on the interplay of the ingredients of the composites in the micro- and
nanolevels. Consequently profound attention should be paid to the processing regime-structureproperty relationships at the development of the carbonaceous nanofiller modified polymer
composites.
The current research is devoted to evaluation of the modification potential of styrene acrylate
copolymer (SAC), widely used material in coating and adhesive industry, by means of structurally
diverse carbonaceous nanofillers: almost isotropic onion like carbons (OLC), as well as neat and
organically modified highly anisometric multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT and MWCNTCOOH, respectively). The extent of the nanofiller distribution in the SAC matrix, and hence
expoitation properties of the polymer nanocomposites, has been tailored by means of addition of
appropriate amounts of specific surfactants. The content of the carbonaceous nanofillers in the
polymer matrix was varied within the broad range between 0 and10 wt.%. Zeta potential
measurements of OLC, MWCNT and MWCNT-COOH dispersions in water and SAC with or
without surfactants have been performed to develop the technology of manufacturing of
carbonaceous nanofillers containing polymer composites. Performance of the obtained
nanocomposites have been characterized by using voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and
transmission loss meter, broadband dielectric spectrometer (DES), differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA).
Elastic modulus, electrical conductivity and electromagnetic radiation absorption of the
investigated SAC nanocomposites increase along with rising carbonaceous nanofiller content.
The effect of the addition of anisometric carbonaceous nanofillers on the mechanical properties
of the composite is higher than that of the addition of OLCs. In all the cases, however, shift of
glass transition temperature of SAC towards higher temperatures is observed testifying about
decreased flexibility of the polymer macromolecules in the proximity of the nanofiller particles.
Higher electrical conductivity of the OLCs containing nanocomposites is explained with the fact
that reasonable agglomeration of the nanofiller can promote the development of electrically
50
conductive network. It has been also observed that efficiency of the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation depends on the development of conductive network within the SAC matrix.
51
#123
Hydrogen influence on fatigue in a Cr-Mo steel

Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova, Svetla Yankova, Ralitsa Pavlova
University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski, Blvd., 1756
Sofia, Bulgaria, r.yordanova@uctm.edu
Abstract Fuel cell vehicles and stationary fuel cell systems, their equipment and infrastructure
need components of materials subjected to high-pressure hydrogen under fatigue conditions. This
makes very important a complete study concerning hydrogen influence on materials, candidates
for usage in hydrogen technologies. Murakami has investigated tension-compression fatigue in
uncharged and hydrogen charged specimens of Cr-Mo steel JIS SCM435 under different test
frequencies from the interval [0.2, 20] Hz, [1]. He found an effect of increasing crack growth rates
in the hydrogen charged specimens with decreasing of frequencies, which is shown in the
presentation "Crack growth rate, da/dN - Stress intensity factor range, K, Fig. 1.
Based upon experimental short fatigue crack growth data of Murakami, new crack growth
equations have been derived in an attempt to describe more precisely short fatigue crack growth
behaviour that separates the different regimes of crack propagation. Although in Murakami
experiments the short fatigue cracks start from a little artificial hole, they experienced the three
regimes of short crack growth: those of short fatigue crack, physically small fatigue crack, and
long fatigue crack. The intervals of physically small fatigue crack propagation, in terms of da/dN,
decrease for the hydrogen charged specimens and smaller test frequencies; the intervals are shown
by limitation arrows in Fig. 1.
SCM435
1,0E-05
0,2 Hz
Crack growth rate da/dN (m/cycle)
1,0E-06
2 Hz
20 Hz
1,0E-07
1,0E-08
1,0E-09
Uncharged Constant frequency f = 20 Hz

Charged Constant frequency f = 20 Hz
Charged Constant frequency f = 2 Hz
Charged Constant frequency f = 0.2 Hz
1,0E-10
1,0E+01
Series13
Stress intensity factor range, K (MPam)
1,0E+02
Series14
Series15
Series16
52
Series17
Series18
Series19
Series20
Power (Uncharged Constant frequency f
= 20 Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 0.2
Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 2
Hz)
Log. (Charged Constant frequency f = 20
Hz)
Figure 1 - Tension-compression fatigue in JIS SCM435 steel under test frequencies from the
interval [0.2, 20] Hz
References
[1] Murakami Y., Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Crack Growth of Metals, 17th European
Conference on Fracture, 2-5 September, 2008, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 25-42, 2008
53
#126
Structure-property relationships of PC/ABS blend composites with

nanoclay
J. Zicans1, R. Merijs Meri1, R. Berzina1, R. Maksimov2, V. Kalkis3
1
Riga Technical University Institute of Polymer Materials, Paula Valdena str. 3, Riga, LV 1048,
Latvia, zicans@ktf.rtu.lv
2
University of Latvia, Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Riga, Latvia

3
University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
Abstract The concept of Key Enabling Technologies (KET) is envisaged to be the main
driving force for development of future goods and services. One of the building blocks of KET
in nanotechnology is development of recyclable polymer nanocomposites with enhanced stressstrain, barrier, adhesion, rheological and other properties for broad range applications. This aim
is largely achievable by the control of exploitation properties of polymer nanocomposites by
manipulations in the structural level. Hence we focus on the investigations of structure-property
relationships of recyclable engineering polymer nanocomposites, as well as prediction of it
properties by using structure dependent mathematical models.
The nanocomposites have been developed on the bases of polycarbonate (PC) blend with 10
wt. % of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS). Unmodified (MMT) and organically
modified (OMMT) nanoclays in the concentration range between 0 and 2 wt. % have been
introduced in the PC/ABS matrix by using twin-screw extrusion process. Especial attention has
been devoted to optimization of extrusion process of the investigated nanocmposites. Structural,
calorimetric, as well as elastic characteristics have been investigated. The approach to predict the
properties of the investigated nanocomposites by using micromechanical models has been
proposed.
As a result set of optimized technological parameters, such as profile of the extruder
temperatures as well as screws rotation speed, have been proposed for manufacturing of
intercalated PC/ABS blend nanocomposites. By evaluating the effect of nanostructured clay
modifier on the tensile stress-strain characteristics of PC/10%ABS blend, it has been revealed that
greater modulus and strength increment is observed in the case of the nanocomposites, containing
aromatic organomodifier treated clay (Ar-OMMT). Ar-OMMT addition to PC/ABS matrix
considerably improved also dynamic modulus of the nanocomposites. Besides it along with
increased modulus of elasticity and strength glass transition temperature of the material increase,
testifying about stiffening of the polymer macromolecules in the presence of Ar-OMMT. It has
been concluded that optimal nanofiller content for the investigated PC/10%ABS blend is 1.5
wt.%. The experimental results have been also compared with the results of micromechanical
modelling and the best compliance has been found for the nanocomposites with lower clay
contents in the PC/ABS matrix.
54
55
#152
Evaluation of nitriding process effects on cold worked AISI 304 and

316 austenitic stainless steels
W.A. Monteiro 1,3, S.A.L. Pereira 1,2, J. Vatavuk 3

1 Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Researches, IPEN, wamontei@ipen.br
2 MAHLE Metal Leve S/A, Jundia / So Paulo, SP
3 Presbyterian Mackenzie University
The nitriding behavior of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and 316) was studied by different
cold work degree before nitriding processes. The microstructure, thickness, microhardness and
chemical micro-composition were evaluated through optical microscopy, microhardness,
scanning electron microscopy techniques (WDS microanalysis). Through of them were observed
that previous plastic deformations do not influence expressively on layer thickness. In addition,
two different layers can be identified as resulted of the nitriding, a formed of austenitic matrix
expanded by nitrogen atoms and another thinner just below expanded by carbon atoms.
Key Words: Nitriding, Cold Working, Expanded Austenite.
56
Session 2B
MON, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Bio-Mechanics
Chair: Jos Xavier
57
#147
Safety assessment of helmets for roller hockey goal keepers

Mrio A.P. Vaz1,2,3, Nuno Viriato Ramos2,3
1
2
FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; gmavaz@fe.up.pt
INEGI, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; nviriato@inegi.up.pt
3
LABIOMEP, Rua Dr. Plcido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
Abstract The purpose of this study, part of a wide research project, was to investigate the head
protection provided by a roller hockey goalkeeper helmet. An experimental setup was
implemented to assess how these protectors can decrease overall head acceleration and prevent
injuries for the goalkeepers regarding the deformation of the helmet/face shield during blunt
impacts. The most widely used helmet with a standard polycarbonate face shield was selected for
this study. To repeatedly generate controlled impacts of the ball a special gas gun was designed
allowing shots up to 120 km/h with the helmet/face shield. A sports handheld radar gun was used
to evaluate the terminal velocity of the ball. Structured illumination and image processing
algorithms allow 3D data extraction from the high speed video recordings of the impacts. The
structured light fields were computer generated and projected through a conventional video
projector. A high-speed video camera allows high sampling recordings of the helmet/face shield
deformation during impacts. The data obtained showed that the structural behavior of the
helmet/face shield is very different from other helmets, for example, motorcycle helmets, bicycle
helmets, etc. This study shows a high risk of temporomandibular injuries due to the direct support
of the face shield on the chin of the goalkeeper. Further experiments are planned to help
redesigning this kind of helmets and reduce the risk of injuries.
Figure 1 Roller hockey helmet/face shield with structured illumination
58
#148
Mechanical Behavior Characterization of a Lumbar Vertebra; With or

Without Cement Reinforcement
Cludia Carneiro1, Nuno Neves2, Nuno Viriato Ramos3, Mrio A.P. Vaz3
1
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias,

4200-465 Porto, Portugal, claudiaoliveiracarneiro@gmail.com
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernni Monteiro, 4200 - 319
Porto, Portugal, nsmneves@gmail.com
Laboratrio de tica e Mecnica Experimental-INEGI, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia

da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias,4200-465 Porto, Portugal,
nviriato@inegi.up.pt ; gmavaz@gmail.com
Abstract Vertebral compression fractures are one of the most frequent clinical outcomes from
osteoporosis and a major issue in spinal stability. Kyphoplasty is a surgical procedure for
stabilizing or preventing those fractures to occur and the only treatment option to attempt to
restore the original height of the vertebra. The efficiency of this technique in recovering the
mechanical strength of a vertebra might depend on bone cement type, the shape and volume of
the cement reinforcement and on the surgical approach. PMMA can be excessively rigid and
doesnt promote bone regrowth. New solutions should be explored in order to obtain appropriate
mechanical strength and bone regeneration. This work aims to characterize the biomechanical
behavior of a lumbar vertebra in healthy, osteoporotic and various prophylactic-augmented
conditions in order to investigate the influence of the aforementioned parameters in mechanical
strength restitution. A 3D model of a lumbar vertebra was developed from a CT scan. The
mechanical properties specified for the cortical shell, trabecular bone, endplates, posterior
elements and bone cement were collected from the literature. A compressive force of 800 N was
applied to the superior endplate while the inferior one was entirely constrained. Osteoporosis was
simulated reducing bone Young modulus. One oblate-spheroid or two prolate-spheroids making
10 or 20% of the vertebral body volume correspond to unipedicular or bipedicular filling,
respectively. A physical model of the vertebra was obtained by rapid prototyping for numerical
validation with electronic speckle pattern interferometry. None of the PMMA prophylactic
augmentations fully reestablished the biomechanical behavior of a healthy vertebra. This can be
related to the excessive rigidity of the acrylic cement in comparison to that of trabecular bone.
Still, so far, the results suggest 20% PMMA unipedicular filling to be the best treatment option
for this case study, exhibiting the most significant reduction on the maximum von Mises stress
and total displacement in comparison to the osteoporotic condition. This model proved to be a
very useful tool for predicting changes on the biomechanical behavior a lumbar vertebra,
providing guidelines for physicians to improve the efficiency of these treatments, thus preventing
undesired clinical outcomes from osteoporosis to occur.
59
60
#185
Structural integrity of a Maryland dental bridge

Ivo Lopes1, Andr Correia1,2, Nuno Viriato Ramos2, Mrio A.P. Vaz2, J.C. Reis Campos1,2,
Pedro Couto Viana2
1
Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva 4200393 Porto, Portugal. ivotlopes@gmail.com ; acorreia@fmd.up.pt ; reiscampos@gmail.com
2
INEGI Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Related Research. Campus da FEUP, Rua
Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. nviriato@inegi.up.pt ; gmavaz@fe.up.pt
Abstract Maryland dental bridges were developed in the 70 of the last XX century. These
are prosthetic rehabilitations build with a middle pontic and two lateral wings that are bonded to
tooth structures. However, lack of structural integrity did not allow the use of these prosthetic
rehabilitations for a medium-long time. Due to the evolution of dental materials, mainly dental
adhesives/cements and ceramic frameworks, these bridges are being reintroduced in the dental
clinical practice. Although, theres a lack of research and clinical papers on the scientific literature
that supports this feature. In this way, weve designed a methodological approach to do a
mechanical analysis of these dental bridges in order to contribute with evidence that supports its
clinical application. By importing a 3D design from a Maryland bridge developed in a dental
CAD-CAM software, we have built a mesh (Ansys 15.0; 39998 tetrahedral elements and 23552
nodes) that allowed us to apply the finite element method in order to do a numerical analysis of
its mechanical features. The loads that were applied resembled masticatory loads, with a vertical
and oblique direction. Our results revealed higher von Mises stresses in the connectors areas of
the Maryland bridge, where the pontic element unifies with the wings that is bonded to the
adjacent tooth, that may be critical depending on the dental ceramic that is used in this bridges.
Geometrical optimization procedures were then developed to reduce the stress in these areas.
61
Figure 1 Finite element method applied to a Maryland dental bridge in upper incisors.
(Highest von Mises stress pointed out with a red arrow)
62
#186
Comparison of mechanical behaviour between two brands of extra oral

force modules
L.B. Cavalcanti, Faculty of Dental Medicine of University of Porto (FMDUP),
laizbcavalcanti@gmail.com;
M.J. Ponces, FMDUP, mponces@fmd.up.pt;
Mrio A.P. Vaz, INEGI, Faculty of Engeneering of University of Porto (FEUP)
gmavaz@fe.up.pt;
V.C. Pinto, INEGI, FEUP, vpinto@inegi.up.pt;
M.A. Sampaio-Fernandes, FMDUP;
J.C. Reis Campos, FMDUP.
Asbtract
INTRODUCTION: In daily orthodontic practice, the use of extra oral force traction is one of the
most reliable methods used during active treatment, particularly in growing patients. It represents
an instrument for attaining extra anchorage and it can also be used for orthodontic or orthopaedic
purposes. In order to select the most adequate appliance for patient treatment, it is critical to
consider the quality of the force system delivery, not only in terms of mechanical features but also
in stability over treatment time.
OBJECTIVES: This study intended to compare two distinct extra oral force delivery systems
through the analysis of the coil spring and the enclosure material components. The two selected
brands present very different commercial prices and the assessment of data may validate the
choice between the two options tested.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro study involved 12 extra oral force modules
submitted to tensile and short-term fatigue tests. The specimens were equally divided into two
groups according to respective brands, Ormco (California, USA) and Ceosa (Madrid, Spain).
RESULTS: Both groups presented very similar mechanical behaviour. However, the rigidity
presented by Ormcos modules was slightly higher. The short-term fatigue tests showed that
there was no accumulated strain in any of the samples for the number of cycles applied. These
results were inconclusive, since it would have been necessary to perform a superior number of
cycles to analyse in detail the deformation endured by the specimens. The results from the
63
constant load tension test showed a constancy of module delivered force, even for a superior
number of hours than the usual duration of appliance use.
CONCLUSIONS: The studied devices have a well-known and predictable mechanical
performance, since they are produced under strict regulations and quality control. The price
discrepancy may be justified by the safety mechanism presented by one of the brands, which
greatly reduce the risk of injuries to the patient. Nonetheless, the performed tests allowed
concluding that both devices are mechanically trustable.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although being identical the mechanical behaviour of extra oral
appliances, the clinical results may considerably differ. The patients individual features and
treatment compliance can significantly influence the outcome. For this reason, it is important to
be able to rely on the mechanical behaviour of devices, in order to guarantee perfectly known
force application.
64
#187
The application of epoxy paint for improved aesthetics in partial

dentures frameworks
Francisco Gis1, Bruno Henriques4, Pedro Gomes3, Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes2,
Maria Helena Figueiral2, Maria Helena Fernandes3, Filipe Silva4, Joo SampaioFernandes2
1
Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393
Port, Portugal, franciscofsgois@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of
Porto, Portugal
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Portugal
Abstract Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are still widely used in patients requiring oral
rehabilitation. Mastication and aesthetics should be considered in the treatment plan involving a
removable prosthesis.
Despite technological advances and the discovery of new materials titanium, cobalt-chromium
and gold alloys remain the most used and indicated frameworks in RPDs. However, these
frameworks have an unpleasant metallic luster that greatly compromises the aesthetic of the
rehabilitation. This is particular relevant in the extracoronal direct retainers, like clasps. Despite
their function of retention they are also used for fixation and stabilization.
Previous approaches on aesthetic covering of metal structures of RPDs and on the
development of valid alternatives have generally failed due to deficient esthetics or complete or
cohesive (chipping and cracks) fracture. It is still lacking a valid alternative that allows a
functional and long lasting aesthetic application, without inducing fragilities on the frameworks
structure and at the same time being biocompatible.
In this work, we report the alternative of coating the framework with epoxy powder paint, used
on metallic industrial machines and equipment. It presents optimal and unique features in terms
of physical strength and aesthetics. We aim to describe the coating of a cobalt-chromium alloy
(generally used in RPDs structures) with epoxy powder paint. Preliminary biocompatibility in
vitro assays showed an adequate cell response with human fibroblasts cells. The mechanical tests
also revealed promissory results for a future clinical application. Nonetheless, further tests should
be conducted in order to predict the validity and the safely use of epoxy paint in the metal
framework of RPDs.
65
#191
Effect of impressions disinfection on the surface detail reproduction

M Portela1, P Fonseca2, M Sampaio-Fernandes2, Francisco Gis2, MH Figueiral2
1
Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto University, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393
Porto PORTUGAL, pat.fonseca@portugalmail.pt
2
Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto University
Abstract
Introduction: In dental medicine, impressions can be the cause of cross-infection between the
clinic and the laboratory. Thus it is essential to use an effective method of disinfection, which
does not alter the reproductive capacity of the surface detail of the impression materials and that
is compatible with gypsum used.
Aims: The main aims of this study are: 1 to evaluate the surface detail reproduction capability
of alginate and silicone impressions; 2 to evaluate the impressions surface after disinfection
with water, sodium hypochlorite or glutaraldehyde; 3 to evaluate the compatibility of
impressions before and after disinfection with gypsum (type III and type IV).
Material and Methods: For the tests performed we used the device recommended by the
specification n 19 of American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association and
the rule ISO 1563:1990.
Under standardized conditions, 160 impressions were made, 80 with an irreversible
hydrocolloid (alginate) and 80 with an elastomer. The impressions which were not disinfected
were used as controls and the remainder ones were passed through running water, or sprayed with
sodium hypochlorite 0.525%, or glutaraldehyde 2%.
All impressions and the gypsum casts (type III and IV) resulting was classified according with
a scale of 1 to 4 as proposed by Owen.
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and the nonparametric Wilcoxon
test with a statistical significance threshold of p <0.05.
Results: Regardless of the disinfection product used, the alginate impressions have a higher
surface roughness.
When the disinfectants are comparing, areas with greater detail are observed in samples from
impressions disinfected with glutaraldehyde.
In general, the gypsum type IV exhibits a greater surface roughness than the gypsum type III.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained, and whenever possible, the authors can advise
the use of an elastomeric material for dental impressions, the disinfection with glutaraldehyde and
the use of type III gypsum to obtain the cast.
66
Session 3A
MON, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Virginia Infante
67
#103
Elasto-plastic analysis of structures using an Isogeometric formulation

J. Ferreira1, M. Seabra2, M. Parente1, R. Natal1
1
IDMEC Plo FEUP, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;

em09029@fe.up.pt; mparente@fe.up.pt; rnatal@fe.up.pt;
Abstract Numerical simulation often involves using the Finite Element Method (FEM) where the
geometry model, derived from CAD systems, usually suffer a reparameterization of the CAD
geometry by piecewise low order polynomials. This information transfer between models suitable
for design (CAD) and analysis (FEM) introduces significant approximation errors and entails a
amount of man-hours to generate a suitable finite element mesh [1].
In order to create industrial metal parts suitable for the imposed tasks, in which meet the
geometrical and mechanical requirements combined with reduced manufacturing costs, requires
a continuous evolution of assistive technology in order to innovate and optimize the different
stages of the production processes. In this work it is intended to contribute to the analysis of
forming processes and pipeline applications by discussing the use of an isogeometric approach
into a finite element pre- developed models.
Thus, this work makes a study of how ductile materials behave when subjected to monotonic and
cyclic mechanical loads. Isogeometric models with a small and large strains formulations,
plasticity with isotropic hardening and plasticity with kinematic hardening are developed. Also,
an introduction to a Lemaitre-based damage model is designed [2,3]. The Bauschinger effect, the
mesh dependence, and the differences between the developed small and finite strain models are
evaluated by comparison with the finite element typical discretization models. The isogeometric
discretization was performed taking the advantages of the symbolic and algebraic interface of the
AceGen software [4].
REFERENCES:
[1]
T. Hughes, J. Cottrell, and Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: Cad, finite elements,
nurbs, exact geometry and mesh refinement, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, vol. 194, no. 39 41, pp. 4135 4195, 2005.
[2]
J. Lemaitre, A course on damage mechanics. Springer Verlag, 1996.
[3]
M. Wallin, M. Ristinmaa, and N. S. Ottosen, Kinematic hardening in large strain
plasticity, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, vol. 22, pp. 341356, May 2003.
[4]
J. Korelc, Multi-language and multi-environment generation of nonlinear finite element
codes, Engineering with computers, 2002.
68
#104
Practical Applications of the SIFCM

Aaron Warren1
1
Jacobs Australia,
Level 7-8, 10 Hobart Place, Canberra, Australia

aaron.warren@jacobs.com.au
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the practical applications of the Structural Integrity
Failure Causation Model simulation (SIFCMsim). The SIFCMsim provides a means of
simulating structural integrity and has been specifically developed for composite structures.
The SIFCMsim is presented and two practical applications are investigated: (1) criteria for
smart material damage detection and (2) structural integrity criteria for composite structures.
(1) - A potential means of negating the vulnerability of composite structural integrity to impact
damage is the use of smart materials to detect impact damage as it occurs. The SIFCMsim
provides a means of determining the detection performance requirements of the smart materials
to ensure that structural integrity is maintained.
(2) - The SIFCMsim is based on monitoring residual strength of a structure. It is proposed that a
structural integrity framework for composite structures can be established based on residual
strength with the specific criteria characterized via modeling using the SIFCMsim.
This paper will identify the relevant parameters for each application which can be characterized
using the SIFCMsim, describe how the parameters can be determined, provide example values
of the parameters and identify future work.
Keywords: Composites, structural integrity, simulation.
Article Classification: Technical Paper
69
#124
Multi-objective Fatigue Life Optimization using Tabu Genetic

Algorithms
Kim C. Long a, William S. Duff b, John W. Labadiec,

Mitchell J. Stansloskib, Walajabad S. Sampathb, Edwin K.P. Chongd
a
The Boeing Company, M/S 4A-08 P.O.Box 3707 Seattle, WA, USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collions, CO, USA
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort

Collions, CO, USA
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort

Collions, CO, USA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a real world application of an innovative hybrid
system reliability optimization algorithm called TAGA. This TAGA algorithm
combines Tabu Search and Genetic Algorithm to provide a more efficient search
method. This new algorithm is applied to an aircraft structure to optimize its reliability.
For retrofitting the horizontal stabilizer under severe stall buffet conditions, a Decision
Support System (DSS) is developed using the TAGA algorithm. This system solves a
reliability optimization problem under cost and weights constraints. The DSS contains
three components: a Graphical User Interface (GUI), a database and several modules to
provide the optimized retrofitting solutions. The GUI receives input from the user with
number of stall buffet flights and their mission types. The DSS provides several nondominant solutions and their rankings. The solutions include where to install doublers
and stiffeners. Compromise Programming is used to rank all non dominant solutions.
70
When the full combination of all input variables increases exponentially, the proposed
DSS become very efficient. In order for this DSS to work effectively, the underlying
database of fatigue damage rates are pre-determined by a reliability model. This DSS
helps decision maker to choose the best plan to execute prior to the airplanes fatigue
test, so that the aircraft can sustain the fatigue test without having to stop for repairs.
This paper presents an application of the TAGA meta-heuristic algorithm for solving
nonlinear multi objective reliability optimization problems embedded in a DSS.
Key words:
Multi objective reliability optimization; Tabu Search; Genetic Algorithms; Comprise
Programming; Epsilon Constraint Method; Redundancy Allocation; Decision Support
Systems; Fatigue Life; Stall Buffet.
71
#182
Induction of Through-Thickness Compressive Residual Stress Fields in

thin Al2024-T351 Plates by Laser Shock Processing
J.L. Ocaa, C. Correa, J.A. Porro, M. Daz, L. Ruiz de Lara, D. Peral
UPM Laser Centre. Ctra. Valencia, km. 7.3. 28031 Madrid (SPAIN).
mail: jlocana@etsii.upm.es
E-
Abstract
The capability of Laser Shock Processing for the induction of RSs fields in sub-surface layers
of relatively thick specimens (d > 6 mm) in view of the improvement of their fatigue life has been
widely demonstrated. However, the LSP treatment of relatively thin specimens (normally d < 6
mm, but also thicker ones depending on the treatment intensity) brings, as an additional
consequence, the possible bending of the treated specimen, a feature that can otherwise be
employed for forming procedures according to the laser shock forming process.
This effect poses a new class of problems regarding the attainment of specified RSs depth
profiles in the mentioned type of sheets, as their self-equilibration reaction after clamping removal
can considerably alter the primary laser shock induced RSs fields, thus possibly motivating
undesired final RSs field distributions, and, what can be more critical, an overall deformation of
the treated component.
With the aid of the calculational system available at CLUPM (see figure), the analysis of the
problem of LSP treatment for induction of tentatively through-thickness RSs fields for fatigue
life enhancement in relatively thin sheets in a way compatible with reduced overall workpiece
deformation due to spring-back self-equilibration has been envisaged. Numerical results directly
tested against experimental have been obtained and optimized in order to induce specified kinds
of RSs profiles while maintaining acceptable global sheet deformations.
Figure 1 Computational results of X (left) and Y (right) components of surface residual

stresses obtained in sample specimen by LSP
On this basis, the use of the code has been applied to the specification of LSP treatments for
obtention of RS's fields tentatively able to retard crack propagation on normalized specimens. A
72
convergence between numerical code results and experimental results coming from direct RS's
measurement is presented as a first step for the treatment of the normalized specimens under
optimized conditions and verification of the crack retardation properties virtually induced.
Acknolwledgements: Work performed under national Spanish funding (MAT2012-37782)
73
Session 3B
MON, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Mario Vaz
74
#101
Structural Assessment of Fine-scale Structures Produced by Complex

Metal Forming Processing
Janusz Majta1, Marcin Kwiecien2, Krzysztof Muszka3, Paulina Graca4
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial
Computer Science, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, majta@metal.agh.edu.pl
2,3,4
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial
Computer Science, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Abstract The study aims at development of novel, re-engineered metallic materials by

introducing gradual changes into their microstructures (through a combination of fine
precipitates and nano-layers/areas within a typical grain structure), with the main objective to
enhance the mechanical properties of these materials through special variations of deformation
mode and material microstructure. The highly refined structure was obtained by complex metal
forming procedures as an effect of wire diameter reduction, bending, tension, torsion, wire
flattening as well as accumulative roll bonding. These processes allow to obtain a severely
deformed and high inhomogeneous microstructure of multilayered metal-metal composite. In
this paper, deformation behavior and size effects are illustrated by means of UFG (ultrafinegrained) microalloyed steel with different combinations of microstructure length scale and
deformation inhomogeneity. It has been shown that control of the microstructure development
leads to nanoscale multilayered structures characterized by attractive combination of strength,
ductility and fatigue. For the use of UFG microalloyed steels subjected to the SPD (severe plastic
deformation) processing as attractive structural materials, restoration of ductility should be
addressed. Presence of fine precipitates of microalloying elements and refined pearlite colonies
can be used to improve the desired combination of strength and ductility. The texture analysis
was also consequently performed, both experimentally and numerically. The non-linear
combined hardening model was applied to capture the strain path effects with special emphasis
on the role of the inhomogeneity of the accumulated energy. Finally, it is shown that both the
complex strain path history and the multilayered structure evolution can be quantitatively
characterized numerically.
Acknowledgment
The financial support of Polish National Science Centre, research grant:
DEC-2012/05/B/ST8/00215, is highly appreciated.
75
#105
Damage tolerance improvement of laser beam welded fuselage

structures via crenellations
J. Lu*, N. Kashaev and N. Huber
Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,
Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.Contact: jin.lu@hzg.de
Abstract
Damage tolerance is the major principle adopted to safeguard the structural integrity of an
aircraft in the presence of damages from different sources throughout their service life. This
principle requires significant considerations already in the design stage of the aircraft. In this
paper the concept of geometrical modification of the skin by so-called crenellations [1,2] in a
laser beam welded integral structure (Fig. 1a) is addressed. This aims at improving the damage
tolerance performance of the structure by systematic variation of the thickness maintaining
constant weight. The effectiveness of this concept was experimentally verified by comparing
fatigue life of cruciform panels (with and without crenellations) under service-related biaxial
loading conditions (Fig 1b). Using an FEM model a reasonable prediction of the fatigue crack
growth was achieved. As the thickness variation has been already intensively studied in [1,2] our
particular interest is the sensitivity of the fatigue life with regard to orientation effects and their
fundamental understanding. The goal of this work is an optimization of the crenellation geometry
in combination with stiffeners, as sketched in Fig. 1a.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1 (a) test coupon of fuselage panels with welded stringers (b) experimental setup of
fatigue tests under biaxial loading conditions
References
[1]
[2]
Uz, M.-V. et al., Int. J. Fatigue 31, 916-926, 2009

Uz, M.-V. et al., Proceedings, ICAF 2011, pp. 811-826, 2011.
76
#138
Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Butt Joints

Ana C.F. Silva1, Daniel F.O. Braga2, Frederico Silva Gomes2, Miguel A.V. de Figueiredo3,
P.M.G.P. Moreira2
1

Portugal asilva@inegi.up.pt

Portugal
Department of Mechanical Engineering (DEMec), University of Porto, Portugal
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is a highly reliable joining process capable of creating
excellent opportunities for new structural design concepts for several industries, like aeronautic,
aerospace and railway. The process was initially developed for aluminium alloys, but since then
FSW was found to be suitable for joining a large number of materials, such as aluminium,
magnesium, steels, titanium and others. It produces nearly defect-free welds for such demanding
applications as aerospace structures at lower cost than conventional fusion welds. A schematic
image of the process is presented in the Figure 1.
Figure 1 - caption for the Figure Friction stir welding process schematic representation, adapted from
Standard ISO 25239-1.
The process understanding and the possibility of predict joint mechanical behaviour is important
for new structural developments, especially in industrial environment. In this work digital image
correlation (DIC) was applied in order to achieve the full displacement and strain field of a friction
stir welded specimen. In order to avoid defect effects, a previous optimization of the process was
performed using the Taguchi methodology. This method is a quality control method that offers a
simple mean of analysis and optimization of complex systems. The deformation field of the weld
zone was determined and the different welded zones of friction stir welded butt joints were also
achieved.
77
78
#141
Manufacturing and characterization of nanostructured Al-Si-Si3N4-C

composites for high-wear application
Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer1, Jerzy Myalski1, Daniel Michalik1, Tomasz Pawlik1, Nathalie
Valle2, Agnieszka Boto-Probierz2
1
Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Akademicka 2A, Poland; e-mail:

malgorzata.sopicka-lizer@polsl.pl
2
Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
Abstract Nanostructured aluminium and AK-12 based composites with 15 wt% of Si3N4
reinforcement and 5wt% of glassy carbon addition were prepared as a result of the cold isostatic
pressing followed by free-sintering or hot-pressing of the composite powder obtained via
mechanochemical processing of the initial components. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC)
and XRD studies were applied for characterization of the composite powder behaviour while
scanning and transmission microscopes were used for characterization of the specimens
microstructure after a thermal treatment. Mechanical (flexural strength, hardness and elastic
modulus) and tribological properties were examined as well as. It has been found that
mechanochemical treatment led to the replacement reaction in the Al-Si-N-C-(O) system and
some amount of amorphous phase was present apart from the composite particles formation and
a limited increase of oxygen content. It is assumed that carbon presence and silicon existence in
AK-12 alloy improved the milling performance and it limited the range of the replacement
reaction.
The cold isostatic pressing under 350 MPa led to compaction of the composite specimens and
aluminium plastic deformation. The last step of manufacturing involved free sintering in argon
atmosphere over the temperature of metal alloy melting, however, the resultant specimens showed
noteworthy porosity in the range of 20 vol.%. Thermal treatment led to crystallization of the
amorphous phase and AlN was detected after XRD examination. The microstructure studies
showed formation of the transition zone of the complex chemical composition between all the
types of the reinforcing particles and the matrix. All specimens showed excellent tribological
properties against a cast iron pin in the reciprocating tribological test. It has been found that carbon
presence significantly improves mechanical and tribological properties of the resultant
composites. Application of hot pressing without the step of a cold isostatic pressing did not
improve mechanical properties of the final material, as well as its wear properties were not better.
Formation of Al4C3 as a result of the reaction between the graphite die and the specimen after the
hot-pressing treatment was also observed.
79
#143
Development of multi-layer fibrous composites for fire resistant and

sound insulating doors
Fernando Cunha1, Carlos Mota1, Raul Fangueiro1, Manuel Ferreira1, Nelson Silva2
1
, University of Minho, School of Engineering, Portugal,

2
CIPS company, Fonto- Ponte de Lima
fernandocunha@det.uminho.pt
Abstract
This paper reports the development of new type of composite materials based on multilayer
concept. The multilayer composites were mainly composed of waste fibre based nonwoven
fabrics, woven glass fibres and wood layers. Each of these layers was designed to operate with
different functionalities; but when these layers were combined into a single composite, these
functionalities were expected to work together. This particular aspect allowed to develop a single
structure for fire doors (fire resistance time of more than 90 min), as well as to get a better acoustic
insulation behaviour (up to 47 dB). The multilayer structure was comprised of different layers
such as MDF panels (2 mm), woven glass fibre layer (220 and 400 g/m2), wood materials (10
mm), woven glass fibre (220 and 400 g/m2) and waste fibre based no-woven fabrics (3 different
types). Composite panels were produced using these combinations in a compression moulding
machine using two types of thermosetting resin systems. Acoustic insulation behaviour of these
composites was characterized using a method similar to the one applied in the EN ISO 140-3
standard. In this testing method, a white noise was applied in an insulated chamber and the noise
level (in decibels, dB) for various frequencies was measured in the first and second compartments
of the chamber. The difference between the noises measured in those two compartments, called
the noise reduction coefficient (), was used to assess the acoustic insulation behaviour. It was
observed that a good noise reduction coefficient (up to 47 dB) was observed in case of developed
composite materials at 500 Hz frequency. It was also observed that increasing the thickness of the
panels was not found beneficial for sound reduction capacity and the use of non-woven fabrics in
the panel increased the noise reduction coefficient significantly.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful for the financial support received from the Research Grants QREN,
project SI&IDT n 24897.
80
Session 4A
TUE, 11:30-13:00
Main A
TOPIC: Processes
Chair: Peter Horst
81
#171
Cold plasma treatment of polymeric matrix composites

F. Velasco, A. Bautista, S. Guzmn, M. Pantoja
Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering. Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid. Av.Universidad, 30. 28911 Legans, Spain
Abstract Atmospheric pressure plasma is a fast, clean, environmentally friendly surface
treatment. It does not generate any wastes, and it is highly effective to improve adhesion
properties through surface energy increase. Atmospheric plasma is able to promote the adhesion
of surfaces, mainly due to two effects: cleaning and activation. This work studies the effect of
plasma treatment on a glass fibre reinforced epoxy used in construction applications, as well as
in the plain epoxy matrix.
For a given torch-to-sample distance, two plasma torch speeds were selected: 1 and 10 m/min.
Contact angle measurements were carried out with water, glycerol and diiodomethane, both
immediately after surface treatment. Data were analyzed using Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble
(OWRK) method to calculate surface energies. Contact angle for all tested liquids decreases with
plasma surface treatment, in particular for the lowest speed. Hence, surface energy (wettability)
improves in all materials with plasma treatment, specially for lower rates (longer treatment times),
as shown in Figure 1. This fact is due to the higher exposition time, subsequently the surface is
more activated. A big effect on the polar part of the energy was found, appearing species with
free electrons on the surface that can improve the adhesion. Surface energy (wettability) is
reduced after 30 days from surface treatment, being the polar part of the energy (polarity of the
surface) strongly reduced with time.
Composites were painted. After plasma treatment, visual inspection shows better adhesion,
and a pull-off test was used to evaluate it. Adhesion tensile stress increases, and the standard
deviation of the measurements decreases (reliability is improved). Finally, scratch tests were
carried out, showing better performance the coatings painted after plasma treatment.
82
Surface energy (mN/m)
50
Total surface energy
45
Dispersive part
40
Polar part
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Untreated
10 m/min
1 m/min
Figure 1 surface energy of studied GFRP untreated and after APPT treatment
83
#173
Modification of metallic surfaces by duplex treatments involving

severe shot peening, pulsed electron beams and nitriding.
T. Grosdidier1,2, Y. Samih1,3, B. Beaussir1,2, T. Czerwiec 1,4, S.Z. Hao 3, C. Dong 2,4,
Laboratoire dEtude des Microstructures et de Mcanique des Matriaux, CNRS UMR

7239 - Universit de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France
2
LABoratoie d'EXcellence Design des Alliages Mtalliques pour Allgement de
Structures, le du Saulcy, 57000 Metz, France
3
Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
4
Institut Jean Lamour, Dpartement CP2S, CNRS UMR 7198, Universit de Lorraine,
Parc de Saurupt, 54000 Nancy, France
Abstract Long term surface peening, such as the Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment
(SMAT), was developed to upgrade directly the mechanical properties of the materials as
well as a surface activator prior to chemical treatments such as Plasma Nitriding [1]. The
High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (HCPEB) technique is also a recent technique that
has been proved to increase surface hardness as well as improve wear and corrosion
properties [2]. These techniques create a deformed graded surface for which the grain size
reduction, the increased grain boundary density and the introduction of structural defects
(twins, dislocations, vacancies ) improve directly the properties. It was also suggested
that they promote the diffusion of nitrogen and thereby, the reductions in the nitriding
temperature and/or duration, leading to avoid the formation of nitrides which affect the
corrosion behavior of stainless steels.
In the present work, the AISI 316L stainless steel was treated by SMAT or HCPEB under
different processing conditions then subjected to Plasma Nitriding under 'soft' conditions
(350 C for 8 hours). The evolutions of the nitrided depths and hardness of the processed
surfaces are analyzed and their evolutions discussed depending on the processing
conditions at the light of quantitative analysis of the deformed state using a recently
developed procedure [3].
This new procedure -based on the analysis of Geometrically Necessary Dislocation
(GND) and grain size determination obtained from EBSD orientation maps- which has
been used to study quantitatively the surface and sub-surface microstructural changes
issued from SMAT is here extended to the analysis of duplex treatments involving plastic
deformation and nitriding.
[1]
Lu K, Lu J. Nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials induced by surface
mechanical attrition treatment. Mater Sci Eng A, 375377, 2004, 3845.
[2]
Grosdidier T, Zou JX, Stein N, Boulanger C, Hao SZ, Dong C. Texture
modification, grain refinement and improved hardness/corrosion balance of a FeAl alloy
84
by pulsed electron beam surface treatment in the heating mode. Scr Mater, 58, 2008,
10581061.
[3]
Samih Y, Beausir B, Bolle B, Grosdidier T. In-depth quantitative analysis of the
microstructures produced by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT). Mater
Charact, 83, 2013, 129138.
85
#174
A study on the effect of weld induced residual stresses and the

influence of weld sequencing of centrifugal extractor rotating bowl
using numerical simulation and experimental validation
Satish Kumar Velaga*, Gaurav Rajput, T. Selvaraj, B.M. Anandarao, A. Ravisankar
Reprocessing Plant Design Division, Reprocessing Group,
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Kalpakkam 603102.
*Corresponding author E-mail: vsatish@igcar.gov.in
Abstract: Centrifugal Extractors (CE) are the most preferred extraction equipment for the
separation of fissile material from radioactive fission products in fast reactor fuel reprocessing in
order to reduce damage to the solvent by minimizing the residence time. During fabrication of
thin section high speed CE rotating bowls, several aspects such as heat input, weld speed, groove
geometry, number of passes and weld sequencing are very important factors to be considered to
control weld induced residual stresses and distortions. The thermal cycles due to concentrated heat
input applied during the welding process, generates inhomogeneous plastic deformation and in
turn the residual stresses in the weld metal. The presence of tensile residual stresses increases
the
susceptibility of a weld to fatigue damage, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and fracture.
To analyze the above effects, a 3-D finite element analysis for a three plane GTAW
circumferential butt joint is carried out to predict weld induced residual stresses and distortions
during fabrication of CE rotating bowls. The GTAW process was simulated using a nonlinear
heat transfer analysis using the Sysweld software with the moving double ellipsoidal heat source
model and a sequentially coupled thermo-metallo-mechanical analysis. This study includes
temperature dependent thermo-physical, thermo-mechanical properties and isotropic hardening
model. The axial and hoop residual stresses on the inner and outer surfaces were computed. Tensile
residual stress on the inner surface and compressive residual stress on the outer surface were
observed and their impacts on the CE rotating bowl are discussed. The importance of weld
sequencing and its inference on welding distortion is investigated and validated against the
experimental measurements.
86
Figure 1 (a) 3-D model (b) FE mesh Figure 2 Five different cases of weld sequencing
87
#128
Internal Expansive Reactions in Concrete Structures Deterioration

of the mechanical properties
Joo Custdio1, Antnio Bettencourt Ribeiro2
1
LNEC National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Materials Department, Av. do Brasil, 101,
1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal, jcustodio@lnec.pt
LNEC National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Materials Department, Av. do Brasil, 101,
1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract In the last decade, a significant number of problems related to concrete deterioration
have been detected in large concrete structures in Portugal and throughout the world; the leading
cause being internal expansive reactions (IER), more specifically, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and
internal sulphatic reaction (ISR). The reasoning behind the detection of an increasing number of
affected structures is threefold, greater awareness of the technical and scientific community
regarding IER, improvement of the methods utilized in IER diagnosis, and the fact that IER
distress signs only appear several years or decades after construction. Current knowledge on IER
does not allow for a complete assessment of the actual condition of an IER affected structure and
the accurate prediction of the deterioration of the mechanical properties and, consequently, of the
period during which the structure will effectively perform its function, essential for the timely and
cost-effective planning of the necessary mitigation/rehabilitation/reconstruction works. This is of
upmost importance in large concrete structures, like bridges and dams, where IER can have severe
consequences in terms of structural safety and serviceability. Therefore, to help surpassing this
situation, a research project is being conducted at LNEC to contribute to the establishment of a
method for the accurate determination of current level of IER progression and for obtaining data
relating the level of expansion with deterioration of mechanical properties. These are essential to
the adequate overall appraisal of an affected structure, and the development of structural models
that predict risks to structural integrity, potential for further deterioration due to other
mechanisms, need for mitigation/remediation actions, and the remaining service life of the
affected structure, as acknowledged in the IStructE ASR Technical Guide and IStructE
Appraisal of existing structures. This communication presents the results, from the
aforementioned study, concerning the assessment of the effect that internal expansion has in the
deterioration of the concrete mechanical properties, more specifically in its stiffness, currently
considered has being the concrete mechanical property most sensitive to deleterious expansion.
88
Figure 1 Example of a concrete structure affected by ASR.
89
#189
A comparison between the deformation behaviour of dissimilar

AA2024T3/AA7050T7651 welds produced by Stationary Shoulder
Friction Stir Welding and standard Friction Stir Welding
A. Barbini, J. Carstensen, J.F. dos Santos
HelmholtzZentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Institute of Materials Research, Materials
Mechanics, SolidState Joining Processes (WMP), Geesthacht, Germany
Abstract The present work involves the study of the mechanical behaviour of welds obtained
with Stationary Shoulder Friction Stir Welding (SSFSW) and standard Friction Stir Welding
(FSW) for dissimilar joints between aluminium alloys AA 2024T3 and AA7050T7651. The
main objective is to compare the two technologies for a possible application in primary
components of aircrafts.
Three different welding speeds (WS) were used to establish the effects of variations in Heat
Input (HI) on the weld performance. Preliminary studies showed that positioning the AA 2024
T3 in the Advancing Side of the weld leads to superior performances.
Due to the asymmetry of the joints, caused by the process itself and by the dissimilar welding
configuration, the tensile test (ASTM E809) was combined with a Digital Image Correlation
method that allows the understanding of the different deformation behaviour of the two materials
under loading.
Common characteristics were noticed for both processes. The AA 7050T7651 does not
reach the yield stress in any of the cases analysed. A high peak of the major strain in the Stir Zone
can be observed beside the border with the AA 2024T3. The peak starts at the same moment in
which the AA 2024T3 enters in the plastic field and increases during the application of the load
until the failure. In the AA 2024T3 is noticed the formation of a secondary peak of the major
strain in the Heat Affected Zone.
SSFSW is characterised, considering different sections along the specimens, by more
homogeneous deformation behaviour along the welding width than in FSW. At a certain load
level the peak of major strain is higher in FSW than in SSFSW, agreeing with the better values
recorded in the tensile test of the SSFSW specimens. For both processes, a decrease in the HI (i.e.
increasing the WS) results in improved properties.
90
Session 4B
TUE, 11:30-13:00
Main B
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Malgorzata Kujawinska
91
#184
Considerations on the choice of the drilled hole diameter in ESPIHDM residual stress measurements in Ti6Al4V
C. Barile1, C. Casavola1, G. Pappalettera1, C. Pappalettere1
1
Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, viale Japigia 182,

70126 Bari, Italy claudia.barile@poliba.it
Abstract The hole drilling method (HDM) is the most general approach used to measure
residual stress profiles in components. It consists in executing a very small hole and then in
measuring the relieved strain by using a strain gage rosette placed in an area close to the hole
itself. Nowadays HDM together with X-ray diffraction are the only practices subjected to
standardization, even if, in the last years, it has been modified by replacing strain gage transducers
with full field optical techniques like Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). This
ensures higher sensitivity measurements and avoid the long and expensive step of transducers
application. Several set-up parameters are involved in this kind of approach: drilling feed rate,
hole depth, cutter milling diameter and so on. In this paper the effects of the choice of cutter
milling diameter are discussed. It is known, in fact, that the strain field magnitude measured at a
certain distance from the hole depends on the squared value of cutter diameter. A Ti6Al4V
specimen was loaded in a four-point bending frame in order to introduce a well-known state of
stress in the sample with zero stress along the transverse direction and =133.5 MPa along the
longitudinal one. ESPI - Hole drilling measurements were then performed by using two different
drilling bits whose diameter was 1/16 and 1/32 respectively. Hole diameter deeply affects the
entity of measured relieved strain. Furthermore it represents the starting point to proper define the
analysis area that is to say the portion of the image that will be used for the strain measurement.
This area is given by a circular crown concentric to the drilled hole being defined by two radius,
internal and external radius, starting from the center of the hole. Reducing too much internal
radius can lead to include plasticity effects of hole drilling, while if it is kept too big one can
exclude significant strain field data. The proper choice depends on the material behavior and on
the hole diameter. Usually internal radii are double of the hole diameters and external radii have
the maximum value compatible with the camera field of view. In this paper considerations about
the proper definition of the area of analysis are reported in connection with the radius of the drill
bit adopt. It was found that better results for the small diameter drill bit are obtained by increasing
the internal radius. This attitude could be due to the more accentuate hole curvature which
contributes together with thermal effect to the creation of a plasticization area around the hole.
This trend was confirmed by analyzing the stress curve by varying the internal radius: deeper was
the hole, more was the convergence between the optimal internal radius values for the two mills
since the temperature effects on the surface are less accentuated. As a final result it was found
that, for the level of applied load, the cutter mill diameter didnt affect substantially the
measurement accuracy on titanium specimen and this represent an important result and it should
be compared with the analogous results reported in literature for steel. In that case, in fact,
substantial influence of the drill bit diameter was found. Explanation for this discrepancy can be
found by comparing the Young moduli of the two materials. In the case of steel the higher value
92
of the Young modulus joined with the choice of a small diameter drill bit leads to a low strain
field around the hole harder to be detected and measured and, as a consequence, most subjected
to measurements errors.
93
#188
Experiment Research and Application on Super-Retarding Mortar

Xin Feng1, Xianyan Zhou2
1
College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,Central South University of Forestry and

Technology, South Shaoshan Raod NO.498, Changsha Hunan 410004, PR China. E-mail:
xinfeng07@gmail..com
2
College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics,Central South University of Forestry and

Technology, Hunan, PR China.
Abstract In scores of experiments indicates that the super-retarding mortar, keeping plasticity
long-term, can make cement setting and hardening at a slower speed through chemical additive.
Based on large numbers of orthogonal tests and theoretical analyses, the super-retarding mortar
which satisfies the demands of actual engineering was developed successfully in present paper.
And it is consist of cement, sand, water and composite retarder blended in an appropriate rate.
From 0 to 40, setting time can be adjusted from 1 day to 22 days in the light of to the
engineering requirements, and after condensation, it begins to harden gradually and ends with the
compression strengthen over 30MPa. In this study, experiments were employed to test the
influences of accession amounts of composite retarder dosage on setting time and compression
strengthen of super-retarding mortar. On the other hand, the retarding mechanism of superretarding mortar was studied, and the super-retarding mortar was applied to experimental models.
The results show that super-retarding mortar used in this study can be applied to the actual
engineering, and it can be treated as the theoretical reference for the actual project application of
the new retard-bonded prestressed concrete system.
94
#135
Characterization of orthotropic stiffness components of Pinus pinaster

from heterogeneous plate bending tests
W. Cruz 1, J. Xavier1,2, F. Pierron3, J. Morais1
1
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences,
CITAB, University of Trs-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila
Real, Portugal, {jmcx,jmorais}@utad.pt
2
INEGI/LOME, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal,
jxavier@inegi.up.pt
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17

1BJ, UK, f.pierron@soton.ac.uk
Abstract This work presents a study on the characterization of longitudinal-radial orthotropic

elastic properties of Pinus pinaster Ait. wood through a heterogeneous plate bending test. The
proposed approach couples the deflectometry optical technique with the virtual fields method
(Fig. 1). Using this inverse identification method, all components of the bending stiffness matrix,
governing the Love-Kirchooff classical plate theory, can be determined from a single test. The
approach was firstly validated using a finite element model of the bending test considering five
different loading cases. Experimentally, a procedure was implemented in order to coating the
surface of the solid wood plate in order to guarantee the specular reflection required in the
deflectometry technique. The curvature fields required in the identification problem were
numerically reconstructed from the slope fields by means of a polynomial approximation. The
curvature fields, together with the applied punctual load and the plate dimensions were then input
in the virtual fields method for material parameter identification. The values of the engineering
constants obtained from the proposed approach were found in good agreement with regard to
reference ones reported in the literature for the same species and determined from independent
classic tensile and shear mechanical tests (Table 1).
95
Figure 1 - Schema of the plate bending test.
Table 1 - Engineering constants determined by the VFM.
Reference
Mean
Std
EL
(GPa)
15.13
12.55
5.319
ER
(GPa)
1.91
1.396
0.237
96
LR
0.47
0.639
0.371
GLR
(GPa)
1.12
1.190
0.145
#172
Sloshing effect on the dynamic behavior of large capacity horizontal

cylindrical tank due to seismic excitation and it's qualification
Sanatana Maharana1, Sunil Kumar Gupta, T. Selvaraj, B.M. Ananda Rao, A.
Ravisankar
1
Reprocessing Projects and Operations Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam, India, Pin-603102, Tel.: +91 44 27480500 Ext: 26959; Fax: +91 44 27480207
maharana@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Ground supported and elevated tanks of various sizes and configurations are widely used in
nuclear industries for handling nuclear process liquids. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are
employed in nuclear reprocessing plant for storing high level wastes (HLW). Since the HLW
generate decay heat, cooling coils provision are made for circulation of process cooling water
for heat removal. Seismic safety of these liquid storage tanks is of considerable importance to
ensure leak proof and must remain functional in post earthquake period. During lateral base
excitation the free surface liquid oscillates with different modes and the seismic ground
acceleration causes hydrodynamic pressure on the tank wall which in turn causes the failure of
tanks due to buckling. Hence earthquake-induced sloshing effect has been recognized as an
important issue toward safeguarding the structural integrity of liquid storage tanks and vessels.
Evaluation of sloshing effect requires knowledge of sloshing frequency of liquid, hydrodynamic
pressure on the tank wall and seismic force due to sloshing. Hydrodynamic pressure depend on
the geometry of tank, height of liquid, properties of liquid and fluid-tank interaction. The
pioneering work of Housner and the design codes based on "impulsive-convective"
decomposition of the container-fluid motion is limited to non-deformable vertical circular and
rectangular tanks. The present paper investigates sloshing effects on the earthquake design of
188 m3 capacity horizontal cylindrical HLW storage tanks. Since the HLW tank comprises of
baffle plates, ballast tanks, internal cooling coils and due to the limitation of studies available on
the spring-mass model of horizontal cylindrical tanks with internal obstruction, a detailed study
is done to obtain the sloshing frequency, hydrodynamic pressure and detailed finite element
analysis carried out for qualifying the HLW tank subjected seismic excitation and results are
discussed.
97
Figure 1 - Stress plot for load combination consists dead weight, hydrodynamic pressure
and seismic forces in x-excitation.
98
#180
Fatigue cracks thermal patterns

Antnio Silva1, P.M.G.P. Moreira2, Mrio A.P. Vaz2 , Joaquim Gabriel1
1
MLABIOMEP, IDMEC Polo FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto Portugal
2
INEGI, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, Porto Portugal
Abstract Nowadays the main cause of failure in mechanical components is due to fatigue
cracks therefore, the correct prediction, location and monitorization of danger regions is
extremely important. This is extremely important in aeronautics since it can lead to disasters and
catastrophic situations. Generally, al the materials increase or decreas their local temperature
wend subjected to some sort of stress. In most cases a positive stress (traction) will lead to a
decrement in the temperature and vice versa. In the case of aluminum a stress amplitude of
0.4MPa with a frequency between 5 and 200 Hz would induce a temperature increment of 1mK.
In this work were used two different frequencies, 10 and 100 Hz. The test specimen was a CT
according with the ASTM E647 standard. The sample was subjected to 50K cycles to initiate the
fatigue crack. The sample was monitored with a FLIR SC7500 thermal camera with force
reference. The acquired data was processed in two different manners: A) with the IrNdt software
and B) with a costume made application developed in LabVIEWTM. The costume made
application compensate the vertical and periodic movement of the sample and therefore reduce
the noise. The results at this point are not yet conclusive but provide a good indication of the
possibility of measuring the stress using only thermal information.
Crack tip
Figure 1 Phase image resulting from thermal analyses.
99
Session 5A
TUE, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Carmine Pappalettere
100
#142
Predicting the fatigue life of mechanical components using continuum

damage mechanics (cdm): application to a railway axle
Zoser Kalengayi T.1, Juan Carlos P.1, Cristina Castejn S. 1, Mara Jess G. 1
1
Departamento de Ingeniera Mecnica, Grupo de Investigacin MAQLAB,

Universidad Carlos Tercero de Madrid
Abstract: During the last years, safety in the railway sector has been considerably improved.
Mechanical components are increasingly reliable and with better performance. However
components like railways axles, although they are designed for an infinite life, display cracks
within just a few hours after starting operating, causing additional maintenance costs and machine
standstill. The safety and reducing costs requirements tackle the fatigue phenomena in railway
axle from another perspective. This paper presents an application of the Continuum Damage
Mechanics (CDM) to the case of railway axle under constant and variable loads. This theory
allows the non-linear damage accumulation and the sequence effect to be taken into account,
improving the fatigue life prediction. A Damage variable is defined and used to characterize the
railway axles state at a specified number of load cycles. The number of cycles for a mesoscopic
crack initiation, the size of crack initiated and the fatigue life are calculated under different load
conditions.
Keywords: Fatigue, Damage Mechanics, CDM, Railway axle.
[1] Lemaitre J., Chaboche J.L., Ahmed B., Rodrigue Desmorat, Mcanique des Matriaux
Solides, Paris, 2009.
[2] David L. McDowell, Applications of continuum damage mechanics, Barr Harbor Drive,
1997.
[3] J. Skrypek, A. Ganczarski, Modeling of Material Damage and failure of structures. Theory
and Applications, Springer, Berlin. 1999
[4] Lemaitre J., A course on Damage Mechanics, Springer, Berlin, 1996.
[5] Lemaitre J., R. Desmorat, Engineering Damage Mechanics: Ductile, Creep, Fatigue and
Brittle Failure, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2005
101
#145
Dynamic models in stress wave dispersion filtering in the Hopkinson

Pressure Bar
Francisco Q. de Melo(1)
Mrio A.P. Vaz(2)
Jaime M. Monteiro(2)
(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro
(2) LOME, Laboratory of Experimental Dynamics and Advanced Materials; Department of Mechanical
Engineering; Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto
Summary
The wave dispersion observed in the stress wave records with the Hopkinson bar in testing
materials under high strain rates is an unfavorable phenomenon when accurate
constitutive relations for materials subjected to high strain rates are requested. In this
paper, the raw stress wave signal is treated as an equivalent external dynamic force that
loads an equivalent dynamic system, consisting in a spring, a viscous damper and an
inertial mass. The system transmissibility to a reference foundation is equivalent to the
filtered stress-strain signal of the material in test, where the tuned damping characteristics
of the system lead to an efficient adjustment of the stress-strain signal now clean of
dispersive frequencies
Keywords: Dispersion waves, Hopkinson pressure bar, filtering techniques
102
#146
Sensitivity of Material Parameters on the Fatigue Crack Growth

Calculations
S.M.O. Tavares1, P.M.S.T. de Castro2
1
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal

2
Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal
Abstract The aeronautical sector has been exploring in depth the different properties of the
materials enabling continuous improvement of the aircraft efficiency and effectiveness, in line
with the demand of the Quieter, Cleaner and Greener or More Affordable, Cleaner and
Quieter air transportation aims. This trend has been putting pressure on manufacturers to invest
in R&D in order to create new solutions that meet these new needs. From the structural point of
view, these new solutions can be developed based on new materials or new structural concepts
with the major objective of aircraft weight reductions, which will lead to lower fuel consumption,
lower operational costs and lower greenhouse gases. The continuous development of new
materials and new manufacturing processes requires a permanent characterization of their
mechanical properties for a correct evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks when compared
with the present solutions. Concerning metallic airframes, they are commonly designed based on
the damage tolerant philosophy, which allows to reduce the structural weight and, at the same
time, increase the reliability and the integrity in the presence of inherent damages which may have
occurred during the manufacturing process or induced during the service or due to the structure
aging. However, the application of this design concept requires an extensive know-how of the
fatigue and fracture properties of the employed materials. This knowledge is essential to define
the maximum damage or flaw size that allows the structure to operate safely until the next
maintenance check-up and the number of cycles and the intervals of structural inspections.
This article analyses the material data related with fatigue crack growth rates used to estimate
the fatigue life of structures when a flaw is identified. These material data have an inherent scatter
mainly due to two different aspects: (i) material variability and (ii) properties measurement
characteristics. The material discrepancies can be caused by differences on its chemical
composition, its manufacturing process, applied heat treatments or even on the conditioning mode
and time. The measurement of the crack growth rate properties may also be subjected to
differences due to the testing environment (temperature, humidity, etc.), testing equipment (crack
measurement, load application, testing frequency) and technician capabilities. These different
characteristics create discrepancies on the crack growth properties. In order to reflect this crack
growth scatter, a sensitivity analysis was performed and its consequences on a common scenario
of a finite Al alloy plate with a central crack was studied. The present work studies examples of
fatigue crack growth data to understand its scatter and to estimate the sensitivity of the fatigue
life assessment to these material parameters. As a case study, the scatter of different Al alloys will
be presented, considering a common scenario of a through crack on a plate. Taking into account
the different data sets, the difference in the fatigue life was evaluated. Scatter and differences on
103
the material parameters related to the fatigue crack growth have considerable impact on this
determination. This study suggests that the fatigue crack growth data should be used in a cautious
way and using probability of failure functions since the materials have inherent scatter and the
external factors that affect the fatigue crack growth in real structures are not always completely
known.
104
#159
Structural analysis of a cross car beam using finite element models

Andr Pinto1, S.M.O. Tavares2, J. M. A. Csar de S1, P.M.S.T. de Castro1
1
Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal {andrepinto@fe.up.pt,

ptcastro@fe.up.pt, cesarsa@fe.up.pt}
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal,

sergio.tavares@fe.up.pt
Abstract The present paper concerns the use of PAM-CRASH, a finite element analysis
solver, to assess the performance of a mass production vehicle cross car beam (CCB) under
impact conditions (crashworthiness) and its modal analysis (NVH assessment). The
available data at the beginning of the present study consisted of the structure CAD file and
performance requirements stated by the OEM for NVH. No technical information was
available concerning crashworthiness. Taking into account these limitations, it was decided
to adapt the requirements for other mass production cars of the same category, as regards
dynamic loading, including g-forces resulting from deceleration. Although the
unavailability of published results for this particular cross car beam model prevents a
comparison of the present results, the trends and order of magnitude of the several analyses
performed are within expectation for this type of product. Concerning modal analysis, the
steering column first natural frequency had a percent deviation from the design target of
5.09%. The other requirement of the NVH assessment regarding a 5 Hz minimum interval
between first vehicle CCB mode and the first mode of the steering column was indeed
achieved. This study is a further confirmation of the interest of numerical modeling as a
first step before actual experimental testing, saving time and money in an industry that has
seen an enormous increase of the demand for new models in the last decade.
105
Figure 1 CCB structure.
106
Session 5B
TUE, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Testing
107
#176
Evaluation of Semi-Ellipsoidal Wall Thinning on Back Surface of Plate

by Direct-Current Potential Difference Method
Naoya Tada1, Manabu Nohara2
1
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University,

3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan,
tada@mech.okayama-u.ac.jp
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
Abstract Local wall thinning is one of serious problems in aged power generating plants. As
the thinning grows inside the pipes, it is difficult to detect and evaluate it from the outer surface
of pipe. Various non-destructive techniques, such as ultrasonic and eddy current testings, have
been developed for this purpose. The direct-current potential difference method (DC-PDM) is
also a suitable non-destructive technique to monitor the initiation and growth of wall thinning.
Figure 1 shows an example of the distribution of normalized potential difference, V/V0, in the
central area of 70[mm] 70[mm] on the surface of large flat plate with a semi-ellipsoidal thinning
of 60[mm] (total length) 60[mm] (total width) 15[mm] (depth) on the back surface, where V
is the potential difference between a pair of probes and V0 is that without wall thinning. This result
was obtained by an electric field analysis under a uniform current supplied. Higher increase in the
potential difference was found near the wall thinning part, which shows the possibility of wall
thinning detection by this method. As the geometry of wall thinning (i.e., length, width and depth)
affects or determines the potential difference distribution, it is considered that the evaluation of
wall thinning geometry is also possible. In this study, an evaluation method of wall thinning
geometry by DC-PDM is proposed and the results are discussed.
Normalized potential difference V/V0
Uniform current
Wall thinning
z
y
108
Over
1.215
1.17
1.135
1.09
1.045
1
0.955
0.91
0.875
0.83
0.785
Under
Figure 1 Distribution of normalized potential difference in the central area on the surface
of flat plate with semi-ellipsoidal local wall thinning on the backside.
109
#113
Internal residual stresses of tungsten-CFRP hybrid laminates

M. Kanerva1, E. Sarlin2, M. Wallin1, M. Laulajainen1, T. Brander1, O. Saarela1
1
Aalto University, School of Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, P.O.Box 14300,

FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; email: Mikko.Kanerva@aalto.fi
Tampere University of Technology, Department of Material Science, P.O.Box 589, FI-33101

Tampere, Finland
Abstract Hybrid laminates are outstanding solutions for applications where superior
mechanical performance must be combined with functional requirements. A laminated system
consisting of thin tungsten and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) layers is a light, stiff and
strong concept, which also works as an efficient radiation shield, for spacecraft enclosure
structures. An unfortunate consequence of the concept is the formation of residual stresses during
manufacture due to the thermal expansion mismatch between tungsten and CFRP.
In this study, we analyse internal residual stresses due to thermal expansion (contraction) of
tungsten-CFRP hybrid laminates. Our study includes experimental work and 3-D simulations
using finite element methods:
a) Strain measurements during a cure cycle analysis of the residual stress development for
elevated temperature curing.
b) Simulation of thermal residual strains in a hybrid laminate analysis of the effects of
initial anomalies (curvatures, Ri) and comparisons to the experiments.
First of all, the residual stresses are very high due to the high Youngs moduli (410 GPa for
tungsten and 215 GPa for the CFRP) and anisotropy. Secondly, since the tungsten layers are
extremely thin (50 m), the simulation of the laminate distortion during the cool down period is
sensitive to micrometre-scale anomalies in the initial flatness of the tungsten layer. Our results
show that already a small initial anomaly in the tungsten layer flatness
(Ri > 3 specimen length) affects the residual strains (change in the longitudinal strain 40%) and
distortions significantly making it demanding to predict dimensional accuracy and interlaminar
strength in the final structures.
110
Figure 1 On the left hand side: experimental strain measurements during curing;
on the right hand side: simulation of the effects of curvatures on residual stresses.
111
#130
Dynamic parameters and dissipative capacity of a pultruded FRP

spatial structure
Giosu Boscato1, Salvatore Russo2
1
IUAV University of Venice, Dorsoduro 2206, 30123 Venezia, Italy, gboscato@iuav.it

2
IUAV University of Venice, Dorsoduro 2206, 30123 Venezia, Italy, russo@iuav.it
Abstract This research proposes some evaluations on the behavior factor q of pultruded FRP
strut and tie spatial structure (Figure 1). The proposed calculation procedure is based on the
dynamic identification data of existing frame made of pultruded FRPs (Fiber Reinforced
Polymers). The determined experimental dynamic parameters were used to calibrate a numerical
finite element model employed under the hypothesis of kinematic equivalence to evaluate the q
factor considering the elastic-brittle behaviour of FRP material. The dissipative capacity of
structure was assigned to the global geometric configuration - frame with concentric diagonal
bracings - through the strength hierarchy criteria locating the dissipative zones in the tensile
diagonals. The analysis was carried out considering some typological variations to investigate the
variability of the behavior factor q.
Figure 1 - View of all-PFRP structure
112
#181
Sloshing forces in a 3D liquid waste storage tank under harmonic wave

excitation
V.S. Sanapala1, T. Selvaraj1, B.M. Ananda rao1, A. Ravisankar1, K.Velusamy1 and

B.S.V. Prasad Patnaik2
1
Department of Atomic Energy, IGCAR, Kalpakkam, India.

E-mail: svsatyam@igcar.gov.in
2
Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.
E-mail: bsvp@iitm.ac.in
Abstract
Liquid storage in containers is a problem of practical interest in a variety of engineering

applications. The fluid stored in the tank is more prone to external excitations such as
earth-quakes, wind loads etc. There is a possibility of wall buckling and damage to the
base of liquid storage tanks during such events. In case of nuclear applications, the storage
tanks containing radioactive liquids must be designed safe against such eventualities.
In this paper, A study is carried out on the dynamic response of the liquid under sloshing
in a 3D tank against external harmonic excitation. Accordingly, an incompressible N-S
equation based solver is employed using volume of fluid (VOF) method to track the free
surface interface. As a validation problem, 2D tank is modeled first and the free surface
displacement time histories for both resonant and non-resonant cases are compared with
experimental results available from the results. Good agreement between simulations and
corresponding experiments indicates that the present numerical scheme is able to predict
the nonlinear behavior accurately. The scheme is then applied to a 3D tank, studied the
free surface height, hydrodynamic pressures at different locations and also the dynamic
forces acting on the walls of the tank.
113
Figure 1 - The problem domain of interest for a 3-d rectangular tank
114
Session 6A
TUE, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Models
Chair: Francisco Melo
115
#163
Application of the Strain-Based FAD to Failure Assessment of Surface

Cracked Components
Igor Varfolomeev1, Michael Windisch2, Gerben Sinnema3
1
Fraunhofer IWM, Freiburg, Germany; igor.varfolomeev@iwm.fraunhofer.de

2
MT Aerospace AG, Augsburg, Germany
3
European Space Agency, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Abstract
In this study, finite-element analyses (FEA) are carried out to explore the
applicability of the strain-based failure assessment diagram (SB-FAD) to the evaluation of surface
crack behaviour in components under displacement controlled boundary conditions. The major
expectation is that the SB-FAD may potentially be useful in the damage tolerance assessment of
a composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) during autofrettage loading. For comparison
purposes, cracked plates subjected to uniaxial tension are also considered. The following
geometries are analyzed:
Plates with semi-elliptical cracks. The ratio of the crack depth to plate thickness is varied
between / = 0.1 and 0.5, whereas the crack aspect ratio is assumed to be / = 0.2 or 1, where
is a half crack length.
COPV under internal pressure containing a shallow semi-elliptical crack with / = 0.2 and
/ = 0.1 or a through-wall crack with the length equal to 10 times the wall thickness.
Three materials exhibiting different strain hardening capacity are investigated: AA2219-T87
(high strain hardening), Inconel 718 (medium strain hardening) and Ti-6Al-4V (low strain
hardening).
The numerically calculated J-integrals are compared to respective analytical estimates based
on the SB-FAD, using both Option 1 and Option 2 approximations. It is found that the analytical
approach yields conservative and rather accurate J-integral estimates (especially, Option 2) for
plate models, whereas the Option 2 may underestimate the crack driving force for surface cracks
in the COPV, as shown in Figure 1.
116
Figure 1 J-integral vs. internal pressure for a semi-elliptical crack in COPV liner made
of Ti-6Al-4V alloy
117
#164
Theoretical and experimental model for the analysis of a cardan cross

Eugen Avrigean1
1
Emil Cioran Street, Sibiu, 550025, Romnia eugen.avrigean@ulbsibiu.ro
Abstract
The paper presents a mathematical, numerical and experimental analysis of a component element
of the cardan joint, namely the cardan cross, which is one of the most loaded elements in the
whole assembly. The numerical and experimental analyses use state-of-the-art software packages
(Cosmos), Instron testing machines as well as state-of-the-art data acquisition devices. It is sought
to determine and verify the strain values using several methods.
Figure 1 - The numerical and experimental analyses
118
#165
Multiscale Simulation Strategy for Low-Velocity Impact on FRP

C.S. Lopes1, F. Naya1, C. Gonzlez1 and P.P. Camanho2
1
IMDEA Materials Institute, c/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe (Madrid), Spain

claudiosaul.lopes@imdea.org
2
DEMec, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Abstract Low-velocity impact events occur with some frequency on composite applications
such as airplane components. From ground operations to unavoidable birds, there is a range
of situations where an aircraft outer component may be subjected to unexpected impact loads.
The damage produced in such cases is mostly in the form of delaminations which are not
easily noticeable through routine naked eye inspections. However, the spread of these
delaminations over wide areas of the structure may severely compromise the residual
compressive strength of the structure, possibly even below the limit load for which it was
initially designed. Therefore, the ability to predict the impact damage resultant from impact
events likely to happen is of high importance to the aeronautical industry.
This paper proposes a systematic strategy to determine the mechanical behaviour of
composite materials under low-velocity impact using a multiscale numerical approach. A
virtual design/testing strategy that takes into account the physical mechanisms of damage at
the different length scales is developed and validated, so the influence of the microstructure
and loading conditions can be taken into account rigorously. The multiscale approach
describes systematically the material behaviour at different length scales from ply to laminate.
One of the advantages of this bottom-up multiscale approach is that changes in the properties
of the constituents (fibre, matrices), the fibre architecture or laminate lay-up can be easily
incorporated to provide new predictions of the macroscopic behaviour of the composite. At
mesoscale level, a three-dimensional continuum damage model for the simulation of intraply
damage phenomena is used. Delamination is simulated by making use of cohesive surfaces.
The use of structured meshes, aligned with fibre directions allows the accurate capturing of
matrix cracks, and their interaction with the development of delaminations. Element erosion
and the application of friction allow the simulation of fibre splits and their entanglement
which results in the permanent indentation of the impacted specimen.
119
Figure 1 Multiscale strategy for LVI simulation: a) Matrix tensile damage for AS4/8552
under transverse tension. Simulation of 40J impact on a 32-ply composite AS4/8552
laminate sample (longitudinal stresses (11) are shown)
120
#115
Structural Deformation Measurements by Image Block Matching

Algorithms
Graa Almeida1, Fernando Melcio1, Jos Manuel Fonseca2
1
Lisbon Superior Engineering Institute, Rua Conselheiro Emdio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisbon,
Portugal, mga@deea.isel.ipl.pt, fmelicio@deea.isel.ipl.pt
Faculty of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, jmf@uninova.pt

Abstract
The traditional methodology used in civil engineering measurements requires a considerable

amount of equipment and a very complex procedure especially if the number of target points
increases. The general idea behind digital image processing techniques is to calculate the
displacement field, see Figure 1, without contact sensors, using a normal consumer camera. With
this information it is possible to calculate the strain field and other complementary information.
Using image-processing techniques it is possible to measure not only a few points but the whole
area of interest.
Figure 1 Displacements in y-axis, where the dark area is the area with large displacements
This paper presents the DIM (Digital Image Measurements) software that automatically
computes the displacement field based on block matching algorithms. Two different algorithms
are used: the Adaptive Rood Pattern Search and the Rood Pattern - Particle Swarm Optimization.
The system setup is very simple involving a simple photographic camera (no camera calibration
is required), a spot light and a computer that automatically captures images at regular intervals.
For better results, the specimen must be covered with a random or regular pattern. The pattern
can be prepared with an underlying layer of white matt ink on top of which black ink is sprayed.
The DIM software uses a photo sequence taken during the load test and based on this information
analyzes a particular region of interest (ROI). After the test has been completed different ROIs
can be chosen and analyzed independently. This is only possible with this methodology, which
allows greater reduction of cost and time since it does not require the test repetition for new
achievements even analyzing a number of points substantially than the traditional instrumentation
approach in Civil Engineering tests. This approach can be directly transposed to any other field
that requires displacement measurements such as mechanical strength tests, fatigue analysis and
many others.
121
In this paper we will present the results of the application of our methodology to different
sequences of images taken during real stress tests with special emphasis on the software system
specifically developed for this purpose.
122
Session 6B
TUE, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Paulo Tavares
123
#155
Evaluation of mixed-mode I+II fatigue crack propagation in steels

assisted by DIC
A.L.L. Silva1,2, J. Xavier3, Diogo Carvalho.4, A.M.P. Jesus2,4, A.A. Fernandes1,2
1
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400 4200-465
Porto, Portugal. a.luis.l.silva@gmail.com
2
3
Institute of Mechanical Engineering (IDMEC).
Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI).

4
Universidade de Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD)
Abstract The fatigue crack propagation in mechanical/structural components occurs frequently

under mixed mode I + II conditions. The evaluation of the stress intensity factors (KI, KII) under
these circumstances may be performed using both numerical, experimental or hybrid methods.
More recentlty, significante advances in the field of the Digitial Image Correlation (DIC) open
new possibilities for the experimental methods, in particular for the evaluation of stress intensity
factors directly from the measured displacement fields. The paper presents a methodoly to
measure combined mixed mode I and II stress intensity factors, using DIC, on modified CT
specimens. Firstly the crack path was assessed using DIC and resulting path was compared with
direct optical observations performed on the specimens oposite surface (see Fig. 1). After that,
mixed mode stress intensity factors (KI, KII) were computed using a displacment extrapolation
technique.
Figure 1 Crack path assessment using Optical Microscope and DIC.
124
#156
Virtual Sensors for SHM using isogeometric piezoelectric finite

elements
Artur Szewieczek1, Christian Willberg2, Michael Sinapius 3
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig,

artur.szewieczek@dlr.de
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig,

christian.willberg@dlr.de
Technische Universitt Braunschweig, IAF, Langer Kamp 6, 38106 Braunschweig,

m.sinapius@tu-braunschweig.de
Abstract
Guided waves like Lamb waves can be excited and received easily by PZT patches in plates
and plate-like structures. They propagate over large areas with small damping and interact with
structure discontinuities such as impacts. Therefore, this principle can be used for impact
detection and localization.
The wave propagation can be very complex due to reflections, refractions or mode
conversions. A simulation of the exact wave behavior in complex components poses a hard
challenge due to non-exactly known material parameters and high requirements on computing
power. Furthermore, simulations have to be validated with experiments.
At the German Aerospace Center an imaging technique for guided wave investigations was
developed. Here, a combination of bonded actuators for wave excitation and air coupled ultrasonic
scanning technique for plate scanning is used for wave propagation research. The measurement
data contains all information of wave interaction with the real structure and can be used for
different imaging methods like B-Scans or video animations of wave propagation.
The measurement data can also be used for advanced tasks like virtual sensors. In this
technique measured displacements of the structure surface are used as stimulation of a virtual
sensor which can be designed by software and positioned within available data field. For the
calculation of sensor signals an isogeometric finite element model is used. The virtually bonded
layer of the virtual piezoceramic sensor interpolates with non-uniform rational B-Splines
(NURBS) the measured nodal data for each time step. This interpolation corresponds to a
displacement boundary condition and is used to calculate the electrical potential at the free surface
of the sensor. Isogeometric finite elements have, due to their higher polynomial ansatz, a better
convergence and can be distorted. Therefore, they allow better results than standard FEM
applications.
125
#157
On Monitoring of Mechanical Characteristics of Hot Rolled S355J2

Steel
Donka Angelova, Rozina Yordanova, Alexander Georgiev, Svetla Yankova
University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy Sofia, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski, Blvd., 1756
Sofia, Bulgaria, donkaangelova@abv.bg
Abstract Hot rolling technology for producing sheets from a low-carbon steel, Steel S355J2,
used in the Bulgarian Metallurgical Plant STOMANA Industry SA is under investigation. A
newly introduced normalization process in this technology is an important step that leads to
avoiding of traditional heat treatment, improving of steel mechanical characteristics, increasing
of production efficiency, all resulting in high quality final products [1, 2]. On the basis of the final
mechanical rolled-sheet characteristics - yield strengths, Re, ultimate tensile strengths, Rm,
absorbed energies in impact tests, K, and elongations at fracture - some energy-stress
(MNLQQ1M1N1L1) and energy-stress-elongation (MVZQQ1M1V1Z1) spaces have been plotted,
respectively shown in Fig.1a and in Fig.1b. These spaces can be used as an instrument for general
evaluation of the applied rolling technology and for prediction of steel-sheet mechanical
behaviour under exploitation conditions [3, 4]. Transition from one space to the other can be done
through the plotted stress-elongation area NVZL.
126
a.
b.
Figure 1 - Steel S355J2: a. Energy-stress Space; b. Energy-stress-elongation Space

References:
1. Dieter G. E. 1988. Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw-Hill Book Company
2. Angelova D., Kolarov D., Philipov . and Yordanova R. 2009. Metal Science and
Metal Forming Handbook, Part 5, edited by Angelova D., .348. Sofia, Bulgaria:
Academic publishing house . Drinov (in Bulgarian).
3. Dowling N. 2006. Mechanical Behavior of Materials. Engineering Methods for
Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue. Prentice Hall
4. Angelova D., Yordanova R., Georgiev A. and Yankova S. 2013. Investigation of
Possibilities for Improving Mechanical Characteristics of a Low-Carbon Hot Rolled
Steel. Scientific Proceedings. Year XXI, No 2 (139), pp. 249-253.
127
#160
The use of optical scanning methods for testing of thin oxide films
deposited on rough steel substrates
Janusz Jaglarz
Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Podchorych 1, 30-084 Krakw,
Poland
e-mail: pujaglar@cyfronet.pl
Abstract
The paper presents techniques for the measurement of optical thin film profiles
determined from optical profilometry (PO) and scanning spectroscopic
ellipsometry(SSE). The presented methods were used for non-destructive testing of
structural integrity of thin films and hard coatings. The first method allows a map of the
local reflectance of the small surface areas (102 mm2), the second method allows to
determine changes in the polarization light beam of reflected from the thin films. These
methods measure the surface topography of the films in long space wavelengths (of the
order of a few mm2 to several cm2), thereby complementing the measurements made
using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To determine the thickness, and the refractive
index in model fitting the semi-coherent optical theory of reflection from rough films was
used . The combined PO and SSE investigations have been used to determine the root
mean square (rms) roughness and autocorrelation length of films and surfaces. The
Fourier transform analysis of layer images was applied to determine correlation between
upper and lower film surface obtained from PO and SSE study. In work we show results
of PO and SSE study performed for oxide layers (La0,6 Sr0,4)(Co0,2 Fe0,8)O3 deposited
on croffer steel by the use laser ablation method.
128
Session 7
WED, 11:30-13:00
Main A
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Chris Rodopoulos
129
#108
System for Fuel Elements Inspection of Nuclear Research Reactor by

the Sipping Method
Rogerio Rivail Rodrigues, Amir Zacarias Mesquita
1
Nuclear Technology Development Centre/Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission

(CDTN/CNEN)
Abstract The Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear - CDTN (Belo Horizonte)

is a research institution of the Brazilian Federal Government (Comisso Nacional de Energia
Nuclear). Its mission is nuclear research for peaceful purposes. In its facilities there is a nuclear
research reactor type TRIGA Mark I, manufactured by General Atomics Co. The reactor is
operational since November 1960. The CDTN TRIGA core configuration containing 59
aluminum clad fuel elements, and 4 stainless steel clad fuel elements. Due to legal safety
requirements imposed by the Brazilian regulatory body, it has become necessary to examine all
fuel elements that form the reactor core, to verify its structural integrity as regards the possibility
of leakage of fission products due to defects in the cladding. With this objective is being
developed and will be implemented a methodology specifies to check the fuel elements by
employing the technique of the sipping test. So it was designed a device for carrying out this test
in the TRIGA reactor fuel elements of CDTN. The system is in the final stages of manufacturing.
This article describes the current stage of the research project. A container where the fuel elements
will be inserted was built. One test will be conducted using an unirradiated fuel (unburned)
element. This test is intended to show the feasibility of the proposed system (Fig 1). The next step
is the inspection of all existing fuel elements in the core. In this case, care must be taken due to
ionizing radiation emitted by fuels. The expected result is confirmation that the fuel elements are
in excellent condition, taking into account the new security protocols, ensuring the continued use
of the reactor safely.
130
Figure 1 assembly of the receptacle for the nuclear fuel of the sipping inspection method
131
#111
Remote monitoring of an elevated water reservoir using optical fiber

technology
Paulo Antunes1, Humberto Varum2, Paulo Andr3
11
Instituto de Telecomunicaes - Aveiro and Departamento de Fsica da Universidade de
Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
22
Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal e
33
Instituto de Telecomunicaes - Lisboa and Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Instituto Superior Tcnico,
Abstract In this work we demonstrate the remote monitoring of an elevated water reservoir,
located at the University of Aveiro Campus, using an all optical fiber technology. The acceleration
sensor uses fiber Bragg gratings, as element sensor, and the acceleration signal is measured at the
Instituto de Telecomunicaes facilities, where the measurement equipment is located. The
optical signal travels from the measuring point through the university campus optical fiber
network to the Instituto de Telecomunicaes, which is 1658 meters distant from the reservoir.
Among the advantages of the remote monitoring are the possibility to make measurements during
harsh environmental conditions in a completely safe mode, such as strong winds, and the
possibility to continuously monitor the structure and its response, allowing to, in real time, infer
about its structural performance and safety. Figure 1 shows the monitored structure and the
acceleration data collected remotely (for a wind speed of 8.0 m/s with a 290 North direction. The
natural frequencies of the structure, resulting from the FFT application to the measured data, are
also displayed in the figure. The sensor sensitive directions are aligned with the longitudinal (50
North) and transversal (320 North) directions of the structure.
The implemented system allowed the remote monitoring of the structure under extreme wind
speeds that would make the onsite measurements problematic, due to safety reasons.
132
Figure 1 a) Monitored structure; b) and d) the remotely collected acceleration data for
de accelerometer sensitive directions; and c) and e) the frequencies spectra
with the estimated natural frequencies
133
#114
Thermal Fatigue Behaviour of Polyamides used in Intercoolers

D. Faustino1, V. Infante1, L. Neves2
1
Instituto Superior Tcnico, ICEMS, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Portugal
2
Joo de Deus & Filhos SA, Estrada dos Arados 5, 2135-113 Samora Correia, Portugal,
luis.neves@jdeus.com
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop techniques towards characterizing the static mechanical
behaviour of three different polyamides used in intercoolers and then the structural fatigue
behaviour of the polyamide selected for a specific industrial application.
Since this is a highly complex component subject to various loadings, an analysis methodology
comparing two different strands was adopted; one with an experimental character and the other
based on a numerical simulation known as Finite Element Analysis, FEA.
The experimental research was based in thermal tensile and fatigue tests carried at high
temperatures.
The tensile tests were carried out at room temperature, 150C, 190C and 210C. In order to
avoid dispersion of results were tested 3 specimens of each polymer at different temperatures.
Thermal fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature and 210C in a servo hydraulic
machine coupled with a furnace. The specimens were tested until fracture or up to 10 5 cycles
concerning the industrial application and a constant amplitude loading with stress ratio, R=0.1
and frequency of 10 Hz. Fatigue data is presented in the form of S-N curves.
The experimental results indicated that the thermal life of the polyamides was reduced with
increasing test temperature.
To ensure the reliability of the numerical model, the mechanical characterization was studied
in detail, either as regards the approximation of the hyperelastic model to the experimental work,
as to determine the range of deformations for which the model is numerical stable, since the lack
of stability can strongly affect the numerical solution. This characterization was based on a
numerical simulation, FEA, considering properties from production process. These properties
were obtained using an interface between an injection molding computer-aided engineering
software and a software of finite element analysis.
134
#116
Long term monitoring of a high-speed railway bridge: thermal

behaviour
Manuel Cuadrado1, Daniel Gmez del Pulgar1, Emma Moliner1
1
Fundacin Caminos de Hierro para la Investigacin y la Ingeniera Ferroviaria, Madrid,

Spain. mcuadrado@fundacioncdh.com
Abstract In the framework of the VIADINTEGRA research project funded by both the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity and the European Union, the Villanueva del
Jaln viaduct is being permanently monitorized, in a view to improve its reliability assuring
structural safety and optimize repairing and maintenance operations, by means of a continuum
evaluation of its structural health condition.
Villanueva del Jaln viaduct is a six-span box girder high-speed railway bridge of double track
located at Calatayud, Spain. It is composed by a prestressed concrete box girder of constant
section with 6 spans and 5 piers, with a total length of 250 m. A long-term monitoring system was
designed and installed, including accelerometers, clinometers, strain gauges, displacement and
thermal sensors. Two of the main functions of the monitoring system are: i) the analysis of trackbridge interaction phenomena by controlling seasonal evolution of the deck and track
displacements and strain; ii) the evaluation of the evolution of modal dynamic parameters under
seasonal variations caused by temperature.
Since April 2012 the permanent sensors have been recording statistical values of all the
measured parameters and once per month 6 hours of dynamic data with a sampling frequency of
200 Hz. In this work the main results after the analysis of the measurements are presented, and
the time evolution of both dynamic behaviour and track-bridge interaction are discussed.
The measured data have been compared with the results predicted by finite element models of
the viaduct. The track-bridge interaction model has been updated with the long-term
measurements of deck and the track displacements and strain. The dynamic model has been
updated with the results of a short-term dynamic test, showing a reasonably good correspondence
in terms of natural frequencies and Modal Assurance Criterion values of the mode shape.
Average daily values
-170
1.5%
Changes in natural
frequencies
Average daily values december 12
-190
-210
-230
Average 5 first vertical modes

1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
-0.5%
-1.0%
Sep'12
Twice the standard

error of the estimate
-250
-270
(a)
-290
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Deck temperature (C)
135
Deck temperature
[C]
Rel. Displ. sliding-fixed rails on

expansion joint (mm)
-150
30
25
20
15
10
5
(b)
Oct'92
Nov'12
Dec'12
Apr'13
May'13
Jul'13
Sep'13
Figure 1 (a) Correlation between deck temperature and relative displacement sliding-fixed
rail on expansion joint; (b) Seasonal variation of bridge natural frequencies and deck
temperatures
136
Session 8A
WED, 14:15-15:30
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Testing
Chair: Jos Xavier
137
#119
Keying Effect During Fracture of Stainless Steel
Farej Ahmed Emhmmed
Assistant Prof. of Materials Science

Al Zaytona University
Tripoli / Libya
libyatat@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract:
Fracture of duplex stainless steels (DSS) was investigated in air and in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution.
Tow sets of specimens were heat treated at 475C for different times and pulled to failure either
in air or after kept in 3.5% NaCl with polarization of -900 mV/ SCE . Fracture toughness testing
was performed using a clip gauge and the direct current potential drop (DCPD) tow techniques
to monitor the crack propagation process. The crack tip open displacement (CTOD) was evaluated
for both methods. Discrepancy was observed between the experimental data and the
computational ones. Fracture took place in general by ferrite cleavage and austenite ductile
fracture in transgranular mode. Literature was able to expect the crack tip open displacement ,
experimental data , only within a certain range of the material hardness. Some microstructural
features played a role in " blocking" the crack propagation process leading to lower the CTOD
values specially for specimens aged for short times. Unbroken ligaments/ austenite were
observed at the crack wake. These features may exerted a bridging stress , blocking effect , at
the crack tip giving resistance to the crack propagation process.
Keywords:
Stainless steels, Fracture toughness, 475C ,embrittlement, CTOD, DCPD.
138
#120
Non-destructive methodology based on magnetic flux density

measurement, in the reversibility domain region, to follow stainless
steel embrittement
Edgard M. Silva1, Jorge H.R. Silva1, Ana L.S. Souza1, Neilor C. Santos1 ,Josinaldo P.
Leite2, Mickael M. Rodrigues2
1
Federal Institute of Paraba, Av. 1o de Maio, 720, CEP 58015-430, Joo Pessoa, Pb, Brazil,
edgard@ifpb.edu..br, jhribeiro@ifce.edu.br aluciassouza@gmail.com, neilor@ifpb.edu.br
2
Federal University of Paraba, Cidade Universitria, CEP 58051-900, Joo Pessoa,

Brazil, josinaldo@ct.ufpb.br, mickaelmrodrigues@gmail.com
Abstract T Non-Destructive Testing is used to assess the presence of discontinuity that may
affect the integrity of materials in service. This is the main reason why they are used in
maintenance to detect defects. In this study, Hall Effect sensors are used to develop of a nondestructive methodology, able of follow material embrittement. Magnetic flux density, with value
in the reversibility domain regions, was applied into the material. For this purpose, it was chosen
a material in which temperature of study microstructural transformations would occur due to the
single-phase decomposition, so the effect of this transformation will modify the Hall voltage
signal. The duplex stainless steel UNS-S31803 was chosen for its characteristics in temperatures
below 525C. At 475oC, this steel has the highest rate of embrittlement, due to the formation of
' phase. Samples of this steel were aged to times up to 100 hours at 475 oC. Measurements of
magnetic flux density based on the Hall voltage values were performed, as well as hardness
measurements, impact toughness and fracture surface analyses by scanning electronic
microscopy. The results show that magnetic flux density measurements are able to follow
formation the 475oC embrittlement, as can be seen in Figure 1. The methodology shows promising
to follow the nano structure ' phase that cause the deceased of impact energy.
139
Figure 1 Impact energy and magnetic lux density as a function of the aging time at 475oC.
140
#127
Analysis of the magnetic field integrity of electric machine and

construction structure
Stanisaw Radkowski1, Szymon Gontarz2, Przemysaw Szulim2
1
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Vehicles, Poland

Stanislaw.Radkowski@simr.pw.edu.pl
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Vehicles, Poland
Abstract The paper presents a description of the measuring device, method of measurement
and description of the results of research on testing stands aimed at attracting new sources of
information about the technical condition devices and constructions.
Still looking for new methods determine the status of the effort of steel structures, detect early
stages of damage in order to increase the safety of these facilities. The results of the tests carried
out using the device for the visualization of the x, y, z of the magnetic flux in space. The device
is based on a sensitive magnetic flux sensor, fluxgate type which has been integrated with inertial
sensors to determine the angular orientation of the magnetometer. To determine the full spatial
orientation, vision base method was used. The application of a Fluxgate sensor to register the
magnetic flux has allowed observe not only the quasi static field changes, but also the dynamic
changes in a field around the full operating speed of the electric motor.
For the analysis of such a large amount of data, an important issue is the visualization of the
results. Built for the needs of the experiments the application allows to track changes of the major
parameters of the flux in the space around the truss steel structure, typical of large halls as well
around BLDC motor. The application also allows observe changes in the parameters of the
magnetic field in space with information about the instantaneous position of the shaft of the
electric motor, what is important for diagnostics. The paper presents a description of the
measurement system with a focus on the basic problem occurring with fusion signals from the
selected sensors. Paper presents the measurements results from two different types of
experiments. One study focused on the magnetic flux integrity around the truss subjected to cyclic
load changes. In this paper is presented a description of phenomena of impact the state of the
construction strain on the magnetic flux around it. The second type of experiments concerned the
observation of magnetic flux around the BLDC motor, where successively various mechanical
defects were set. The paper presents an attempt of connection of selected faults introduced to the
object and the characteristic parameters of the magnetic flux. The work ends with a summary of
the authors, with particular attention to the usefulness of the system in the diagnosis and its further
development.
141
#137
SIF determination with Digital Image Correlation

Paulo J. Tavares a, Frederico Silva Gomes a, P.M.G.P. Moreiraa
INEGI Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, University of Porto,
4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Abstract
Hybrid methods, wherefore numerical and experimental data are used to calculate a critical
parameter, have been used for several years with great success in Experimental Mechanics and,
in particular, in Fracture Mechanics. This letter reports on the development of a hybrid
methodology for the determination of the stress intensity factor (SIF) parameter, which entails
combining experimental and numerical procedures to compute the SIF based of linear elastic
fracture-mechanics concepts.
The strain field around the crack tip was obtained experimentally with the digital correlation
method, as depicted in Figure 1 and stresses were assessed thereof, applying linear theory of
elasticity. The obtained data was used as input to the implemented over-deterministic numerical
algorithm and the stress intensity factor solutions for different crack lenghts were the obtained.
Those results were validated with SIF solutions drom the Dual Boundary Element Method
(DBEM) and show an excellent agreement.
Figure 1 DIC strain field on the MT specimen
142
Session 8B
WED, 14:15-15:30
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
Chair: Peter Horst
143
#151
Characterization of nickel alloy 600 with ultra-fine structure processed

by severe plastic deformation technique (dpi)
W.A. Monteiro a,b, S.L.V. Silva a, L.V. Silva a, A.H.P. de Andrade a, L.C.E. Silva a
(a) CCTM Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares (IPEN)
Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242 Cidade Universitria, CEP 05508-900, So Paulo SP
(b) CCH Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (UPM), So Paulo SP
wamontei@ipen.br
Abstract
High strength nickel based alloys are used in a multitude of advanced systems where
lightweight, high power density mechanical power transmission systems are required.
Components such as gears, bearings and shafts could be made significantly smaller and
more durable if a major improvement in nickel based alloy mechanical properties could
be achieved. A significant refinement in grain size (includes nano level) is thought to be
a promising method for achieving fundamental improvements in mechanical properties.
Grain size is known to have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of materials.
One of the most favorable methods of achieving extreme grain refinement is by subjecting
the materials to severe plastic deformation. The principal microstructural variations in
superalloys are the precipitation amount and morphology, grain size and the distribution
of carbide precipitation (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6) that could reduce the mechanical properties
of the alloys. This work shows optical and transmission electron microscopy analysis and
also hardness data after severe plastic deformation (pure shear stress) and some thermal
treatments.
Key-words: nickel alloy 600, severe plastic deformation (SPD), optical microscopy,
electron microscopy, hardness test.
144
#134
The effect of size, amount and surface treatment of micro particles of

cork on the toughness of a brittle epoxy
A.Q. Barbosa1, Lucas F.M. da Silva2, J. Abenojar3, Miguel A.V. de Figueiredo2, A.
chsner4
1
2
IDMEC, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto,

Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
3
Materials Performance Group. Materials Science and Engineering Dept.
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Av. Universidad, 30. 28911-Legans,

Spain
4
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus), Building

G39 Room 2.22, Parklands Drive, Southport Queensland 4214, Australia
Abstract Epoxies are the most common structural adhesives due to their good mechanical,
thermal and chemical properties. However, the structure of these thermoset polymers also
causes brittleness, with a low resistance to the initiation of cracks and their propagation. The
inclusion of particles (nano or micro) is a method to improve the mechanical properties such
as toughness of structural adhesives [1]. Structural adhesives are known for their high strength
and stiffness but also for their low ductility and toughness. There are many processes
described in the literature to increase the toughness, being one of the most common the use of
rubber particles [2]. In the present study, natural micro particles of cork are used with the
objective to increase the toughness of a brittle epoxy adhesive. The idea is for the cork particles
to act like as a crack stopper leading to more energy absorption [3,4]. This fact occurs because
cork presents a remarkable combination of properties (low density, low cost and sustainability
of the raw material). The influence of the cork particle size, amount and surface treatment
were studied. Particles of cork ranging from 125 to 250 m and 38-53 m were mixed in the
adhesive Araldite 2020 from Huntsman. The amount of cork in the adhesive was varied
between 0.25 and 1% in volume. To improve the adhesion between cork particles and adhesive
it was used a plasma surface treatment. The toughness of the adhesive was assessed through
toughness measurements with three-point bending specimens (SENB). The Taguchi method
was used to evaluate the influence of the variables presented (size, amount, treatment).
[1] - L.F.M. da Silva, A. chsner, R.D. Adams (ed.), in Handbook of Adhesion Technology,
Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2011)
145
[2] A.J. Kinloch, Adhesive in Engineering, Proc. Instn. Mech Engrs, 211 Part G, (1997) 307335
[3] - A. Q. Barbosa, L.F.M da Silva, A. chsner, J. Abenojar, J. C. del Real, J Adhesion, 88 (4-6)
(2012) 452-470
[4] A. Q. Barbosa, L.F.M da Silva, A. chsner, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L J
(2013) doi:10.1177/1464420713493581
146
#169
Corrosion performance of corrugated stainless steels in mortar

partially immersed in chloride solution for 8 years
A. Bautista, S.M. Alvarez, E.C. Paredes, F. Velasco
Carlos III de Madrid. Av. Universidad, 30. 28911 Legans, Spain
Abstract The high alkalinity of concrete creates an environment that protects steel against
corrosion. However, the life expectancy of concrete structures is affected by corrosion of steel
reinforcements, due to an aggressive attack of chloride ions or carbonation. The presence of
chloride in the environment increases the risk of pitting corrosion in these steels. Stainless steels
are more corrosion resistant to chloride than traditional carbon steel reinforcements, and their use
in reinforced concrete structures is increasing. There are scant studies on the corrosion behaviour
of corrugated stainless steels embedded in concrete or mortar, especially when compared to the
large number of studies published using simulated pore solutions.
In this research, mortar samples were reinforced with 5 different corrugated stainless steels
(duplex and austenitic) and tested for 8 years in non carbonated environments under partial
immersion in 3.5% NaCl. Corrugated carbon steel was used as reference. The monitoring during
the exposures was carried out with corrosion potential (Ecorr), as shown in Figure 1 and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Figure 1 shows the excellent
performance of all steels but low nickel austenitic S20430 steel. The exposure in 3.5% NaCl
causes a very low-intensity corrosive attack in S20430 samples after 7 years of exposure. After 8
years, the reinforced mortar samples were anodically polarized to obtain more information about
the pitting resistance of the passive layers formed under the different conditions. These long-term
mortar tests confirm that traditional austenitic and duplex corrugated stainless steels are an
excellent option to assure the durability of reinforced structures in chloride contaminated media.
S32205 duplex stainless steel shows excellent behavior, even under high anodic polarizations.
147
Figure 1 Ecorr evolution of the partial immersed mortar samples during the 8-year
exposure. The evaluation of the corrosion risk following ASTM 876 criteria has been included.
148
#110
Fatigue damage evolution and life prediction for metastable austenitic

steels under consideration of martensite phase transformation
Huang Yuan
Institute for Aero Structural Integrity
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Surface treatment is an important step in manufacturing critical mechanical parts. The

improvement of fatigue behavior of the mechanical part is realized just due to compressive
residual stresses and distortions of the surface material. Quantifying effects of surface treatment
in fatigue life improvement requires detailed understanding of the mechanical behavior of the
material with strong distortion and variation of the residual stresses in the surface layer material.
The stainless steel SS348 is metastable austenite material, its crystallographic structures can
transform to martensite phase under plastic deformations. Due to martensite phase the stainless
steel behaviors significantly differently from the austenitic steel, both in plastic deformation and
failure. Using known models to establish a continuum mechanics model for quantifying effects
of surface treatment needs detailed understanding of evolution of microstructure and mesomechanical behavior of the distorted material. Especially, phase transformation under severe
compressive deformation is less investigated in the past.
The present work dedicates to identify a plasticity model for SS348 under severe plastic
deformations, especially under compressive deformations, and to clarify effects of the prestrains to material failure under monotonic and cyclic loading. Based on extensive experiments,
the plasticity model under consideration of the martensite transformation should be applied to
predict fatigue life of the compressive deformed specimens and to quantify effects of the
compressive strains to material failure evolution.
149
#162
Biodegradable composite thermoplastics used in interior parts of

aerospace and automobile products
Andr F.C. Vieira 1, Rui M. Guedes2, Volnei Tita1
1
Aeronautical Engineering Department, So Carlos School of Engineering, University of So

Paulo, So Carlos, So Paulo, Brazil, avieira@inegi.up.pt, voltita@sc.usp.br
2
INEGI, LABIOMEP, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of

University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, rmguedes@fe.up.pt
Abstract There are many biodegradable polymers commercially available, which combined
with natural fibers (such as sisal, banana, coconut, hemp) or particulates (such as cork, sawdust),
can be used to produce a great variety of composite interior parts for automobiles, trains and
airplanes in order to obtain green products, following eco-design philosophies. Reliability of a
product may be defined by its ability to fulfill requirements during time. Biodegradable
composites can present short term performances similar to conventional composites. Although
the performance of a biodegradable composite decreases during time, mainly due to hydrolytic
degradation of the biodegradable polymer matrix, the interior parts should support the design
requirements, during all its life cycle. However, the mechanical behavior of biodegradable
polymers along its degradation time, in the presence of water or humidity and temperature, is still
an unexplored subject. In this work, it is considered a three-dimensional viscoplastic model. It
enables to simulate the monotonic tests of a biodegradable structure loaded under different strain
rates, and also the hysteresis effects during unloading-reloading cycles at different strain levels.
Furthermore, a parametric study is presented, showing the evolution of the material model
parameters during the hydrolytic degradation, and a sensibility study is carried out. The
investigated model was able to predict well the experimental results of a blend of polylactic acid
and polycaprolactone (PLA-PCL) in the full range of strains until rupture during hydrolytic
degradation.
150
Figure 1 - Experimental results of non degraded PLA-PCL fiber,

and prediction via viscoplastic Bergstrm-Boyce model
a) monotonic tensile test at two displacement rates (500 and 15mm/min),
b) cyclic tensile test
151
Session 9A
WED, 16:00-17:15
Room Lisboa
TOPIC: Testing
152
#139
Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement Automation

Paulo J. Tavares1; Nuno Viriato Ramos2 and P.M.G.P. Moreira3
1
LOME - Optics and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory

Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, University of Porto, Portugal
- ptavares@inegi.up.pt
2
nviriato@inegi.up.pt, 3pmoreira@inegi.up.pt
Abstract This letter describes the ongoing work at our laboratory on the implementation of
an automated vision system for fatigue crack growth measurement. The system is based on a
dedicated illumination system with grazing incidence and optimized feature extraction by
morphological image processing and continuous calculation of the da/dN parameter for
adaptation of the optimal time interval for image registration.
Measurement of fatigue crack growth [1] has been a fastidious but necessary activity for the
Mechanical Engineering experimentalist. The experimentalists experience and sensitivity on
fatigue tests is essential for determination of the reading time intervals, in particular towards the
end of the experiment, when failure to perform the necessary readings may irrevocably jeopardize
the entire trial. Furthermore, an important source of variability is, reportedly, the evaluation of
the crack length [2]. The progression of automatic vision algorithms and morphological image
processing as well as the constant improvement on CCD technology and camera price plunge, no
longer justify holding back the development of automated systems that are competent in
performing optical measurements [3].
Figure 1 - Camera and lighting device in operation.

[1]
[2]
Florent Mathieu, Franois Hild, Stphane Roux: Image-based identification procedure of

a crack propagation law, Engineering Fracture Mechanics (2012), in press;
Clark W. G., Hudack Jr. S. J.: Variability in fatigue crack growth testing, Journal of
Testing and Evaluation 3 (1975), p. 45476;
153
[3]
P. M. G. P. Moreira, A. M. P. de Jesus, A. S. Ribeiro, P. M. S. T. de Castro: Fatigue crack

growth in friction stir welds of 6082-T6 and 6061-T6 aluminium alloys: A comparison,
Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 50 (2008), p. 81-91.
154
#140
Contactless defect detection using two emerging Optical Methods for

NDT of composite structures - Thermography and Shearography
Jaime M. Monteiro, H. Lopes, Mrio A.P. Vaz
1
Instituto de Engenharia Mecnica e Gesto Industrial - INEGI, jmont@fe.up.pt

2
Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto - ISEP, hml@isep.ipp.pt
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto - FEUP, gmavaz@fe.up.pt
Abstract Optical techniques for nondestructive testing & evaluation (NDT&E) are used to
access the presence of defects within the material, without affecting its physical integrity. Among
the main optical methods of NDT&E, Shearography and Thermography either passive or active,
have shown great potential in the detection and evaluation of defects. These techniques have
received considerable industrial acceptance and they can be applied to most materials. When
compared, they present advantages and disadvantages and can complement each other and thus
constitute NDT&E tools with high capacities. In this article, the principles and the methods of
testing of these two techniques are reviewed. A comparative analysis of both techniques and their
application in the inspection of composite structures with defects is done by addressing the
strengths and limitations of each other.
155
Figure 1 - Inspection results on a composite plate with several defects obtained with
Shearography and lock-in-Thermography.
156
#144
Novel Non-Destructive Testing techniques for structural integrity

F. Nascimento1, T. Santos2, C.C.C.R. de Carvalho3,4, R. Miranda2, L. Quintino3
1 Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade Tcnica de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049001 Lisboa, Portugal, email: f.nascimento@sapo.pt
2 Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica,
Portugal
3 Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade Tcnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
4 Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical
Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, IST
Abstract The present paper outlines recent developments and respective validation of
innovative non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques aimed at different types of applications and
defect detection. NDT techniques allow for an analysis of the structural integrity of the different
mechanical parts. These methods are very efficient in the identification of different defects that
can compromise the structural integrity in the different applications. The growing demands of
industry lead to a need for faster and more precise methods for the identification of these defects.
Recent developments have allowed the development of a new NDT technique that can be used
for the detection of microdefects. This technique uses a bacterial suspension where the fluorescent
bacteria will adhere to the surface defects when an electrical or magnetic field is applied. This
process has the potential to detect defects of 2.9 m depth in steel. Eddy currents can be
complemented or even substituted by electrical conductivity measurements to detect changes in
the microstructure of metal with higher precision. Ultrasonic techniques have been in the forefront
of NDT developments for more than a decade and the Phased Array techniques have proven its
capabilities to detect defects in different circumstances, as plastic pipelines and composite
structures.
This work will focus on the basis of these technologies and its potential for industrial
application. A comparison study has been made with existing technologies and validation in
laboratory tests and industry cases is presented.
157
#149
Structural monitoring of wind turbine blades

Silvina Guimares1, Mrio A.P. Vaz1,2, Jaime M. Monteiro1, Nuno Viriato Ramos1, Jos
Carlos Matos1, Miguel Marques1
1
INEGI Institute of Mechanical Engineering an Industrial Management,

sguimaraes@inegi.up.pt, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, nr. 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
2
Department of Mechanical of the Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto
Abstract
Wind turbine blades inherently subjected to loads with provenience in the atmospheric flow
and are, in fact, one of the elements with a shorter life-cycle. Their monitoring with the purpose
of anticipating damage and potentially correct is, although not that often, hence a key aspect in
the successful operation of a wind turbine.
In this work a structural monitoring system for wind turbine blades is described. Using Bragg
sensors in optical fibers to obtain the strain on the blades and GSM delivering signal, this device
allows controlling the structural integrity in real time. With attained data it is possible to access
or even anticipate damages, as well as, to perform a life cycle assessment of this component in a
more reliable way.
Figure 1 Installation of the system and sensors in the wind turbine
158
Session 9B
WED, 16:00-17:15
Room Berlin
TOPIC: Materials
159
#170
Fire resistant coatings for polymeric matrix composites

F. Velasco, S. Guzmn, A. Bautista, M.A. Martnez
Carlos III de Madrid. Av. Universidad, 30. 28911 Legans, Spain
Abstract Fibre reinforced polymer composite materials are being used for different structural
applications. However, composites are vulnerable to fire in two key aspects: their resin content
may ignite and the flames spread over the surface and the degradation of the resin due to the heat
of a local fire exposure that is weakening the composite structure. Until a few years ago, the
inflammability could be reduced with halogenated compounds, now prohibited in many countries
due to the release of toxic gases during the fire. Some solutions can be found in intumescent
paints.
Coatings with thermal barrier properties seem very suitable for fire protection of composite
materials, which is the main barrier preventing composites from the construction market, in spite
of their excellent mechanical properties. In this work, tailored coatings with hollow particles have
been developed and applied to glass fibre reinforced epoxy composites to improve the behaviour
against to fire. Their effect on thermal conductivity has been measured, and the manufactured
coatings reduce heat transmission to the substrate.
160
Moreover, and due to their good fire reaction, the fire resistance under loads has also been
evaluated. Figure 1 shows an example of the loads measure with time when fire is applied to
uncoated and coated composite materials. Coated samples were able to keep the material good
conditions for at least 15 min.
120
COATED 1
COATED 2
PMC 1
PMC 2
100
F (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time (s)
Figure 1 fire effect on loaded (0.2 kN) composites both uncoated and coated: change of
force with time.
161
#177
Evaluation of Advanced Materials in Aircraft Structure

Martin Bugaj, Andrej Cger
1
Martin Bugaj, assoc. prof., University of ilina, Air Transport Department, Slovakia,
Martin.Bugaj@fpedas.uniza.sk
2
Andrej Cger, PhD. Student, University of ilina, Slovakia
Abstract The main goal in almost all daily activities is safety. Many kinds of researches and
development try to find out how to produce things easily with appropriate amount of safety. We
have to take into account that every construction used is potentially in some conditions damaged
and could collapse. This situation is in some cases dangerous and could be fatal. Researchers have
to produce constructions which are still safe even during failure and could resist minor damage
and equipment is still usable in operation or will not suffer any damage until their determined
lifetime. Especially in aviation new trends push materials development and technologies forward
and it is absolutely normal when half of aircraft construction is made by composite material. This
kind of material is used in extreme conditions and can resist heavy loads. It is very light which is
in aviation very important and needed. Main problem appears in setting save lifetime for this
material or how to deal with damages during operations.
This paper shows some kinds of degradation processes in materials such as delamination in
composites used in construction aiming to special types of fibers. Increasing of costs in aircraft
production despite efficiency improvements in technologies and manufacturing operations, can
be attributed primarily to the increased use of more expensive materials and structural parts and
assemblies. The tendency in aircraft production has been a growing use of high-cost composites,
titanium parts and advanced materials to maximize weight efficiency.
Aircraft composite material is in expanding usage continuously. Fiber reinforced composites
find their utilization in the rapidly broadening field of applications. Some composite types can be
considered as structural materials for usage at elevated temperatures. Ideally they should be
lightweight, chemically and thermally stable, possessing good mechanical properties and cheap.
Next the paper presents the possibility of using basalt fibers in composite structure, its
techniques of production, physical and mechanical characteristics and analysis of mechanical
capabilities. Basalt, a natural mineral material, environmentally-friendly, gradually becomes a
new substitute in the composite group. There is a lack of research on basalt fibers; in fact, few
studies on basalt fiber as reinforcement material in resin have been published.
162
#179
Electromagnetic shielding enclosure built on metallic lightweight

structure for aerospace EMI protection applications - Experimental
tests and numerical simulation Mihai Enache1, Dan Fostea2, Adina Otilia Boteanu2, Cristian Puic2
1
Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency METRA, Information Systems &
Communications Test Evaluation Scientific Research Center, Aeroportului Street no. 16,
Bucharest, Romania, menache@acttm.ro
Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency METRA, Information Systems &
Communications Test Evaluation Scientific Research Center, Bucharest, Romania,
dfostea@acttm.ro, aboteanu@acttm.ro,cpuica@acttm.ro
Abstract Two of the major issues of the aerospace applications, where sensitive electronic
equipments must be safely operated with respect to aircrafts building design and
installation restraints, are the density of the electromagnetic interferences (EMI) and the total
weigh of the electrical and electronic equipments. Our first concern was to address the problem
of EMI and emission security (EMSEC). The classical protection solutions consist of standard
electromagnetic shielded enclosures, designed as the product chassis, which do not met the
requirements for aerospace applications because implies several disadvantages like: ergonomics,
transportability, maintenance, interoperability and versatility. In order to find an applicative
solution for these problems we carried our work to design and develop a special experimental
model (ExpM) for EMI/EMSEC protection. ExpM consists of a modular lightweight materials
shielding enclosure that can be adapted to all and each equipments maintaining their
performances and functionalities. After the process of testing and optimizing some materials,
conductive coatings and fabrics applied to different types of dielectric substratum by deposition
and multi-layer techniques, we selected the optimal ones and we defined requirements for the
Electromagnetic Shielding Enclosure (ESE) built on metallic lightweight structure. In this paper
we present the numerical simulation and analysis of the structure behavior concerning different
dropping impacts and collisions. The impact performance of Faraday enclosure is a major concern
of a new design.
The analysis procedure helped us to comply with minimum mechanical requirements,
evaluates yield stress and deformation characteristics of products and will provide the necessary
data for ExpM design and execution process. After the execution phase, using all intermediate
numerical simulation and experimental test results, ExpM will be tested as a product, both for
complying with electromagnetic shielding and mechanical requirements according to
EMI/EMSEC national, European and NATO standards.
163
#183
Influence of Titanium, Niobium and Aluminium addition on

microstructure and mechanical properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel
welds
1
1
Nabil Bensaid, 1Mohamed Farid Benlamnouar, 1 Amar Boutagane
Welding and NDT Research Centre (CSC), BP 64, Road of Dely Brahim, Chraga, Algiers,
Algeria
E-mail :n.bensaid@csc.dz
Abstract ferritic stainless steel steels are associated with many problems during the welding
process. These problems are the martensite formation and grain growth, causing a reduction of
ductility and toughness. For these reasons, until recently, the application of this group steels is
limited in welded structures. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the Ti,
Nb and Al on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welds of 1,2 mm thick AISI 430
ferritic stainless steel sheets produced by GTA welding. The microstructures of the welded joints
were investigated by the optical microscopy (OM), the mechanical properties included hardness
and tensile strength was investigated, the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimen were examined
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From this investigation, it is observed that the grain
growth in fusion zone is limited when the titanium content above 0.2%, and lead to a fine grain
structure, equiaxed grains morphology and superior tensile of weld metal, when compared with
conventional welding.
Figure 1 - Martensite formation and grain growth in fusion zone of AISI 430 ferritic
stainless steel weld
164
#161
Designing and optimization of new composite pallet

Alexander Janushevskis1, Anatolijs Melnikovs2
1
Prof. Dr.sc.ing., Riga Technical University, 6, Ezermalas, Riga, Latvia, janush@latnet.lv

2
Dr.sc.ing., Riga Technical University, anatolijs.melnikovs@rtu.lv
Abstract Metamodeling is generally recognized efficient approach for the optimization problems.
In our case it is used for shape optimization. Due to development of CAD/CAE software and
advanced metamodeling techniques such approach has become highly effective and popular in
recent years. The references to the non parametric approximation methods are commonly given
to solve deterministic problems. For non-deterministic optimization problems, such as in
proposed case of composite pallet structure (Figure 1) that must account for uncertainties, the
optimization should be based on double loop approaches where the uncertainty propagation is
recursively performed inside the optimization iterations. Often the uncertainty estimation for the
given point is based on metamodel, thus allowing reduction of computational time but introducing
additional bias in the estimates. In such approach a single loop kriging based method for
minimizing the mean of an objective function is proposed: the simulation points are calculated in
order to simultaneously propagate uncertainties, i.e., estimate the mean of objective function, and
optimize this mean. This approach is realized in the original code KEDRO for design of
experiments, analysis and multiobjective robust optimization.
The FE-model of the composite pallet is considered and solved accurately as multi-ply
shell structure. The fiber-reinforced polymer material mechanical properties and two
main operation cases of the loaded pallet are taken into account during deterministic
structural optimization procedure. Next the same problem is considered as nondeterministic taking into account possible uncertainties of the pallet supporting
conditions. In both cases shape is defined using CAD based NURBS curves (Figure 1).
Appropriate shapes of the stiffness ribs are found for best performance of the structure.
Sensitivity analyses for probabilistic performances are given. As a result of optimization,
the competitive design of composite pallet is developed, that could meet requirements of
the modern automated distribution systems, including superior strength and weight ratio,
nestable design concept, increased service life, better corrosion and impact resistance.
165
Figure 1 - 3D model of composite pallet with obtained optimal shapes of stiffness ribs (left)
and NURBS parameterization (right)
166
Index
A. Barbini, 91
A. Bautista, 83, 148, 161
A. Carvalho, 45
A. Karanika, 45
A. chsner, 146
A. Ravisankar, 87, 98, 114
A.A. Fernandes, 125
A.H.P. de Andrade, 145
A.L.L. Silva, 125
A.M.P. Jesus, 125
A.Q. Barbosa, 146
Aaron Warren, 70
Adina Otilia Boteanu, 164
Agnieszka Boto-Probierz, 80
Alexander Georgiev, 127
Alexander Janushevskis, 166
Amar Boutagane, 165
Amir Zacarias Mesquita, 131
Ana C.F. Silva, 43, 78
Ana L.S. Souza, 140
Anatolijs Melnikovs, 166
Andr Correia, 62
Andr F.C. Vieira, 151
Andr Pinto, 106
Andrej Cger, 163
Antnio Bettencourt Ribeiro, 89
Antnio Silva, 100
Artur Szewieczek, 126
B. Beaussir, 85
B.M. Ananda rao, 114
B.M. Ananda Rao, 98
B.M. Anandarao, 87
B.S.V. Prasad Patnaik, 114
Bruno Henriques, 66
C. Barile, 93
C. Casavola, 93
C. Correa, 73
C. Dong, 85
C. Gonzlez, 120
C. Leito, 47
C. Pappalettere, 93
C.C.C.R. de Carvalho, 158
C.S. Lopes, 120
Carlos Mota, 81
Christian Willberg, 126
Cludia Carneiro, 60
Cristian Puic, 164
Cristina Castejn S., 102
D. Faustino, 135
D. Peral, 73
D.M. Rodrigues, 47
Dan Fostea, 164
Daniel F.O. Braga, 43, 78
Daniel Gmez del Pulgar, 136
Daniel Michalik, 80
Diogo Carvalho, 125
Donka Angelova, 53, 127
E. Sarlin, 111
E.C. Paredes, 148
Edgard M. Silva, 140
Emma Moliner, 136
Eugen Avrigean, 119
F. Nascimento, 158
F. Naya, 120
F. Pierron, 96
F. Velasco, 83, 148, 161
F.F. Duarte, 44
Farej Ahmed Emhmmed, 139
Fernando Cunha, 81
Fernando Melcio, 122
Filipe Silva, 66
Francisco Gis, 66, 67
Francisco Q. de Melo, 103
Frederico Silva Gomes, 78, 143
G. Pappalettera, 93
Gaurav Rajput, 87
Gerben Sinnema, 117
Giosu Boscato, 113
Graa Almeida, 122
H. Lopes, 156
Huang Yuan, 150
Humberto Varum, 133
Igor Varfolomeev, 117
Ivo Lopes, 62
J. Abenojar, 146
J. Bitenieks, 51
167
J. Carstensen, 91
J. Ferreira, 69
J. Lu, 77
J. M. A. Csar de S, 106
J. Morais, 96
J. Vatavuk, 57
J. Xavier, 96, 125
J. Zicans, 51, 55
J.A. Porro, 73
J.C. Reis Campos, 62, 64
J.F. dos Santos, 91
J.L. Ocaa, 73
Jaime M. Monteiro, 103, 156, 159
Janusz Jaglarz, 129
Janusz Majta, 76
Jerzy Myalski, 80
Joo Custdio, 89
Joo Sampaio-Fernandes, 66
Joaquim Gabriel, 100
John W. Labadie, 71
Jorge H.R. Silva, 140
Jos Carlos Matos, 159
Jos Manuel Fonseca, 122
Josinaldo P. Leite, 140
Juan Carlos P., 102
K.Velusamy, 114
Kim C. Long, 71
Krzysztof Muszka, 76
L. Neves, 135
L. Quintino, 158
L. Ruiz de Lara, 73
L.B. Cavalcanti, 64
L.C.E. Silva, 145
L.V. Silva, 145
Lucas F.M. da Silva, 43, 146
Lucie Novkov, 46
M Portela, 67
M Sampaio-Fernandes, 67
M. de Freitas, 44
M. Daz, 73
M. Kanerva, 111
M. Laulajainen, 111
M. Nurgaliev, 45
M. Pantoja, 83
M. Parente, 69
M. Seabra, 69
M. Wallin, 111
M.A. Martnez, 161
M.A. Sampaio-Fernandes, 64
M.I. Costa, 47
M.J. Ponces, 64
Malgorzata Sopicka-Lizer, 80
Manabu Nohara, 109
Manuel Cuadrado, 136
Manuel Ferreira, 81
Marcin Kwiecien, 76
Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes, 66
Maria Helena Fernandes, 66
Maria Helena Figueiral, 66
Mara Jess G., 102
Mrio A.P. Vaz, 59, 60, 62, 64, 100, 103,
156, 159
Martin Bugaj, 163
Martin Kadlec, 46
MH Figueiral, 67
Michael Sinapius, 126
Michael Windisch, 117
Michal Krzyzanowski, 50
Mickael M. Rodrigues, 140
Miguel A.V. de Figueiredo, 78, 146
Miguel Marques, 159
Mihai Enache, 164
Mohamed Farid Benlamnouar, 165
N. D. Alexopoulos, 45
N. Huber, 77
N. Kashaev, 45, 77
Nabil Bensaid, 165
Naoya Tada, 109
Nathalie Valle, 80
Neilor C. Santos, 140
Nelson Silva, 81
Nuno Neves, 60
Nuno Viriato Ramos, 59, 60, 62, 154, 159
O. Saarela, 111
P Fonseca, 67
P.Kuzhir, 51
P.M.G.P. Moreira, 43, 44, 48, 78, 100,
143, 154
P.M.S.T. de Castro, 44, 104, 106
P.P. Camanho, 120
Paulina Graca, 76
Paulo Andr, 133
168
Shayan Eslami, 48
Silvina Guimares, 159
Stanisaw Radkowski, 142
Sunil Kumar Gupta, 98
Svetla Yankova, 53, 127
Szymon Bajda, 50
Szymon Gontarz, 142
T. Brander, 111
T. Czerwiec, 85
T. Grosdidier, 85
T. Ivanova, 51
T. Santos, 158
T. Selvaraj, 87, 98, 114
Tomasz Pawlik, 80
V. Infante, 44, 135
V. Kalkis, 55
V.C. Pinto, 64
V.S. Sanapala, 114
Volnei Tita, 151
W. Cruz, 96
W. Mark Rainforth, 50
W.A. Monteiro, 57, 145
William S. Duff, 71
Xianyan Zhou, 95
Xin Feng, 95
Y. Samih, 85
Zoser Kalengayi T., 102
Paulo Antunes, 133

Paulo J. Tavares, 48, 143, 154
Pedro Couto Viana, 62
Pedro Gomes, 66
Przemysaw Szulim, 142
R. Berzina, 55
R. Maksimov, 55
R. Merijs Meri, 51, 55
R. Miranda, 158
R. Natal, 69
Ralitsa Pavlova, 53
Raul Fangueiro, 81
Rogerio Rivail Rodrigues, 131
Roman Rek, 46
Rozina Yordanova, 53, 127
Rui M. Guedes, 151
S. Guzmn, 83, 161
S. Maksimenko, 51
S. Riekehr, 45
S.A.L. Pereira, 57
S.L.V. Silva, 145
S.M. Alvarez, 148
S.M.O. Tavares, 104, 106
S.Z. Hao, 85
Salvatore Russo, 113
Sanatana Maharana, 98
Satish Kumar Velaga, 87
169

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2nd International Conference of the

International Journal of Structural Integrity

Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

R Ritchie, University of California, Berkley, USA

Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management

EASN European Aeronautics Science Network

ESIS European Structural Integrity Society

EURASEM -.European Society of Experimental Mechanics

SPM Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais

Official Carrier TAP Portugal

Grupo ALAVA Ingenieros

Prudente & Tavares Consulting

Regional Government of Madeira

International Journal of Structural Integrity

Friction Stir Weldbonding of Aluminum Joints ................................................. 42

Induction of Through-Thickness Compressive Residual Stress Fields in thin

Dynamic models in stress wave dispersion filtering in the Hopkinson Pressure

Non-destructive methodology based on magnetic flux density measurement, in

Welcome from President of the Institute of

Welcome from Conference Chairs

True wishes of fruitful discussions,

Pedro Moreira and Paulo Tavares

Advances in Fracture Analysis

Coating Technology and Structural Performance

Design and Structural Assessment of Metallic and

Durability of Electronic Materials

Durability of Metallic and Composite Structures

Environmental Effects and Structural Performance

Evaluation of Joining Technologies

Examination of Computational Codes for Stress Analysis

Nanomechanics and nanomaterials

Probabilistic Approach to Damage Tolerance

Structural Health Monitoring

Structural Integrity in Nuclear Power Plants

Structural Integrity of Bridges

Structural Performance Evaluation of Metals, Composites,

Surface Engineering and Structural Performance

The Municipality of Funchal extends over a large hill, arranged in

Room Berlinerlin: Berlin, 1st floor

Plenery Invited Speakerss

The significance of the interaction of stability and damage

Peter Horst has a degree in Oceanography from Hamburg University and

Prof. Daniel Kujawski

A Deviatoric Neubers Rule and SWT Parameter for Fatigue

Daniel Kujawski was educated at Warsaw University of Technology in Poland in

Prof. Chris Rodopoulos

Optimising Controlled Shot Peening Parameters for Optimum

Prof. Malgorzata Kujawinska

Full-field optical methods for measurements and monitoring of

Finally the perspectives of wide implementation of full-field optical

Prof. Carmine Pappalettere

Challenge on Application of Titanium Alloys on Aeronautic

Experimental results of fatigue tests are discussed in terms of both

Carmine Pappalettere, born in 1949, is since 1990 full professor of Mechanical

Prof. Mrio Vaz

Structural Monitoring and Biomechanics

MON, 10:15 - 11:00

MON, 11:00 - 11:30

MON, 13:00 - 14:15

Title and Author (s)

Mechanical Behavior Characterization of

Structural integrity of a Maryland dental

Evaluation of nitriding process effects on

Michal Krzyzanowski, Szymon Bajda, W. Mark Rainforth**