Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Andrzejowski Przeworsk Culture-Libre

    Uploaded by

    Ivo Yonovski
    404 views53 pages
    This document provides background information on the Przeworsk culture that emerged in Poland during the Iron Age. It notes that the region was previously settled by the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave cultures. The Przeworsk culture developed rapidly in the late 3rd century BC through adoption of La Tène cultural models and new ironworking skills, likely facilitated by unrest from migrating tribes passing through. During its early phases from the late pre-Roman period to the Roman period, the Przeworsk culture occupied central and southern Poland and had strong cultural ties to neighboring Celtic groups, though by the 3rd century AD it began declining in influence.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    Andrzejowski Przeworsk Culture-libre

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This document provides background information on the Przeworsk culture that emerged in Poland during the Iron Age. It notes that the region was previously settled by the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave cultures. The Przeworsk culture developed rapidly in the late 3rd century BC through adoption of La Tène cultural models and new ironworking skills, likely facilitated by unrest from migrating tribes passing through. During its early phases from the late pre-Roman period to the Roman period, the Przeworsk culture occupied central and southern Poland and had strong cultural ties to neighboring Celtic groups, though by the 3rd century AD it began declining in influence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    404 views53 pages

    Andrzejowski Przeworsk Culture-Libre

    Uploaded by

    Ivo Yonovski
    This document provides background information on the Przeworsk culture that emerged in Poland during the Iron Age. It notes that the region was previously settled by the Pomeranian and Cloche Grave cultures. The Przeworsk culture developed rapidly in the late 3rd century BC through adoption of La Tène cultural models and new ironworking skills, likely facilitated by unrest from migrating tribes passing through. During its early phases from the late pre-Roman period to the Roman period, the Przeworsk culture occupied central and southern Poland and had strong cultural ties to neighboring Celtic groups, though by the 3rd century AD it began declining in influence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 53

    WORLDS APART?

    Contacts across the Baltic Sea in the Iron Age


    Network Denmark-Poland 2005-2008

    Edited by
    Ulla Lund Hansen & Anna Bitner-Wrblewska

    DET KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFTSELSKAB


    PASTWOWE MUZEUM ARCHEOLOGICZNE
    KBENHAVN - WARSZAWA 2010

    Jacek Andrzejowski

    e Przeworsk Culture. A Brief Story


    (for the Foreigners)1

    The Background
    (or the Day Before)
    During the Early Pre-Roman Period, generally correlated with phases LT B-C1 in the La
    Tne Culture area, much of Poland was settled
    by the people of two related culture units,
    namely, the Pomeranian and the Cloche Grave
    Cultures; the older Lusatian Culture tradition
    was continued by lingering pockets of Lusatian
    population. Starting from phase LT B1, in areas
    of southern Poland we find enclaves of a Celtic
    population whose presence in the region has
    been linked to control exerted by the Celts over
    the long-distance trade in Baltic amber.
    We have little material evidence to document and date more closely the final phases of
    either the Pomeranian Culture or the Cloche
    Grave Culture; it is also rather difficult to correlate the decline of settlement by these peoples
    with the emergence of the Przeworsk Culture.
    This applies particularly to the Cloche Grave
    Culture and the southern area of the Pomeranian
    Culture which correspond in territorial range
    to the area of Przeworsk Culture settlement in
    Included in Appendix 1 is a list of key publications
    on the Przeworsk Culture, Appendix 2, provides a list
    of the most important published cemeteries of the
    Przeworsk Culture.

    its earlier phase; both are known almost entirely


    from numerous cremation cemeteries, all furnished with a distinctive remarkably uniform
    and long-lived assortment of ceramic vessels,
    widely different from the pottery of Przeworsk
    Culture.
    The people who created the Przeworsk
    Culture must have been the descendants of
    Pomeranian and Cloche Grave populations but
    the archaeological record does not supply any
    convincing proof in this respect. Just the opposite there is a striking absence of legible
    continuity; only very exceptionally we find cemeteries which carry over from the PomeranianCloche to the Przeworsk phase; and the cremation rite is essentially different.
    It must be noted also that some areas inside
    the Przeworsk Culture territory were occupied
    by the Przeworsk folk only during phase A2 or
    even later; this suggests that older,Cloche communities, survived well into the Przeworsk age.
    Another indirect proof is provided by some features of the funerary practice and ceramics which
    are registered for the first time in Przeworsk
    Culture material during phase A2 and appear
    to be the legacy of the Cloche Grave tradition.
    At the same time, the hypothesis that the
    Przeworsk tribes had migrated to the region of
    phase A1-A2 settlement from the outside is not
    supported by the archaeological record.

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    The Big Bang


    The Przeworsk Culture2 developed as a result of a rapid in archaeological terms adoption and adaptation of La Tne culture models
    by the local population. Possibly, with some participation from an outside catalysing agent
    passage of the Bastarnae and Scirae tribes in late
    3rd c. BC through the territory of Poland, on to
    Moldavia, where the people settled and developed the Poieneti-Lukaevka Culture. Unrest
    associated with this passage would have weakened the existing social structure and assisted
    processes of culture transformation. In recent
    years archaeologists have been identifying archaeological material (mainly pottery) definitely attributable to the Jastorf Culture which has
    an evident distribution along the northern and
    the north-eastern border of the early Przeworsk
    Culture, and also, along its southern range in
    western Maopolska3. Jastorf material is recorded in the period predating the emergence of the
    Przeworsk Culture, but also during a later period, as late as phase A2 (or even A3); frequently
    it occurs side by side with strictly Przeworsk
    Culture material. Similar assemblages are referred
    to as type Werbkowice, type Brze Kujawski,
    or, in eastern Poland, as the Czerniczyn Group;
    recently, there was a suggestion to separate
    similar finds from the Kujawy region, northcentral Poland, as Pre-Przeworsk assemblages

    e name Przeworsk Culture was introduced in


    1910 by a Czech scholar L. Niederle (see: Buchtela &
    Niederle 1910) basing on a large graveeld at village
    Ga, close to the district town of Przeworsk, excavated
    in 1904 and 1905 and only just published (Hadaczek
    1909). In Polish literature this name was set up by
    R. Jamka (1933) to dene an archaeological unit represented ia, by graveelds from Kopki and from Ga.
    3 Maopolska (Lesser Poland), Wielkopolska (Greater
    Poland), Kujawy (Kuyavia vel Cuyavia), Mazowsze
    (Masovia), Podlasie (Podlachia), Pomorze (Pomerania)
    and lsk (Silesia) are the historical regions of Poland.
    Except for Silesia and Pomerania, their English names
    are not in common use.
    2

    but this term may apply only to the earliest


    Jastorf finds.
    The developments which eventually led to
    the emergence of the Przeworsk Culture were
    associated with the mastering of the mass production of iron by the local tribes; the new
    skills were adopted from the Celts. Local easily
    available bog ores were smelted in primitive furnaces. Remains of furnaces and iron slag are
    recorded in all the Przeworsk settlements dating from the period. At the end of the Late PreRoman Period and during the Roman Period
    some areas the Bonie Plain to the west of
    Warsaw, and the witokrzyskie Mountains in
    south-central Poland developed centres of
    metallurgy where the production of iron assumed a truly industrial scale. Each of the
    largest iron-smelting settlements to the west of
    Warsaw contained several thousand furnaces.
    Until the time of its decline the Przeworsk
    Culture continued to be the most iron-rich
    civilisation among the local barbarian peoples.
    Apparently, smiths were held in high esteem
    and belonged to the upper ranks of the society;
    this is suggested by graves of warrior-smiths,
    who were buried with weapons and sets of
    tools.
    New settlements were established; their
    economic mainstay was animal husbandry and
    farming pursued with implements produced
    according to the Celtic model. Warriors were
    equipped with weapons imitating Celtic war
    gear; metal, mostly iron ornaments and dress
    accessories, in common use, were also modelled
    on Celtic styles. During older phases of the
    Przeworsk Culture most ornaments tended to
    be made of iron.
    Many elements of the Przeworsk ideology
    were taken over from the Celts as well. The
    main form of burial was cremation.Ashes of the
    dead were buried in cemeteries, in flat pit graves
    or, more seldom, deposited in urns. In Silesia
    and Kujawy areas of especially strong Celtic
    influence we find a small number of inhumation graves. Some cemeteries have produced
    the remains of small-scale buildings, which are

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    interpreted as small temples or altars. Cemeteries which continued in use throughout the
    entire Przeworsk age contain several hundred
    graves4, some of them holding the remains of
    more than one individual. Many burials contain
    burnt animal bone, frequently, bird bones. In
    keeping with the Celtic custom, the dead were
    richly fitted out with weapons, ornaments and
    pottery; frequently, and in case of weapons,
    almost always, the grave goods were deliberately destroyed bent out of shape or broken,
    a practice known from Celtic burials. Basing on
    the funerary practice it was possible to develop
    an accurate chronological system for the early
    phases of the Przeworsk Culture; the Celtic style
    of the grave goods helps correlate this system
    with the interregional chronology of the La
    Tne Culture.

    On the Outer Edge of the Celtic


    World (Figs 1-8)
    During the Late Pre-Roman Period (phases
    A1-A3) the territorial extent of the Przeworsk
    Culture included central and Lower Silesia, parts
    of Upper Silesia, Wielkopolska, Kujawy, central
    Poland, as well as some areas of Mazowsze,
    Podlasie, Lublin Region and Maopolska. The
    chronological relationship of Przeworsk and
    Celtic settlement in southern Poland is not entirely clear but it is quite likely that in Lower
    Silesia Celtic settlement continued well into
    phase A1 (in Przeworsk Culture chronology). In
    the area around Krakw we see a co-existence
    of the Przeworsk Culture and Celtic Culture;
    this is evidenced by the culturally mixed Tyniec
    Group which survived until the onset of the

    e largest of these graveelds was excavated fully at


    Zadowice in Wielkopolska, where over 700 graves had
    been recovered. More than 700 graves were recorded
    at Opatw in Upper Silesia but all of them dated from
    the Late Roman Period and early phase of the Migration Period.
    4

    Early Roman Period, when the Celtic element


    finally disappears from the archaeological
    record. During the younger stage of phase A2
    some areas of Wielkopolska and Lower Silesia
    became depopulated. This is interpreted in general as the result of participation of a part of
    the Przeworsk population in the alliance of the
    Swebian tribes led by Ariovist. Finds characteristic for the Przeworsk Culture, phase A2, mainly pottery, have been recorded in Thuringia,
    Anhalt and Wetterau at the gateway to Gaul.
    Smaller Przeworsk enclaves are recorded in
    the same region even earlier, during phase A1.
    During phase A3 Przeworsk settlement became
    firmly established on the upper Bug River and
    in the upper reaches of the Dnestr River.
    Archaeological material from this period
    suggests substantial cultural unity of extensive
    areas of Przeworsk Culture settlement. Pottery,
    in particular, is highly distinctive vessel forms
    imitate directly the shapes of Celtic metal and
    wheel-thrown vessels while the typically thick
    and sharply modelled (facetted) rims emulate
    the rim forms of bronze vessels. The pottery
    from the first two Przeworsk phases (A1-A2) is
    a relatively uniform set; only during the next
    phase (A3) we note more serious change, for instance, the sharp and pronounced faceting of
    vessel rims is no longer in evidence. The oldest
    phase of the Przeworsk Culture is documented
    by a relatively modest number of assemblages,
    but this may be the result of the limited number
    of chronologically reliable indicators; these
    include, first of all, long brooches type A, B
    and C, swords type I with related scabbards
    (all in the typology of Kostrzewski from 1919),
    and strip shield-bosses. Forms correlated with
    phase A2 include brooches, type D, E, G/H,
    J and K, and Nauheim forms. Diagnostic forms
    during phase A3 include late La Tne brooches
    with an arched bow, types M, N and O (socalled geschweifte Fibeln); at the close of the
    same phase we record the first brooch forms
    which herald the advent of a new, Early Roman
    style.

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 1. Extreme range of the Przeworsk Culture in the Late Pre-Roman Period. 1 inuences of the Przeworsk
    Culture; 2 distinct traces of Przeworsk Culture settlement. Aer T. Dbrowska (2003b).

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 2. Przeworsk Culture (dots) and La Tne Culture (circles) sites with a reliable dating, phases A1-A2. Aer
    K. Godowski (1992a) & J. Andrzejowski (2005).

    Fig. 3. Przeworsk Culture (dots) and La Tne Culture (circles) sites with a reliable dating, phase A3.Aer K. Godowski
    (1992a).

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 4. Finds from phase A1. Aer T. Dbrowska (1988a).

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 5. Finds from phase A2. Aer T. Dbrowska (1988a).

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 6. Finds from phase A2. Aer T. Dbrowska (1988a).

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 7. Finds from late phase A2 and early phase A3. Aer T. Dbrowska (1988a).

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 8. Finds from phase A3. Aer T. Dbrowska (1988a).

    10

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    By the Borders of the Empire


    (Figs 9-18)
    The beginning of the 1st c. BC was a period
    of stabilised trade and culture exchange with
    the Roman state and adoption of Roman styles;
    ornaments and dress accessories were produced increasingly from copper alloys bronze
    and brass but many continued to be in iron.
    Expert Przeworsk smiths were able to work iron
    into quite often elaborate and technically sophisticated pieces, such as for example, spring

    cover brooches, early strongly profiled trumpet


    brooches, or S-shaped fibulae with a fine finish,
    which in other culture areas were produced
    from non-ferrous metals.
    By the turn of the era Przeworsk Culture
    settlement had spread over a wide region, from
    Lower Silesia, northern Wielkopolska, Kujawy,
    northern Mazowsze and western Podlasie to
    the Lublin Region and eastern Maopolska.
    Across this territory the dominant form of
    burial continued to be cremation, with urned
    graves now more numerous than pit deposits.

    Fig. 9. Extreme range of the Przeworsk Culture in the Early Roman Period. Aer T. Dbrowska (2003b).

    11

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Large elongated grave pits filled with deep black
    earth and a large quantity of pyre remains, typical during phase A1 to A3, have all but disappeared; much more common are graves containing only the cremated bone remains, virtually with no pyre remains. Skeleton graves
    continue to be quite rare. The situation in the
    region of Krakw is somewhat different; from
    this area we know only of a single larger cemetery, at Kryspinw, and a handful of smaller
    burial grounds or isolated graves; this in spite
    of the fact that the area was relatively densely
    populated. Perhaps, this is the effect of the lingering of La Tne Culture of the Tyniec Group.
    It is interesting that the earliest Przeworsk
    princely grave dated to the stage B1a was recorded in the same region (at Szarbia); its inventory shows evident correspondence to the finds
    from the Bohemian Basin.
    Basing on evidence from interregional
    studies the Early Roman Period chronology of
    the Przeworsk Culture has been divided into
    three sub-stages within phase B1, and two substages within phase B2. In the eastern Przeworsk
    zone, similarly as in the Wielbark Culture, it is
    possible to distinguish three stages within phase
    B, but only for the female graves; grave goods
    in male burials apparently correspond to two
    observable horizons only. Another problem is
    that of phase B2/C1a. Actually, it is the earliest
    phase of the Late Roman Period which reflects
    differences between female and male costume
    during the late 2nd c. AD. In female dress the
    Early Roman Period style is still predominant in grave assemblages a number of fibulae
    Almgren groups II, IV and V occur next to early
    Late Roman Period brooches mostly forms
    with a high catch plate Almgren group VII
    (phase B2/C1a). At the same time, male dress
    fully introduces new, and much simpler Late
    Roman Period style which increasingly features
    the first tendril brooch forms (phase C1a).
    The Early Roman Period female dress accessories tend to be modest. In graves from this
    period we find brooches (two or three) used for
    fastening the clothes, decorated quite often with

    12

    delicate silver filigree; metal belt fittings, of


    which the most common are buckles, in iron
    or bronze; also frequent are profiled strap-ends,
    more seldom we see assorted appliqu items;
    other frequent items include pins with an ornate head, in antler or bronze. A special attribute of the woman-housekeeper are keys to
    chests and small caskets; other common items
    from female deposits include fired clay spindlewhorls, iron spindle-hooks, needles and knives
    for working leather.
    It appears from current studies of weapons
    discovered in Przeworsk grave deposits that
    a very important weapon was the Roman twoedged sword, mostly, the short gladius; these
    forms are widespread in graves dated to phase
    B2 and the earliest phase of the Late Roman period. During phases B1 to B2 we find also oneedged swords, a form derived from an older
    local tradition. Spears and lances, some with
    barbed spear heads, also were placed in graves.
    Because cremation was dominant we can reconstruct the shape of the Przeworsk shield
    only from indirect evidence. From the shape
    of amulet-pendants which have the form of
    a miniature shield it appears that during this
    period shields were either sub-oval or elongated
    hexagonal. Starting from phase B1 spurs also
    are recorded in weapon graves. An important
    element of a warriors outfit was the leather belt;
    fastened with an iron buckle it had attached
    to it a fire-steel and flint-stone, a knife, with
    a wooden or an antler haft, shears, a pouch
    holding a single-layer comb of red deer antler,
    and an iron razor; clothes were usually fastened
    with a single brooch made in iron or bronze.
    During phases B2b-B2/C1a a typical and almost
    obligatory items of a Przeworsk male belt set
    are a large rectangular buckle with a double pin,
    type Madyda-Legutko AG, and a broad strapend, type Raddatz J.IV or J.II.
    In ceramics, funerary pottery in particular,
    the dominant vessel form during phase B1 is
    round-bodied, often with a distinct neck; during phase B2 it is replaced by biconical and eggshaped vessels; towards the close of phase B2

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 10. Przeworsk Culture sites with a reliable dating, phase B1.Aer K. Godowski (1992a) & J.Andrzejowski (2005).

    Fig. 11. Przeworsk Culture sites with a reliable dating, phase B2.Aer K. Godowski (1992a) & J. Andrzejowski (2005).

    13

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 12. Pottery from phase B1. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    Fig. 13. Finds from phase B1. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    14

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 14. Finds from phase B1. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    S-shaped vessels are recorded for the first time.


    Funerary pottery falls into two main groups.
    The first includes thin-walled vessels with
    a smooth, usually glossy black surface; frequently, the vessel is ornamented at shoulder with
    engraved geometric designs. The second group
    are thick-walled vessels with a smooth or roughened tan surface. The most common ornament
    is finger-impressed or, one of irregularly engraved hatched lines; in general, vessels in this
    group are without decoration.

    Starting from phase B1, and better still,


    during phase B2, the material culture of the
    Przeworsk people apparently becomes less unified internally. This is indicated especially by
    finds from the eastern zone of the Przeworsk
    Culture in the area of Mazowsze and Podlasie,
    to the east of the Vistula, and to the north of
    the Wieprz River. Female dress fittings appear
    to be much more elaborate and varied than
    elsewhere on Przeworsk territory. A new item
    in female graves next to brooches, belt fittings

    15

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 15. Pottery from phase B2. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    and pins are necklaces, made of imported


    multicoloured glass beads; originally they may
    have included amber beads too; another new
    form are paired bracelets, in bronze or, more
    seldom, in iron; some are of a type characteristic for the Wielbark Culture in Pomerania.
    Also fairly numerous are assorted metal pendants and S-shaped clasps, also well known in
    Pomerania. We find a great number of eye
    brooches of the Prussian series, which are much
    less common in the western and southern areas
    of the Przeworsk Culture; also frequent are
    two local brooch types: so-called derivatives of

    16

    strongly profiled brooches type 5, and the


    Mazowsze variant; also, brooches which combine attributes of spring cover brooches and of
    strongly profiled brooches. Male dress accessories continue to be mostly the same as elsewhere in the Przeworsk Culture but there is
    a larger number of bronze items in the weapon
    kit; we also see distinctive forms of spear heads
    and spurs. A special form in the group of funerary ceramics are large three-handled vases
    with an elaborate ornament of three separate
    designs. By the onset of phase B1, in northern
    Mazowsze, in the so-called Nidzica Group of

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 16. Finds from phase B2a. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    the Przeworsk Culture, weapons have disappeared from grave deposits; another new development is the coming on record of various
    stone structures in cemetery sites. These developments may be interpreted as the effect of
    a close exchange of the Przeworsk people in
    this part of eastern Poland with tribes of the
    Wielbark Culture settled in Pomerania.
    Some attempts have been made to distinguish a number of other local sub-units of the
    Przeworsk Culture, for example, the Krusza
    Zamkowa group in Kujawy. However, so far

    arguments of this sort find little support in the


    archaeological record. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of a local grouping on the
    upper Bug and the upper Dnestr rivers which
    definitely includes a Przeworsk element, perhaps even a dominant one. However, without
    a full publication of relevant archaeological
    material it is impossible to analyse this unit
    more closely. On the other hand, it is absurd to
    distinguish a Danubian group of the Przeworsk
    Culture basing only on a casual analysis of
    a handful of characteristic but stray finds.

    17

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 17. Finds from phase B2b. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    Face to Face with the Romans


    Rome had taken over the older Celtic trade
    routes running north, including also the celebrated Amber Route, and Roman imports started flowing into the Przeworsk area. Some items
    came in great number coins, glass beads,
    brooches, during a later period, also Samian
    ware. During phase B1, military and commercial contacts with Rome and associated economic exchange led to the emergence of a local
    barbarian upper class whose social standing
    is still not entirely clear. This evolutionary process is reflected by the rise of princely graves.
    In contrast to the cremation rite prevalent in
    the Przeworsk Culture, the princely burials are

    18

    mostly inhumations, with the body usually deposited within a wooden or stone chamber,
    under a barrow, richly outfitted with valuable
    Roman vessels, the finest local pottery, and
    gold and silver ornaments. It is interesting that
    with all this finery items of war gear in princely
    graves are exceedingly rare and only the presence of richly ornamented spurs helps to identify the buried individual as a male.
    Princely graves in the Przeworsk Culture
    have been assigned to two chronological horizons older horizon, corresponding to phases
    B1-B2, which may be correlated with rich graves
    from Lubieszewo/Lbsow in western Pomerania,
    and a younger Zakrzw/Sakrau horizon, datable to phase C2.

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 18. Finds from phase B2, typical for the eastern Przeworsk zone.

    The Later Barbarians (Figs 19-33)


    The beginning of the Late Roman Period
    was a time of a major shift on the territory of
    the Przeworsk Culture. During phase B2/C1-C1a
    we see the decline of settlement in the eastern
    Przeworsk zone, east of the Vistula and north of

    the Wieprz rivers. The youngest of the reliably


    dated Przeworsk burials in this area belong to
    the pure stage C1a dated by early crossbow tendril brooches, type Almgren 162. It appears that
    a part of the Przeworsk population from the eastern zone joined the southward Przeworsk wave
    to E Slovakia, NE Hungary and N Romania.

    19

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 19. Extreme range of the Przeworsk Culture in the beginning of the Late Roman Period. 1 distribution of metal
    nds typical for the Przeworsk Culture; 2 settlement zone in the up-per Tisza region. Aer M. Mczyska (2003b).

    This expansion started already in phase B2 but


    reached its peak at the beginning of the Late
    Roman Period. Until phase C1b the Przeworsk
    population remained in place in the eastern
    part of the Lublin Region, between the Wieprz,
    Vistula and San rivers, and in a densely settled
    pocket around present-day Lviv.
    A part of the early eastern Przeworsk people stayed in their area and underwent a quite
    rapid acculturation. This is indicated by some
    features of the Wielbark Culture archaeological

    20

    record from Mazowsze and Podlasie, such as


    the presence of a relatively large number of
    typically Wielbark crossbow brooches type
    Almgren 162, but made in iron, the presence
    of burnt pottery in the graves, possibly also,
    the presence of burnt human bones in pits of
    the inhumation graves. Many older Przeworsk
    Culture cemeteries and imaginably also settlements also continued in use.
    During phase C2 the Przeworsk Culture expanded into northern Wielkopolska, an area

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 20. Przeworsk Culture sites with a reliable dating, phases B2/C1-C1a. Aer K. Godowski (1992a) & J. Andrzejowski (2005).

    vacated by the people of the Wielbark Culture.


    Even earlier, we see a gradual expansion of the
    Przeworsk Culture to areas in south-western
    Poland, occupied previously, during the Early
    Roman Period, by the Puchov Culture from
    Slovakia. During phase D, northernmost areas
    of the Przeworsk Culture, in Wielkopolska and
    central Poland, gradually became less densely
    settled.
    During the Late Roman Period the main
    diagnostic form are tendril brooches and their
    derivatives. These brooches are stylistically
    a rather uniform group and as such, lack a comprehensive typological system. This makes it
    difficult at present to refine the system of relative dating for the Late Roman Period in the
    Przeworsk Culture (and the Wielbark Culture
    too) which is still far from accurate and largely
    based on subjective criteria.
    During the early phase of the Late Roman
    Period diagnostic forms include simple unipartite tendril brooches, Almgren 158, mostly

    made in iron, and, much less common, bronze


    and iron crossbow brooches,Almgren 162; next
    to them continue early brooch forms with a high
    catch plate, Almgren group VII. Phase C1a was
    a time of an intensive inflow to the Przeworsk
    area of terra sigillata the northern and eastern range of this culture overlaps with the extreme range of mass occurrence of terra sigillata
    in this part of the Barbaricum. Phase C1a is associated also with mass occurrence of wheelthrown pottery which, with time, in southern
    Poland especially, started to be produced on
    a scale which was industrial for the age. In
    adopting the skill of throwing pottery on the
    wheel and of firing in technically sophisticated
    kilns the Przeworsk people relied mainly on
    influence from the Dacians. Also during phase
    C1b-C2 we note a gradual increase in the number of brooches decorated with coils of notched
    wire; this form derives from the early Roman
    Period style and is encountered on a more limited scale also during phase C1a. The Late Roman

    21

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 21. Przeworsk-Wielbark sites east of the Vistula River. 1 cemeteries used continuously; 2 cemeteries with
    a chronological gap; 3 settlements; 4 neighbouring contemporary cemeteries and/or settlements; 5 Przeworsk
    Culture sites abandoned during phases B2 or B2/C1a.

    22

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 22. Przeworsk Culture sites with a reliable dating, phases C1b-C2, and sites dated by wheel-thrown pottery. Aer
    K. Godowski (1992a).

    Period was a time also of an important change


    in the weapon inventory new forms of spear
    heads and lance heads are introduced, grave
    deposits are furnished with a single spear head
    only; the one-edged sword has gone out of
    fashion.
    During phase C2 the most common brooch
    form is the derivative of Almgren 158; brooches
    with a closed catch plate are recorded for the
    first time, also but less frequently, brooches
    with a sheet catch plate, similar to type Almgren
    172, and rich brooches of so-called Zakrzw
    style; other new forms include younger variants of shield-bosses derived from spiked and
    domed forms.
    Phase C3 on the Przeworsk territory is poorly documented, unlike during the next phase D,
    the early phase of the Migration Period. Moreover, a large part of finds from this period are
    datable only broadly within the framework of
    phases C3-D; forms characteristic for this phase
    include caterpillar brooches, late brooch forms

    derived from tendril brooches type Almgren


    158, and late brooches with a closed catch plate;
    belt buckles with a thickened frame, tongueand beak-shaped strap ends, tri-layer combs
    with a bell-shaped handle, and certain distinctive items of war gear; in settlements we find
    a great number of distinctive storage vessels of
    type Krausengefe.
    The Late Roman Period was also a time
    of change in the burial rite. Urned graves decline visibly in number and with time disappear from the record altogether; in pit graves
    the pits have become smaller and contain
    a much smaller amount of the pyre remains.
    During the younger phase of the same period
    a new phenomenon is registered for the first
    time, mostly in the south of Poland so-called
    stratified cemeteries in which the cremated remains were spread across the entire surface of
    the burial ground.

    23

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 23. Finds from phases B2/C1, C1a and C1b. Aer K. Godowski (1992a) & M. Mczyska (2003b).

    24

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 24. War gear from phases B2/C1-C1a and C1b. Aer K. Godowski (1992a) & M. Mczyska (2003b).

    25

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 25. Zaubice, distr. Woomin, grave 55. Fibula from phase C1a discovered inside an urn with war gear typical for
    phase B2. Aer J. Andrzejowski (2001).

    26

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 26. Hand-made pottery from phases B2/C1-C1a. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    27

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 27. Hand-made pottery from phases C1b-C2. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    28

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 28. Finds from phases C1b-C2. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    29

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 29. Wheel-thrown pottery from phases C1b-D. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    30

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 30. Wheel-thrown pottery from phases C1b-D. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    31

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 31. Przeworsk Culture sites with a reliable dating, phases C3-D, and sites dated by wheel-thrown pottery. Aer
    K. Godowski (1992a).

    Fig. 32. Finds from phases C3-D. Aer K. Godowski (1992a).

    32

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 33. Large wheel-thrown pot, so-called Krausengefss (A), and hand-made pottery from phases C3-D. Aer
    K. Godowski (1992a).

    The Twilight (Figs 34, 35)


    The youngest horizon of the Przeworsk settlement can be dated reliably to the onset of the
    5th c. and its first decades, although by this time
    some regions (like Silesia) seem to have lost all
    settlement. In general the youngest reliably dated Przeworsk Culture finds do not pass the
    dividing line of mid-5th c. One of the most striking assemblages associated with this youngest
    phase of the Przeworsk Culture is the princely
    grave from Jakuszowice, dating from the 5th c.

    This deposit was discovered near a multiple


    phase settlement which yielded an uncommonly rich archaeological record (for instance, more
    than a hundred Roman coins) and, apparently,
    was still in use during the first half of the 5th c.
    The grave from Jakuszowice confirms the accounts found in the written sources according
    to which some part of the Przeworsk population in southern Poland had come under domination of the Huns. Exchange with the nomads
    is documented by other finds from southern
    Poland, for instance, distinctive golden earrings

    33

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI

    Fig. 34. Extreme range of the Przeworsk Culture in the Early Migration Period. 1 post-Przeworsk nds from 2nd half
    of 5th c. and early 6th c. Aer M. Mczyska (2003b).

    from Przemczany and a hoard discovered inside a burnt down timber hut at wilcza, near
    Rzeszw, dendrodated to about AD 433; it is
    interesting that a similar earring, only in bronze,
    was discovered a few years ago in a Przeworsk
    settlement near Warsaw.
    A very modest body of evidence, mostly
    from central Poland, suggests that during the
    latter half of the 5th and on the turn of the 6th c.
    the area settled in the past by the Przeworsk

    34

    people was settled by groups, presumably small,


    associated with the culture tradition of Central
    European barbarians of the Roman Period.
    However, these groups may not be associated
    with their Przeworsk predecessors.When they
    too departed from the region, the Przeworsk
    domain lay deserted for a time. Only starting
    from the 6th c. new settlers started to filter in
    from the east; these were the Slavs but they
    are a part of an altogether different story.

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)

    Fig. 35. Post-Przeworsk nds: glass beaker from Piwonice, pow. Kalisz, from 2nd half of 5th c. (A), grave 1 from
    Oszczywilk, pow. Radziejw Kujawski, from 2nd half of 5th c. or 5th/6th c. (B). Aer Mczyska (1993).

    Appendix 1

    General works

    The list given below reflects my personal


    selection of the key publications on the Przeworsk Culture (= Przeworsk C.). It includes
    only the most recently published books and
    papers (less recent are listed only if they are still
    valid) some of which give a comprehensive list
    of references. I tended to select publications in
    German or English (or with a summary in one
    of these languages).

    Several textbooks offer a general picture of


    the Przeworsk C. Although most are in Polish
    only, they do contain maps and figures which
    can be understood easily. Volume V of Prehistory of Polish Lands (Prahistoria ziem polskich)
    published by the Polish Academy of Sciences
    includes the official view on the Przeworsk C.,
    cf K. Godowski (1981). In 1998 P. Kaczanowski described the Przeworsk C. in volume I of

    35

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Ancient History of Polish Lands (Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich; see Kaczanowski &
    Kozowski 1998), and more recently, A. Kokowski (2005) introduced his personal point of view.
    A large exhibition of the Przeworsk C. was
    displayed in 2003 at Bevern (Lower Saxony),
    its extended version in Warsaw, in 2004. Both
    exhibitions were accompanied by extensive
    and richly illustrated catalogues (Kokowski &
    Leiber eds 2003; Andrzejowski, Kokowski &
    Leiber eds 2004).
    The general perspective on the Przeworsk
    C. introduced by K. Godowski (1981; 1985;
    1992a) and, for its Late Pre-Roman phases, by
    T. Dbrowska (1988a; 2001) is still valid (cf
    entry Przeworsk-Kultur in Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, by T. Dbrowska
    and M. Mczyska; see Dbrowska 2003b;
    Mczyska 2003b). In 1984 progress of research
    on the Przeworsk C. was discussed in Stan i potrzeby... (see Godowski & Madyda-Legutko
    1999). For Lower Silesia there is a regional monograph by S. Pazda (1980) but also the much
    less recent studies by E. Petersen (1925) and
    Ch. Pescheck (1939) continue in use since
    much of the evidence was lost during WW II.
    A large and comprehensive monograph on the
    Przeworsk C. in Upper Silesia by K. Godowski
    (1973; 1977a) contains data also from outside
    that region; on the local Dobrodzie Group of
    the youngest phases of the Przeworsk C., see
    J. Szydowski (1977). For Wielkopolska we have
    nothing but an old study by J. Kostrzewski
    (1923), cf H. Machajewski (1986); on the Kuyavian variant of the Przeworsk C., defined as the
    Krusza Zamkowa Group (grupa kruszaska),
    see A. Cofta-Broniewska (1979), cf A. Kokowski
    (1991b). Przeworsk C. in central Poland is discussed by E. Kaszewska (1975a); for the adjacent area of western Mazowsze, see B. Balke
    (1991), more recently, J. Skowron (2006).
    J. Andrzejowski (2001; 2005) defined the eastern zone of the Przeworsk C. of the Early
    Roman Period, while A. Kokowski (1991a; 2001)
    discussed the Przeworsk C. in the Lublin Region
    and eastern Maopolska. The eastern reaches of

    36

    the Przeworsk C. in Ukraine were studied by


    D. N. Kozak, who defined a local Volhynia-Podolia (vel Zubritska) Group, recently separated as a distinct culture unit (Kozak 1984;
    1991; 1993; see also Kokowski 1999); however,
    an older study by M. miszko (1932) remains
    in use. Complex structure of archaeological
    units in the Polish Carpathians was analysed
    by R. Madyda-Legutko (1995; 1996). I.V. Kobal
    (1997) presented Przeworsk C. from Transcarpathian Ukraine, while M. Oldzki (1999)
    discussed Przeworsk C. finds from the upper
    Tisza region. Finally, M. Oldzki (1996) made
    an attempt to distinguish a Danubian group of
    Przeworsk C. but the existence of this unit has
    not been substantiated.
    Finds. Description of artefacts from Przeworsk
    C. sites is based on some crucial classifications;
    of these the most general and ones which include the most common forms are listed below.
    FIBULAE: Late Pre-Roman J. Kostrzewski
    (1919), T. Vlling (1995); Roman Period
    O. Almgren (1923), and T. Liana (1970, for
    trumpet-shaped fibulae), T. Dbrowska (1995,
    for derivatives of trumpet-shaped fibulae),
    J.Andrzejowski (1994, for mixed forms of Almgren groups II and IV), H. Machajewski (1998,
    for Almgren group V, series 8), M. Mczyska
    (2003a, study on aSarmatian variant with a high
    catch plate). WEAPONS: Late Pre-Roman
    J. Kostrzewski (1919), and D. Bohnsack (1938,
    for shield-bosses); recently T. Bochnak (2005)
    and P. uczkiewicz (2006); Roman Period
    M. Jahn (1916, for shield-bosses and shieldgrips), with T. Liana (1970, for shield-bosses),
    M. Biborski (1978, for swords; cf Biborski 2004),
    P. Kaczanowski (1995, for spear and lance heads;
    cf also Kaczanowski 1998), G. Kieferling (1994,
    for axes), N. Zieling (1989, for shield fittings).
    SPURS: M. Jahn (1921), more recently, K. Godowski (1970) and J. Ginalski (1991). BEADS:
    M. Tempelmann-Mczyska (1985). BELT FITTINGS: R. Madyda (1977), R. Madyda-Legutko
    (1987; 1990). METAL PINS: B. Beckmann (1966).
    BUCKET-SHAPED PENDANTS: P. Kaczanowski (1987) and I. Beilke-Voigt (1998). COMBS:

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    S. Thomas (1960). FIRE-STEELS: A. Kokowski
    (1985). KEYS AND LOCK FITTINGS: A. Kokowski (1997). DRINKING-HORN MOUNTINGS: J.Andrzejowski (1991). POTTERY: there
    is no general classification of Late Pre-Roman
    Period pottery, regardless of its high degree of
    unification see T. Dbrowska (1988a), and
    local typologies, introduced mostly in monographs of cemeteries, may be essentially different cf recently, T. Dbrowska (1997) and
    K. Czarnecka (2007). Actually the same applies
    to the hand-made pottery from the Late Roman
    Period, although the study by K. Godowski is
    still valid (1977a); wheel-thrown pottery was
    classified by H. Dobrzaska (1980). A general
    study on the pottery from the Early Roman
    Period is by T. Liana (1970) and local features
    are highlighted in several monographs e.g.
    M. Stasiak (1994), T. Dbrowska (1997),
    J.Andrzejowski (1998), or regional studies e.g.
    K. Godowski (1977a). The recent state of discussion on hand-made and wheel-thrown pottery from the Roman Period and Early Migration Period is presented by J. RodziskaNowak (2006) in a comprehensive study on the
    pottery from Jakuszowice. M. TempelmannMczyska (1989) gives a concise discussion on
    female costume.
    Chronology. The chronology of the Late PreRoman phases of Przeworsk C., introduced by
    T. Dbrowska (1988a) and the Early Roman
    phasing by T. Liana (1970), is still accepted in
    general although in regional studies or monographs of cemeteries attempts were made to
    refine these systems; a basic chronology for the
    Late Roman and Early Migration Periods was
    introduced by K. Godowski (1970; 1988).
    Burials. Funeral rites of the Late Pre-Roman
    and Early Roman period is discussed exhaustively by A. Niewgowski (1981), for the Late
    Roman Period there is only a general discussion
    by K. Godowski (1981), cf K. Czarnecka (2003);
    more recently, A. Baejewski (1998) discussed
    the Przeworsk C. funeral rites in Silesia. Some
    special grave forms were studied separately, as
    e.g.layer cemeteries see J. Szydowski (1977)

    and groove-like features see M. Gedl (1985a;


    1985b). For a discussion of social structure in
    the Przeworsk C., see K. Czarnecka (1990a;
    1990b). My personal selection of the most useful publications of Przeworsk C. cemeteries is
    given at the end of the Appendix.
    Settlements. Studies on settlements of the
    Przeworsk C. are summarized by I. Jadczykowa
    (1983) and recently by A. Michaowski (2003)
    whose study, due to some lapses, needs to
    be compared against chronological maps of
    K. Godowski (1985; 1992a) and J. Andrzejowski
    (2005). Only a small number of settlements was
    excavated and published in a more comprehensively manner, e.g., Igoomia in Maopolska, see
    H. Dobrzaska (1990a; 1990b), or e.g. Mysowice
    -Imielin in Upper Silesia (Osada 1993). The
    results of extensive excavation associated with
    motorway and gas pipeline construction of the
    last two decades have been published to a very
    limited extent.
    Economy. The economic background of the
    Przeworsk C. communities is discussed in outline in volume V of the Prehistory of Polish
    Lands, see K. Godowski (1981). One of the most
    important factors of Przeworsk C. economy, i.e.
    the large scale iron production in witokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains centre was discussed by K. Bielenin (1992; cf also Bielenin 2006),
    and more recently, by Sz. Orzechowski (2007),
    while another well investigated centre of iron
    production in the Bonie Plain west of Warsaw
    is still very poorly known, cf S. Woyda (2002).
    J. Rodziska-Nowak (2006) gives a thorough review of publications on organized production
    of wheel-thrown pottery. P.Wielowiejski (1990;
    1996) discusses amber finds and amber workshops. For a study of antler and bone working
    see W. Brzeziski (1980).
    Weaponry. Recently, two analyses of Late PreRoman weapons were published by T. Bochnak
    (2005) and P. uczkiewicz (2006).Weapons and
    weapon sets from the Roman Period were discussed by K. Godowski (1992b) and B. Kontny
    (2002). For a more detailed discussion I recommend the study of inlaid spear heads by

    37

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    P. Kaczanowski (1992) and studies on sword
    technology (recently, see Biborski & Kaczanowski 2003).

    The Background (or the Day Before)


    For an overview of archaeological groupings in central and southern Poland of the Early
    Iron Age (or the Early Pre-Roman Period) see
    relevant chapters in textbooks of archaeology
    of Poland, all of them in Polish, e.g. Prahistoria
    ziem polskich (Prehistory of Polish Lands),
    vol. IV: Od rodkowej epoki brzu do rodkowego
    okresu lateskiego (eds. J. Dbrowski & Z. Rajewski), Wrocaw 1979 (chapters V,VI,VII and X
    in vol. IV), and V.2J-L, V.7 Pradzieje ziem polskich (Prehistory of Polish Lands), vol. I: Od paleolitu do rodkowego okresu lateskiego, part 2:
    Epoka brzu i pocztki epoki elaza, Warszawad 1988 (chapters V.2J-L and V.7). The proceedings from 1993 Conference on Pomeranian
    and Cloche Grave C. offer insight on new studies on both cultures (Wgrzynowicz et al. 1995)
    but more up-to-date monographs have yet to
    be published. Celtic settlement in Poland was
    studied comprehensively by Z. Woniak (1970;
    1981), who recently revisited the problem of its
    chronology (Woniak 1992); for Upper Silesia,
    see also M. Bednarek (2005). M. Oldzki (2005)
    presents a general summary of research.

    The Big Bang


    On the most recent state of research on the
    origins of the Przeworsk C., see T. Dbrowska
    and Z.Woniak (2005) (also: Dbrowska 1988a;
    1988b). T. Dbrowska (1988c; 1994) discussed
    in general the relationship between the Przeworsk and Jastorf C., Z. Woniak and P. Poleska
    (1999) studied the Jastorf C. finds from the area
    of the later Tyniec Group; a report on the more
    recent results of archaeological investigation on
    the Jastorf C. in Wielkopolska is in H. Machajewski (2004).

    On the Outer Edge of the Celtic World


    The most comprehensive view on the Late
    Pre-Roman Przeworsk C. is in T. Dbrowska

    38

    (1988a; see also eadem 2001), who also traced


    and studied the La Tne (Celtic) influences in
    the early Przeworsk C. (Dbrowska 1988a; 1996);
    Celtic-Przeworsk relationships were discussed
    also by R. Bockius and P. uczkiewicz (2004).
    The mixed Celtic-Przeworsk Group (so-called
    Tyniec Group) was studied by Z. Woniak
    (1970; 1981), more recently, by P. Poleska (2006).
    On the Przeworsk C. presence outside the borders of its home territory see M. Seidel (1999;
    2000) and M. Meyer (1994; 2000).

    By the Borders of the Empire


    The earliest Roman influences in the Przeworsk C. are revisited by T. Dbrowska (2003a).
    K. Godowski (1995a) examined the Early
    Roman Period finds from the Krakw region.
    Phase B2/C1 was discussed thoroughly by
    K. Godowski (1970; 1988; 1992a). For Przeworsk C. weapons during the Early Roman
    Period, see B. Kontny (2003; 2005).

    Face to Face with the Romans


    Of several studies on Roman influence in
    Przeworsk C. published by J. Wielowiejski,
    I recommend two of his more general discussions (1970; 1980). The fundamental but now
    rather outdated catalogue of Roman imports
    of H. J. Eggers (1951) needs supplement for
    metal vessels, J. Wielowiejski (1986; 1990), for
    Samian ware, L. Tyszler (1999), for glass vessels, T. Stawiarska (1999), for glass beads,
    M. Tempelmann-Mczyska (1985), for weapons, P. Kaczanowski (1992). There is no general
    catalogue of imported brooches and other
    small finds, except for southern Poland, see
    P. Kaczanowski and U. Margos (2002); some of
    the finds were published recently in special
    volumes of CRFB Polen (Corpus der Rmische
    Funde in Barbaricum, Polen). The same applies
    to Roman coin finds cf A. Bursche (1986). For
    a discussion of Roman written sources concerned with the territory settled by the Przeworsk C. tribes, see several papers by J. Kolendo
    (recently 2005). References to the princely
    graves are listed by K. Czarnecka (2004); see

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    also entries Sakrau (= Wrocaw-Zakrzw) and
    Wichulla (= Opole-Gosawice) by M. Mczyska
    (2004; 2006), and g Piekarski, by W. Nowakowski (2001), all of them in Reallexikon der
    Germanischen Altertumskunde.

    The Later Barbarians


    The decline of settlement in the eastern
    Przeworsk zone was studied by J. Andrzejowski
    (1989; 2005),A. Kokowski (1991a; 2001) discussed the late Przeworsk C. in the Lublin Region;
    D. N. Kozak (1984; 1993) and M. Oldzki (1999)
    studied the south-eastern reaches of this culture. For a discussion of Przeworsk-Wielbark relationship in Wielkopolska see H. Machajewski
    (1980; 1986).

    The Twilight
    The Early Migration Period phase of the
    Przeworsk C. and its twilight is discussed comprehensively by K. Godowski (1979; 1989), and
    more recently, by M. Mczyska (1998; 2005).
    The grave of a prince from Jakuszowice was
    re-examined by K. Godowski (1995b), while
    A. Gruszczyska (1999) discussed the settlement at wilcza, site of discovery of a wellknown hoard. For more recent studies on the
    earliest phase of the Slavic settlement in Poland
    see e.g., M. Parczewski (1993), also P. Kaczanowski and M. Parczewski (2005).

    Appendix 2
    Listed below is my personal selection of the most important cemeteries which offer abundant material representative for the Przeworsk C. Most have been published in full, however, I also include
    some key sites published in part or only in several reports only, or important for a special reason.
    Wielkopolska and Kujawy
    Bodzanowo, pow. Aleksandrw Kujawski (Zielonka 1958; 1961)
    Domaradzice, pow. Rawicz (Kostrzewski 1954)
    Inowrocaw-Szymborze, pow. Inowrocaw (Bednarczyk & aszkiewicz 1990)
    Inowrocaw 58, pow. Inowrocaw (Cofta-Broniewska & Bednarczyk 1998)
    Konin, pow. Konin (Kostrzewski 1947; Pieczyski 1967; Kka-Krenz 1974)
    Konopnica, pow. Wielu (Abramek 1987; 1988; 1990)
    Krusza Zamkowa, pow. Inowrocaw (Kokowski 1989)
    Lachmirowice, pow. Inowrocaw (Zielonka 1951; 1953)
    Modzikowo, pow. roda Wielkopolska (Dymaczewski 1958)
    Piotrkw Kujawski, pow. Radziejw (Kaszewska 1962)
    Siemianice, pow. Kpno (J. Szembekwna 1902; Z. Szembekwna 1905; 1910; 1915 oldfashioned, but probably the first full publication of a Przeworsk C. cemetery)
    Spicymierz (vel Spycimierz), pow. Turek (Kietliska & Dbrowska 1963; Kenk 1977)
    Weski 1, pow. Kalisz (Dbrowscy 1967)
    Weski 5, pow. Kalisz (Kozowska 1972)
    Wymysowo, pow. Gosty (Jasnosz 1952)
    Zadowice, pow. Kalisz (Abramowicz 1956; 1960; Abramowicz & Lepwna 1957; Jasnosz 1960;
    Kaszewska 1961; 1975b; 1982; 1984; 1988; Piontek & Rycel 1988 one of the largest and most longlived Przeworsk C. cemeteries, but still not published in full)
    Zagorzyn, pow. Kalisz (Dbrowski 1970)

    39

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Silesia
    Chorula, pow. Krapkowice (Szydowski 1964; Kenk 1977)
    Ciecierzyn, pow. Kluczbork (Martyniak, Pastwiski & Pazda 1997)
    Dobrodzie, pow. Olesno (Szydowski 1974)
    Drochlin, pow. Czstochowa (Kaczanowski 1987)
    Izbicko, pow. Strzelce Opolskie (fomer Stubendorf, Kr. Gro Strehlitz; Szydowski 1963)
    Kietrz 1, pow. Gubczyce (Gedl 1988)
    Mokra, pow. Kobuck (a large and fully excavated cemetery not far from the cemetery at Opatw; all
    excavation reports and papers were recently listed in Biborski 2006)
    Nosocice (Gogw-Nosocice, pow. Gogw, former Nowitz, Kr. Glogau; Tackenberg 1925, 8-16, 28-50)
    Nowa Wie, pow. Wrocaw (former Neudorf, Kr. Breslau; Pescheck 1939, 328-352)
    Opatw, pow. Kobuck (Godowski 1959; Gedl, Ginter & Godowski 1970, 108-111; 1971, 71-117; see
    Zagrska-Telega 2000, where all the excavation reports and papers are listed the largest known
    cemetery of the Przeworsk C., recently prepared for publication)
    Szczedrzyk, pow. Opole (Szydowski 1974)
    Tarnw, pow. Opole (Godowski & Szadkowska 1972)
    erniki Wielkie, pow. Wrocaw (former Gross Srding, Kr. Breslau; Zotz 1935; Mczyska 1993)
    Maopolska
    Bonie, pow. Sandomierz (Mycielska & Woniak 1988)
    Chmielw Piaskowy, pow. Ostrowiec witokrzyski (Godowski & Wichman 1998)
    Ga, pow. Przeworsk (Hadaczek 1909 an abundant collection of finds, but the figures are not linked
    with the grave descriptions)
    Grzybw, pow. Staszw (Garbacz 2000)
    Kryspinw, pow. Krakw (Godowski 1972; 1977b; excavation reports in Recherches Archologiques
    1968 [1969], 1969 [1970], 1970 [1971], 1971 [1972], 1972 [1973], 1973 [1974], 1974 [1976], 1975
    [1976], 1977 [1978], 1979 [1980] and 1984 [1986])
    Kopki, pow. Nisko (Jamka 1936)
    Starachowice, pow. Starachowice (Jamka 1959)
    Stradw, pow. Kazimierza Wielka (Gajewski & Woniak 2000)
    Wchock, pow. Starachowice (Balke & Bender 1991 a collection of finds only, nevertheless, important for the region)
    Central Poland and western Mazowsze
    Biaa, pow. Zgierz (Makiewicz 1970)
    Brzece 1, pow. Biaobrzegi (Balke 1976)
    Brzece 2, pow. Biaobrzegi (Balke 1977)
    Ciebowice Due, pow. Tomaszw Mazowiecki (Dzigielewska & Kulczyska 2007)
    Ciosny, pow. Zgierz (Jamka 1962)
    Gledzianwek, pow. czyca (Kaszewska 1978)
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, pow. Grodzisk Mazowiecki (Barankiewicz 1959)
    Korze, pow. Pock (Kempisty 1968)
    Kucw, pow. Bechatw (Oldzki 1985)
    gonice Mae I, pow. Przysucha (Liana 1977)
    gonice Mae II, pow. Przysucha (Liana 1973; 1976)
    d, Szczeciska str., pow. d (aszczewska & Kurylak 1989)
    Piaski, pow. Bechatw (Skowron 1997)
    Suchod, pow. Sochaczew (Maciaowicz 2006)

    40

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    Wlka Domaniowska, pow. Radom (Oldzki 2000)
    darw, pow. Sochaczew (Z. Nowakowski 2003)
    Eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie
    Drohiczyn, pow. Siemiatycze (Szmit 1921; 1923; Dbrowska 1978)
    Garwolin, pow. Garwolin (Niewgowski 1991)
    Grdki 3, pow. Dziadowo (Okulicz 1983)
    Kamieczyk, pow. Wyszkw (Dbrowska 1997)
    Karczewiec, pow. Wgrw (Dbrowska 1973)
    Krupice, pow. Siemiatycze (Jaskanis 2005)
    Nadkole 2, pow. Wgrw (Andrzejowski 1998)
    Niedanowo, pow. Nidzica (Ziemliska-Odojowa 1999)
    Oblin, pow. Garwolin (Czarnecka 2007)
    Pajewo-Szwelice, pow. Szwelice (Dubakowski 2005)
    Wilanw (Warszawa-Wilanw; Marciniak 1957)
    Lublin Region
    Gocieradw, pow. Kranik (Niewgowski 1982)
    Kranik-Piaski, pow. Kranik (Kokowski 1991a, 88-92; a large cemetery known only from brief reports
    in Archeologia Polski rodkowowschodniej II [1997], III [1998], IV [1999] and V [2000])
    Opoka, pow. Puawy (Moskaa 1963; Szarek-Waszkowska 1973; Kokowski 1991a, 96-116; Stasiak 1994)

    References
    Abramek, B. 1987. Cmentarzysko ciaopalne
    kultury przeworskiej w Konopnicy na stanowisku 7 w wojewdztwie sieradzkim (cz
    1). Sieradzki Rocznik Muzealny 4, 45-96.
    1988. Cmentarzysko ciaopalne kultury
    przeworskiej w Konopnicy na stanowisku 7
    w wojewdztwie sieradzkim (cz II).
    Sieradzki Rocznik Muzealny 5, 77-134.
    1990. Cmentarzysko ciaopalne kultury
    przeworskiej w Konopnicy na stanowisku 7
    w wojewdztwie sieradzkim (cze III). Sieradzki Rocznik Muzealny 6 (1989), 81-131.
    Abramowicz, A. 1956. Materiay z cmentarzyska w Zadowicach, pow. Kalisz. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria archeologiczna 1,
    61-95.
    1960. Zadowice 1, distr. de Kalisz, dp. de
    Pozna. Inventaria Archaeologica. Pologne
    IV, 25.

    Abramowicz, A. & B. Lepwna 1957. Materiay


    z cmentarzyska w Zadowicach, pow. Kalisz
    (cz II). Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi,
    seria archeologiczna 2, 25-52.
    Almgren, O. 1923. Studien ber nordeuropische
    Fibelformen der ersten nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte mit Bercksichtigung der provinzialrmischen und sdrussischen Formen.
    Mannus-Bibliothek 32. Leipzig2 (Stockholm1 1897).
    Andrzejowski, J. 1989. Zagadnienie kontynuacji
    cmentarzysk we wschodniej strefie kultury
    przeworskiej. In: J. Gurba & A. Kokow-ski
    (eds), Kultura wielbarska w modszym okresie rzymskim, materiay z konferencji II, 103125. Lublin.
    1991. Okucia rogw do picia z modszego
    okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpyww
    rzymskich w Europie rodkowej i Pnocnej. Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne VI, 7-119.

    41

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    1994. Zapinki o cechach mieszanych II
    i IV grupy Almgrena. Barbaricum 3, 87-129.
    Warszawa.
    1998. Nadkole 2. A Cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture in Eastern Poland. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica V. Krakw.
    2001. Wschodnia strefa kultury przeworskiej prba definicji. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LIV (1995-1998), 59-87.
    2005. Kultura przeworska i wielbarska na
    prawobrzenym Mazowszu i Podlasiu. In:
    M. Dulinicz (ed.), Problemy przeszoci Mazowsza i Podlasia, 109-128. Archeologia
    Mazowsza i Podlasia. Studia i Materiay III
    (2004). Warszawa.
    Andrzejowski, J., Kokowski, A. & Ch. Leiber
    (eds) 2004. Wandalowie stranicy bursztynowego szlaku. Pastwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie, 8 marca 16 czerwca
    2004. Katalog wystawy. Lublin-Warszawa.
    Balke, B. 1991. Kultura przeworska w midzyrzeczu Wisy, Pilicy i Ianki. Warszawa.
    1976. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego
    w Brzecach, pow. Biaobrzegi, st. 1. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne XLI/1, 37-63.
    1977. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego
    w Brzecach, pow. Biaobrzegi (stanowisko 2) Wiadomoci Archeologiczne XLI/2
    (1976), 155-207.
    Balke, B. & W. Bender 1991. Cmentarzysko
    kultury przeworskiej w Wchocku, woj.
    kieleckie. Studium krytyczne materiaw.
    Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne VI, 121-190.
    Barankiewicz, B. 1959. Cmentarzysko z okresu
    rzymskiego w Grodzisku Mazowieckim.
    Materiay Staroytne V, 191-231.
    Beckmann, B. 1966. Studien ber die Metallnadeln der rmischen Kaiserzeit im freien
    Germanien. Saalburg Jahrbuch XXIII, 5-100.
    Bednarczyk, J. & T. aszkiewicz 1990. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpyww rzymskich w Inowrocawiu-Szymborzu, woj. bydgoskie, stanowisko 1. Inowrocaw.
    Bednarek, M. 2005. La Tne settlement in Upper
    Silesia: An Outline. In: H. Dobrzaska,

    42

    V. Megaw & P. Poleska (eds), Celts on the


    Margin. Studies in European Cultural Interaction 7th Century BC 1st Century AD Dedicated to Zenon Woniak, 179-185. Krakw.
    Beilke-Voigt, I. 1998. Frhgeschichtliche Miniaturobjekte mit Amulettcharakter zwischen
    Britischen Inseln und Schwarzem Meer. Universittsforschungen zur Prhistorischen
    Archologie 51, Bonn.
    Biborski, M. 1978. Miecze z okresu wpyww
    rzymskich na obszarze kultury przeworskiej.
    Materiay Archeologiczne XVIII, 53-162.
    2004. Schwert. Rmische Kaiserzeit. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
    27, 549-562. Berlin-New York.
    2006. Die Fortsetzung der Ausgrabungen
    auf dem Grberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur
    der jngeren rmischen Kaiserzeit und den
    frhen Vlkerwanderungszeit in Mokra, Kr.
    Kobuck,Woiw. lskie, Fst. 8. Forschungen
    von 1999-2003. Recherches Archologiques
    de 1999-2003, 169-189.
    Biborski, M. & P. Kaczanowski 2003. Uwagi
    o technologii mieczy jako kryterium identyfikacji importw broni rzymskiej. In:
    A. Bursche & R. Cioek (eds), Antyk i barbarzycy. Ksiga dedykowana Profesorowi
    Jerzemu Kolendo w siedemdziesit rocznic
    urodzin, 109-144. Warszawa.
    Bielenin, K. 1992. Staroytne grnictwo i hutnictwo elaza w Grach witokrzyskich.
    Kielce.
    2006. Podsumowanie 50-lecia bada nad
    staroytnym hutnictwem witokrzyskim.
    In: Sz. Orzechowski & I. Suliga (eds), 50 lat
    bada nad staroytnym hutnictwem witokrzyskim. Archeologia metalurgia edukacja, 13-31. Kielce.
    Baejewski,A. 1998. Obrzdek pogrzebowy kultury przeworskiej na lsku. Wrocaw.
    Bochnak, T. 2005. Uzbrojenie ludnoci kultury
    przeworskiej w modszym okresie przedrzymskim. Rzeszw.
    Bockius, R. & P. uczkiewicz 2004. Kelten und
    Germanen im 2.-1. Jahrhundert vor Christus.
    Archologische Bausteine zu einer historischen

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    Frage. Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien 38. Mainz.
    Bohnsack, D. 1938. Die Burgunden in Ostdeutschland und Polen whrend des letzten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Quellenschriften zur ostdeutschen Vor- und Frhgeschichte 4, Leipzig.
    Brzeziski, W. 1980. Przyczynek do bada nad
    rogownictwem na ziemiach polskich u schyku staroytnoci. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej XXVIII, 29-39.
    Buchtela, K. & L. Niederle 1910. Rukov esk
    archaeologie. Praha.
    Bursche, A. 1986. Stan i potrzeby bada nad
    rdami numizmatycznymi do okresu
    rzymskiego w Polsce. In: Godowski, K. &
    R. Madyda-Legutko (eds), 395-407.
    Cofta-Broniewska, A. 1979. Grupa kruszaska
    kultury przeworskiej. Ze studiw nad rozwojem regionalizmu spoeczestw Kujaw.
    Pozna.
    Cofta-Broniewska, A. & J. Bednarczyk 1998.
    Miejsce obrzdowe z doby neolitu i schyku
    staroytnoci w Inowrocawiu, st. 58. Studia
    i Materiay do Dziejw Kujaw 9. Pozna.
    Czarnecka, K. 1990a. Struktura spoeczna ludnoci kultury przeworskiej. Prba rekonstrukcji na podstawie rde archeologicznych i analizy danych antropologicznych
    z cmentarzysk. Warszawa.
    1990b. Age-Related Changes of Social
    Status. An Attempt at Reconstruction Based
    on the Przeworsk Culture Cemeteries with
    Anthropological Determinants. Archaeologia Polona XXVIII (1988), 124-148.
    2003. Zum Totenritual der Bevlkerung
    der Przeworsk-Kultur. In: A. Kokowski &
    Ch. Leiber (eds), 273-294.
    2004. Obrzdek pogrzebowy ludnoci
    kultury przeworskiej. In: J. Andrzejowski,
    A. Kokowski & Ch. Leiber (eds), 97-106.
    2007. Oblin. Ein Grberfeld der PrzeworskKultur in Sdmasowien. Monumenta Archeologica Barbarica XIII. Warszawa.
    Dbrowscy, I. & K. 1967. Cmentarzysko z okresw pnolateskiego i wpyww rzymskich
    w Weskach, pow. Kalisz. Wrocaw.

    Dbrowska, T. 1973. Cmentarzysko kultury


    przeworskiej w Karczewcu, pow. Wgrw.
    Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne II, 383-531.
    1978. Cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej
    i wielbarskiej na stanowisku Kozarwka
    w Drohiczynie, woj. biaostockie. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne XLIII/1, 62-81.
    1988a. Wczesne fazy kultury przeworskiej.
    Chronologia zasig powizania. Warszawa.
    1988b. Bemerkungen zur Entstehung
    der Przeworsk-Kultur. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 63/1, 53-80.
    1988c. Frhe Einflsse der PrzeworskKultur auf die Jastorfkultur. Zeitschrift fr
    Archologie 23, 191-210.
    1994. Wpywy jastorfskie na kultur przeworsk w modszym okresie przedrzymskim. In: J. Gurba & A. Kokowski (eds),
    Kultura przeworska: materiay z konferencji I, 71-88. Lubelskie Materiay Archeologiczne 8. Lublin.
    1995. Pne odmiany fibul silnie profilowanych w Polsce. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LIII/1 (1993-1994), 3-34.
    1996. Frhe Stufen der Przeworsk-Kultur.
    Bemerkungen zu den Kontakten mit Sdeuropa. In: Z.Woniak (ed.), Kontakte lngs
    der Bernsteinstrae (zwischen Caput Adriae
    und den Ostseegebieten) in der Zeit um
    Christi Geburt, 127-142. Krakw.
    1997. Kamieczyk. Ein Grberfeld der
    Przeworsk-Kultur in Ostmasowien. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica III. Krakw.
    2001. Wschodnie tereny kultury przeworskiej w modszym okresie przedrzymskim.
    Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LIV (1995-1998),
    25-36.
    2003a. Jeszcze raz o najwczeniejszych
    wpywach rzymskich na ziemiach polskich.
    In: A. Bursche & R. Cioek (eds), Antyk
    i barbarzycy. Ksiga dedykowana Profesorowi Jerzemu Kolendo w siedemdziesit
    rocznic urodzin, 153-160. Warszawa.
    2003b. Przeworsk-Kultur. Jngere vorrmische Eisenzeit. Frhe Rmische Kaiserzeit.

    43

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 23, 540-553. Berlin-New York.
    Dbrowska, T. & Z. Woniak 2005. Problem
    genezy kultur przeworskiej i oksywskiej.
    In: P. Kaczanowski & M. Parczewski (eds),
    87-101.
    Dbrowski, K. 1970. Cmentarzysko z okresu
    pnolateskiego w Zagorzynie, pow. Kalisz.
    Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXII, 331-397.
    Dubakowski, Z. 2005. Stanowisko wielokulturowe w miejscowoci Pajewo-Szwelice, woj.
    mazowieckie. Warszawskie Materiay Archeologiczne 9, 9-218. Warszawa.
    Dobrzaska, H. 1980. Zagadnienie datowania
    ceramiki toczonej w kulturze przeworskiej.
    Archeologia Polski XXIV, 87-152.
    1990a. Osada z pnego okresu rzymskiego
    w Igoomi, woj. krakowskie, cz I. Materiay. Wrocaw.
    1990b. Osada z pnego okresu rzymskiego w Igoomi, woj. krakowskie, cz II.
    Krakw.
    Dymaczewski, A. 1958. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w Modzikowie, pow. roda.
    Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses VIII-IX
    (1957-58), 179-442.
    Dzigielewska, M. & M. Kulczyska 2007.
    Ciebowice Due. Ein Grberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur im sdwestlichen Masowien.
    Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica XIV.
    Warszawa.
    Eggers, H. J. 1951. Der rmische Import im
    freien Germanien, Atlas der Urgeschichte 1.
    Hamburg.
    Gajewski, L. & Z. Woniak 2000. Cmentarzysko
    wczesnoprzeworskie ze Stradowa, pow. Kazimierza Wielka. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 52, 231-327.
    Garbacz, K. 2000. Cmentarzysko ciaopalne kultury przeworskiej w Grzybowie, gm. Staszw,
    woj. witokrzyskie. Materiay i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Orodka Archeologicznego XXI, 5-170.
    Gedl, M. 1985a. Obiekty rowkowe na cmentarzyskach z okresu lateskiego i wczesnego
    okresu wpyww rzymskich w poudniowej

    44

    Polsce. I. Przegld Archeologiczny 32 (1984),


    157-186.
    1985b. Obiekty rowkowe na cmentarzyskach z okresu lateskiego i wczesnego okresu wpyww rzymskich w poudniowej Polsce. II. Przegld Archeologiczny 33 (1985),
    159-190.
    1988. Obiekty z okresu wpyww rzymskich na cmentarzysku w Kietrzu, woj.
    Opole. In: M. Gedl (ed.), Scripta Archaeologica, 119-198. Uniwersytet Jagielloski, Varia CCXXXI. Warszawa-Krakw.
    Gedl, M., Ginter, B. & K. Godowski 1970.
    Pradzieje i wczesne redniowiecze dorzecza
    Liswarty, cz. I. Katowice.
    1971. Pradzieje i wczesne redniowiecze
    dorzecza Liswarty, cz. II. Katowice.
    Ginalski, J. 1991. Ostrogi kabkowe kultury
    przeworskiej. Klasyfikacja typologiczna.
    Przegld Archeologiczny 38, 53-84.
    Godowski, K. 1959. Materiay z cmentarzyska
    z pnego okresu wpyww rzymskich
    w Opatowie, pow. Kobuck. Materiay Archeologiczne I, 173-276.
    1970. The Chronology of the Late Roman
    and Early Migration Periods in Central
    Europe. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu
    Jagielloskiego CCXVII, Prace Archeologiczne 11, Krakw.
    1972. Badania na cmentarzysku z okresu
    rzymskiego w Kryspinowie, pow. Krakw.
    Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXIV, 129148.
    1973. Materiay do poznania kultury
    przeworskiej na Grnym lsku cz I.
    Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne II, 255-382.
    1977a. Materiay do poznania kultury
    przeworskiej na Grnym lsku (cz II).
    Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne IV, 7-234.
    1977b. Das Grberfeld in Kryspinw bei
    Krakw und seine Bedeutung fr den bergang zwischen der Latne- und der rmischen Kaiserzeit in Kleinpolen. In: Symposium. Ausklang der Latne-Zivilization und

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    Anfnge der germanischen Besiedlung im
    mittleren Donaugebiet, 123-142. Bratislava.
    1979. Z bada nad rozprzestrzenieniem
    Sowian w V-VII w. n.e. Krakw. (Reed.:
    Godowski, K. 2000. Pierwotne siedziby
    Sowian. Wybr pism pod redakcj M. Parczewskiego, 107-169. Krakw). (Edition in
    German: J. Bemmann & M. Parczewski
    [eds] 2005. Frhe Slawen in Mitteleuropa.
    Schriften von Kazimierz Godowski. Studien
    zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Archologie
    der Ostseegebiete 6. Neumnster).
    1981. Kultura przeworska. In: J. Wielowiejski (ed.), Pny okres lateski i okres
    rzymski, 57-135. Prahistoria Ziem Polskich
    V. Wrocaw-Warszawa-Krakw-Gdask.
    1985. Przemiany kulturowe i osadnicze
    w poudniowej i rodkowej Polsce w modszym okresie przedrzymskim i w okresie
    wpyww rzymskich. Wrocaw-WarszawaKrakw-Gdask-d.
    1988. Problemy chronologii okresu rzymskiego. In: M. Gedl (ed.), Scripta Archaeologica, 27-47. Uniwersytet Jagielloski, Varia
    CCXXXI. Warszawa-Krakw.
    1989. Ziemie polskie w okresie wdrwek
    ludw. Problem pierwotnych siedzib Sowian.
    Barbaricum I, 12-63. Warszawa. (Reed.:
    Godowski, K. 2000. Pierwotne siedziby Sowian. Wybr pism pod redakcj M. Parczewskiego, 309-344. Krakw.) (Edition in German: J. Bemmann & M. Parczewski [eds]
    2005. Frhe Slawen in Mitteleuropa. Schriften von Kazimierz Godowski. Studien zur
    Siedlungsgeschichte und Archologie der
    Ostseegebiete 6. Neumnster).
    1992a. Die Przeworsk-Kultur. In: Beitrge zum Verstndniss der Germania des
    Tacitus, Teil II. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gttingen, Phil.Hist. Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 195, 9-90.
    Gttingen.
    1992b. Zmiany w uzbrojeniu ludnoci
    kultury przeworskiej w okresie wpyww
    rzymskich. In: M. Gosek et al. (eds), Arma
    et ollae. Studia dedykowane Profesorowi

    Andrzejowi Nadolskiemu w 70 rocznic urodzin i 45 rocznic pracy naukowej, Sesja naukowa, d, 7-8 maja 1992, 71-88. d.
    1995a. Die ltere Kaiserzeit in der Umgebung von Krakw. In: J. Tejral, K. Pieta &
    J. Rajtr (eds), Kelten, Germanen, Rmer im
    Mitteldonaugebiet vom Ausklang der LatneZivilisation bis zum 2. Jahrhundert, 83-102.
    Spisy Archeologickho stavu AV R 3,
    Brno-Nitra.
    1995b. Das Frstengrab des 5. Jhs. und
    der Frstensitz in Jakuszowice in Sdpolen. In: F. Vallet & M. Kazanski (eds), La
    noblesse romaine et les chefs barbares du IIIe
    au VIIe sicle, p. 155-179. Mmoires A.F.A.M.
    IX, Cond-sur-Noireau.
    Godowski, K. & R. Madyda-Legutko (eds)
    1986. Stan i potrzeby bada nad modszym
    okresem przedrzymskim i okresem wpyww
    rzymskich w Polsce. Materiay z konferencji,
    Krakw, 14-16 listopad 1984. Krakw.
    Godowski, K. & L. Szadkowska 1972. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w Tarnowie,
    powiat Opole. Opolski Rocznik Muzealny
    V/2, Krakw.
    Godowski, K. & T. Wichman 1998. Chmielw
    Piaskowy. Ein Grberfeld der PrzeworskKultur im witokrzyskie-Gebirge. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica VI, Krakw.
    Gruszczyska, A. 1999. Osada z V wieku w wilczy na tle osadnictwa w regionie rzeszowskim. In: S. Czopek & A. Kokowski (eds),
    Na granicach antycznego wiata. Sytuacja
    kulturowa w poudniowo-wschodniej Polsce
    i regionach ssiednich w modszym okresie
    przedrzymskim i okresie rzymskim, 285-302.
    Rzeszw.
    Hadaczek, K. 1909. Album przedmiotw wydobytych w grobach cmentarzyska ciaopalnego koo Przeworska (z epoki Cesarstwa
    Rzymskiego). Teka Konserwatorska. Rocznik
    Grona C. i K. Konserwatorw Staroytnych Pomnikw Galicji Wschodniej 3/2.
    Lww.
    Jadczykowa, I. 1983. Budownictwo mieszkalne
    ludnoci kultury przeworskiej na terenie

    45

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Polski. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria
    archeologiczna 28, 109-247.
    Jahn, M. 1916. Die Bewaffnung der Germanen
    in der lteren Eisenzeit etwa von 700 v. Chr.
    bis 200 n. Chr. Mannus-Bibliothek 16.
    Wrzburg.
    1921. Der Reitersporn, seine Entstehung und
    frheste Entwicklung. Mannus-Bibliothek
    21. Wrzburg.
    Jamka, R. 1933. Cmentarzysko w Kopkach
    (pow. niski) na tle okresu rzymskiego w
    Maopolsce Zachodniej. Przegld Archeologiczny V, 1933-1936 (1936), 23-62.
    1959. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w
    Starachowicach. Przegld Archeologiczny
    XI, 32-61.
    1962. Ciaopalne cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Ciosnach, pow. d. Zeszyty
    Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagielloskiego 46,
    Prace Archeologiczne 3, 59-163. Krakw.
    Jaskanis, J. 2005. Krupice. Ein Grberfeld der
    Przeworsk- und Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica
    X, Warszawa.
    Jasnosz, S. 1952. Cmentarzysko z okresu pnolateskiego i rzymskiego w Wymysowie,
    pow. Gosty. Fontes Praehistorici (= Fontes
    Archaeologici Posnanienses) II (1951), 1284.
    1960. Z bada cmentarzyska w Zadowicach,
    pow. Kalisz, w czasie drugiej wojny wiatowej. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria
    archeologiczna 5, 125-141.
    Kaczanowski, P. 1987. Drochlin, ciaopalne
    cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z okresu
    wpyww rzymskich. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagielloskiego DCCCXXVIII,
    Prace Archeologiczne 40. Krakw.
    1988. Chronologia inkrustowanych grotw
    broni drzewcowej z okresu wpyww rzymskich z obszaru europejskiego Barbaricum.
    In: M. Gedl (ed.), Scripta Archaeologica, 5177. Uniwersytet Jagielloski, Varia
    CCXXXI, Warszawa-Krakw.

    46

    1992. Importy broni rzymskiej na obszarze europejskiego Barbaricum. Uniwersytet Jagielloski. Rozprawy habilitacyjne 244.
    Krakw.
    1995. Klasyfikacja grotw broni drzewcowej
    kultury przeworskiej z okresu rzymskiego.
    Klasyfikacje zabytkw archeologicznych I,
    Krakw.
    Kaczanowski, P. & J. K. Kozowski 1998. Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich. Wielka Historia Polski 1. Krakw.
    Kaczanowski, P. & U. Margos (eds) 2002. Tabula
    Imperii Romani M 34 Krakw. Krakw.
    Kaczanowski, P. & M. Parczewski (eds) 2005.
    Archeologia o pocztkach Sowian. Materiay z konferencji, Krakw, 19-21 listopada
    2001. Krakw.
    Kaszewska, E. 1961. Materiay z cmentarzyska
    w Zadowicach, pow. Kalisz (cz III). Prace
    i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria archeologiczna
    6, 191-290.
    1962. Cmentarzysko kultury wenedzkiej w
    Piotrkowie Kujawskim powiat Radziejw.
    Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego
    i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria archeologiczna 8, 5-86.
    1975a. Kultura przeworska w Polsce rodkowej. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria
    archeologiczna 22, 195-253.
    1975b. Wielookresowe cmentarzysko ciaopalne w Zadowicach, pow. Kalisz. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXVII, 141-164.
    1978. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w
    Gledzianwku (st. 1), woj. pockie. Prace i
    Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria archeologiczna
    24 (1977), 63-232.
    1982. Zadowice 1, comm. de Godziesze Wielkie, dp. de Kalisz. Inventaria Archaeologica.
    Pologne XLVII, 287.
    1984. Zadowice, tysicletnie cmentarzysko na
    bursztynowym szlaku. d.
    1988. Wstpne wyniki bada cmentarzyska z
    okresu przedrzymskiego i rzymskiego w Za-

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    dowicach pod Kaliszem. Prace i Materiay
    Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego
    w odzi, seria archeologiczna 32 (1985),
    45-69.
    Kempisty, A. 1968. Ciaopalne cmentarzysko
    z pnego okresu rzymskiego w miejscowoci Korze, pow. Gostynin. Materiay
    Staroytne XI, 303-415.
    Kenk, R. 1977. Studien zum Beginn der jngeren rmischen Kaiserzeit in der PrzeworskKultur, dargestellt im Beispiel der Grberfelder von Chorula und Spicymierz. Bericht
    der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission 58/I,
    161-446.
    Kieferling, G. 1994. Bemerkungen zu xten der
    rmischen Kaiserzeit und der frhen Vlkerwanderungszeit im mitteleuropischen
    Barbaricum. In: C. von Carnap-Bornheim
    (ed.), Beitrge zur rmischer und barbarischer Bewaffnung in der ersten vier nachchristlichen Jahrhunderten, Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums in Marburg a.d.
    Lahn, 20. bis 24. Februar 1994, 335-356.
    Verffentlichungen des Vorgeschichtlichen
    Seminars Marburg. Lublin-Marburg.
    Kietliska, A. & T. Dbrowska 1963. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpyww rzymskich we wsi
    Spicymierz, powiat Turek. Materiay Staroytne IX, 143-254.
    Kobal, I.V. 1997. Kultura przeworska na Ukrainie Zakarpackiej. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LIII/2, 1993-1994, 31-56.
    Kka-Krenz, H. 1974. Sprawozdanie z bada
    wykopaliskowych na cmentarzysku z okresu wpyww rzymskich i wczesnego redniowiecza w Koninie, stan. B. Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses XXIV (1973), 244-246.
    Kokowski, A. 1985. Die Feuerstahlwerkzeuge
    der Przeworsk-Kultur. In: A. Kokowski (ed.),
    Mmoires Archologiques, p. 109-127. Lublin.
    1989. Strefa sepulkralna cmentarzyska
    z pnego podokresu lateskiego. In:
    Miejsce pradziejowych i redniowiecznych
    praktyk kultowych w Kruszy Zamkowej, woj.
    bydgoskie, stanowisko 13, 65-124. Studia do
    Dziejw Kujaw 3. Bydgoszcz-Pozna.

    1991a. Lubelszczyzna w modszym okresie


    przedrzymskim i w okresie rzymskim. Lubelskie Materiay Archeologiczne IV. Lublin.
    1991b. Udzia elementw celtyckich
    w strukturze cmentarzyska birytualnego
    w Kruszy Zamkowej, woj. Bydgoszcz, st. 13
    (prba falsyfikacji pojcia grupy kruszaskiej). Archeologia Polski XXXVI/1-2, 115149.
    1997. Die Schlobeschlge und die Schlssel aus dem nrdlichen Barbaricum in der
    rmischen Kaiserzeit und frhen Vlkerwanderungszeit. Klasyfikacje zabytkw archeologicznych II. Lublin.
    1999. Strefy kulturowe w modszym okresie przedrzymskim i w okresie wpyww
    rzymskich na uku Karpat. Cz I
    od modszego okresu przedrzymskiego do
    modszego okresu rzymskiego. In: S. Czopek & A. Kokowski (eds), Na granicach
    antycznego wiata. Sytuacja kulturowa w poudniowo-wschodniej Polsce i regionach ssiednich w modszym okresie przedrzymskim
    i okresie rzymskim, 25-44. Rzeszw.
    2001. Ramy chronologiczne osadnictwa
    kultury przeworskiej w poudniowo-wschodniej Polsce. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LIV,
    1999-2001, 109-128.
    2005. Staroytna Polska. Od trzeciego stulecia przed narodzeniem Chrystusa do schyku staroytnoci. Warszawa.
    Kokowski, A. & Ch. Leiber (eds) 2003. Die Vandalen. Die Knige Die Eliten Die Krieger Die Handwerker. Nordstemmen.
    Kolendo, J. 2005. Mapa etniczna rodkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum. Swebia i Lugiowie
    w Germanii Tacyta. In: P. Kaczanowski &
    M. Parczewski (eds), Archeologia o pocztkach Sowian. Materiay z konferencji, Krakw, 19-21 listopada 2001, 103-118. Krakw.
    Kontny, B. 2002. Bro jako wyraz zmian w obrzdku pogrzebowym. Analiza zestaww
    uzbrojenia w kulturze przeworskiej od
    modszego okresu wpyww rzymskich do
    pocztkw okresu wdrwek ludw. wiatowit XLV, fasc. B, 101-144.

    47

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    2003. Przekaz z zawiatw. Analiza zestaww uzbrojenia z grobw w kulturze
    przeworskiej z okresu wczesnorzymskiego
    i pocztkw modszego okresu rzymskiego.
    wiatowit XLIV, fasc. B, 111-178.
    2005. Time of war or well-being? Changes
    in weapon sets in the Przeworsk culture
    burials from the late stage of phase B2. In:
    P. uczkiewicz, M. Gadysz-Juciska, M. Juciski, B. Niezabitowska & P. Sadowski (eds),
    Europa Barbarica. wier wieku archeologii
    w Masomczu, 215-232. Monumenta Studia Gothica IV. Lublin.
    Kostrzewski, B. 1947. Cmentarzysko z okresu
    rzymskiego w Koninie (woj. poznaskie).
    Przegld Archeologiczny VII, 192-294.
    1954. Cmentarzysko z okresu pnolateskiego i rzymskiego w Domaradzicach,
    pow. Rawicz. Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses IV, 153-274.
    Kostrzewski, J. 1919. Die ostgermanische Kultur
    der Sptlatnezeit. Mannus-Bibliothek 1819. Wrzburg.
    1923. Wielkopolska w czasach przedhistorycznych. Pozna.
    Kozak, D. N. 1984. Pshevorskaya kultura
    u verkhnomu Podnistrov i zakhidnomu
    Pobuzhzhi. Kiv.
    1991. Etnokulturna istoriya Volini (I st.
    do n.e. IV st. n.e.). Kiv.
    1993. Pshevorskaya kultura. In: Slavyane
    i ikh sosedi v konce I tysyacheletiya do n.e.
    pervoj polovine I tysyacheletiya n.e., Arkheologiya SSSR, 53-66. Moskva.
    Kozowska, R. 1972. Cmentarzysko z okresw
    pnolateskiego i wpyww rzymskich
    w Weskach, pow. Kalisz (stan. 5). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXIV, 349-390.
    Liana, T. 1970. Chronologia wzgldna kultury
    przeworskiej we wczesnym okresie rzymskim. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne XXXV/4,
    429-492.
    1973. Wykopaliska Kaliksta Jagmina
    w gonicach, pow. Opoczno. Wiadomoci
    Archeologiczne XXXVIII/2, 309-329.

    48

    1976. Kurhan i cmentarzysko paskie kultury przeworskiej na stan. II w gonicach


    Maych, pow. Opoczno, Wiadomoci Archeologiczne XLI/1, 64-127.
    1977. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej
    w gonicach Maych, gm. Odrzyw, woj.
    radomskie, na stanowisku I, Wiadomoci
    Archeologiczne XLI/4, 1976, 461-487.
    aszczewska, T. & E. Kurylak 1989. Cmentarzysko z II-III wieku naszej ery odkryte na terenie cmentarza rzymsko-katolickiego, przy
    ul. Szczeciskiej 96/100, stanowisko 1. In:
    A. Mikoajczyk (ed.), Najnowsze odkrycia
    archeologiczne na terenie odzi, 19-68. Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi 24. d.
    uczkiewicz, P. 2006. Uzbrojenie ludnoci ziem
    Polski w modszym okresie przedrzymskim.
    Archaeologia Militaria II. Lublin.
    Machajewski, H. 1980. Kultura wielbarska
    a kultura przeworska w Wielkopolsce. Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses XXIX (1978),
    49-64.
    1986. Stan bada nad modszym okresem
    przedrzymskim i okresem rzymskim w Wielkopolsce. In: Godowski, K. & R. MadydaLegutko (eds), 269-298.
    1998. Die Fibeln der Gruppe V, Serie 8,
    im stlichen Teil Mitteleuropas. In: 100 Jahre Fibelformen nach Oscar Almgren. Internationale Arbeitstagung 25.-28. Mai 1997 in
    Klein Machnow, Land Brandenburg, 187-196.
    Forschungen zur Archologie im Land Brandenburg 5, Wnsdorf.
    Machajewski, H. (ed.) 2004. Kultura jastorfska
    na Nizinie Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej. Pozna.
    Maciaowicz, A. 2006. Cmentarzysko kultury
    przeworskiej z modszego okresu przedrzymskiego w Suchodole, pow. sochaczewski.
    Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LVIII, 238-370.
    Madyda, R. 1977. Sprzczki i okucia pasa na ziemiach polskich w okresie rzymskim. Materiay Staroytne i Wczesnoredniowieczne IV,
    351-411.
    Madyda-Legutko, R. 1987. Die Grtelschnallen
    der Rmischen Kaiserzeit und der frhen

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    Vlkerwanderungszeit im mitteleuropischen
    Barbaricum. BAR International Series 360,
    1986. Oxford.
    1990. Grtelhaken der frhrmischen
    Kaiserzeit im Gebiet des mitteleuropischen
    Barbaricum. Przegld Archeologiczny 37,
    157-180.
    1995. Zrnicowanie kulturowe polskiej
    strefy beskidzkiej w okresie lateskim i rzymskim. Katalog stanowisk. Krakw.
    1996. Zrnicowanie kulturowe polskiej
    strefy beskidzkiej w okresie lateskim i rzymskim. Krakw.
    Makiewicz, T. 1970. Cmentarzysko z okresu
    rzymskiego w Biaej, pow. d. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi, seria archeologiczna 17,
    173-255.
    Marciniak, J. 1957. Cmentarzysko ciaopalne
    z okresu pnolateskiego w Wilanowie koo Warszawy. Materiay Staroytne II, 7-174.
    Martyniak, G., Pastwiski, R. & S. Pazda 1997.
    Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Ciecierzynie, gmina Byczyna, woj. opolskie. Wrocaw.
    Mczyska, M. 1993. Niektre niepublikowane
    plany pnorzymskich grobw szkieletowych z ernik Wielkich, woj. Wrocaw. In:
    F. Ronowski (ed.), Miscellanea archaeologica Thaddaeo Malinowski dedicata, 109117. Supsk-Pozna.
    1998. Die Endphase der Przeworsk-Kultur. Etnographisch-Archologische Zeitschrift
    39, 66-99.
    2003a. Die sogennanten sarmatischen
    Fibeln in Mittel- und Osteuropa. In: C. von
    Carnap-Bornheim (ed.), Kontakt Kooperation Konflikt. Germanen und Sarmaten
    zwischen dem 1. und dem 4. Jahrhundert
    nach Christus, 303-332. Neumnster.
    2003b. Przeworsk-Kultur. Jngere und
    spte Rmische Kaiserzeit. Reallexikon der
    Germanischen Altertumskunde 23, 553-567.
    Berlin-New York.
    2004. Sakrau. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 26, 320-325, BerlinNew York.

    2005. Zanik kultury przeworskiej. In: P. Kaczanowski & M. Parczewski (eds), 157-163.
    2006. Wichulla, Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 33, 568-571, BerlinNew York.
    Meyer, M. 1994. Fundstellen vom Charakter der
    Przeworsk-Kultur in Hessen. In: J. Gurba &
    A. Kokowski, Kultura przeworska: materiay
    z konferencji I, 183-193. Lublin.
    2006. Migration und Adaptation ein
    differenziertes Modell zur Erklrung der latnezeitlichen Przeworsk-Funde in Deutschland. In: Festschrift fr 75 Jahre Steinsburgsmuseum. Alt-Thringen 38 (2005), 203-212.
    Michaowski, A. 2003. Osady kultury przeworskiej z terenw ziem polskich. Pozna.
    Moskaa,W. 1963. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego z Opoki, pow. Puawy. Wiadomoci
    Archeologiczne XXIX/1, 74-77.
    Mycielska, R. & Z. Woniak 1988. Cmentarzysko wielokulturowe w Boniu, cz I. Materiay Archeologiczne XXIV, 5-326.
    Niewgowski, A. 1981. Obrzdek pogrzebowy
    ludnoci kultury przeworskiej na przeomie
    er (II wiek p.n.e. II wiek n.e.). Wrocaw.
    1982. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej
    z okresu rzymskiego w Gocieradowie, gm.
    loco, woj. Tarnobrzeg. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne XXXIII (1981), 61-98.
    1991. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej
    w Garwolinie, woj. siedleckie. Warszawa.
    Nowakowski, W. 2001. g Piekarski. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 19,
    75-77, Berlin-New York.
    Nowakowski, Z. 2003. Cmentarzysko kultury
    przeworskiej w darowie, pow. sochaczewski. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne LVI (20022003), 283-379.
    Okulicz, J. 1983. Cmentarzyska z okresu rzymskiego na ysej Grze i Zwierzycu
    w Grdkach w wojewdztwie ciechanowskim. Rocznik Olsztyski XIV/XV, 73-189.
    Oldzki, M. 1985. Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w Kucowie, gm. Kleszczw, woj.
    dzkie. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia
    Archaeologica 7, 33-125. d.

    49

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    1996. Naddunajska grupa kultury przeworskiej w wietle analizy materiaw archeologicznych. Acta Universitatis Lodziendzia, Folia Archaeologica 20, 49-67. d.
    1999. The Upper Tisza Basin in the Roman period. Remarks on settlement and
    cultural changes. In: J. Tejral (ed.), Das mitteleuropische Barbaricum und die Krise des
    rmischen Weltreiches im 3. Jahrhundert,
    105-136. Spisy Archeologickho stavu AV
    R Brno 12. Brno.
    2000. Cmentarzysko z modszego okresu
    przedrzymskiego i okresu rzymskiego w Wlce Domaniowskiej koo Radomia. Biblioteka
    Eastern Review 1:2000. d.
    2005. A few remarks Concerning Celtic
    Settlement in Poland. In: W. Gillies & D. W.
    Harding (eds), Archaeology, Numismatics,
    Historical Linguistics, 137-165. Celtic Connections. Papers from the Tenth International Congress of Celtic Studies 2. Edinburgh.
    Orzechowski, Sz. 2007. Zaplecze osadnicze i podstawy surowcowe staroytnego hutnictwa
    witokrzyskiego. Kielce.
    Osada 1993. Osada produkcyjna kultury
    przeworskiej z pnego okresu rzymskiego
    w Mysowicach-Imielinie, woj. Katowice.
    Rocznik Muzeum Grnolskiego w Bytomiu,
    Archeologia 13. Bytom.
    Parczewski, M. 1993. Die Anfnge der frhslawischen Kultur in Polen. Verffentlichungen
    der sterreichischen Gesellschaft fr Urund Frhgeschichte XVII. Wien.Pazda, S.
    1980. Studia nad rozwojem i zrnicowaniem lokalnym kultury przeworskiej na Dolnym lsku. Studia Archeologiczne 10.
    Wrocaw.
    Pescheck, Ch. 1939. Die frhwandalische Kultur
    in Mittelschlesien (100 vor bis 200 nach
    Christus). Quellenschriften zur ostdeutschen
    Vor- und Frhgeschichte 5. Leipzig.
    Petersen, E. 1925. Die Wandalen im Niederschlesien. Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 1/2.
    Berlin.
    Pieczyski, Z. 1967. Cmentarzysko z okresu wdrwek ludw i z wczesnego redniowiecza

    50

    z Konina. Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses


    XVIII, 54-67.
    Piontek, J. & G. Rycel 1988. Wstpne wyniki
    bada antropologicznych i archeologicznych
    nad populacj uytkujc cmentarzysko
    w Zadowicach, wojewdztwo kaliskie, stanowisko 1. Prace i Materiay Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w odzi,
    seria archeologiczna 32 (1985), 71-85.
    Poleska, P. 2006. Celtycki mikroregion osadniczy
    w rejonie podkrakowskim. Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie II.
    Krakw.
    Rodziska-Nowak, J. 2006. Jakuszowice, stanowisko 2. Ceramika z osady kultury przeworskiej z modszego i pnego okresu wpyww
    rzymskich i wczesnej fazy okresu wdrwek ludw. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagielloskiego, Prace Archeologiczne 61. Krakw.
    Seidel, M. 1999. Siedlungsfunde der PrzeworskKultur aus Hanau-Mittelbuchen, Main-Kinzig-Kreis (Hessen). Ein Beitrag zu den
    sptlatnezeitlichen Kultur- und Bevlkerungsverhltnissen in der Wetterau. AltThringen 33, 180-230.
    2000. Die jngere Latnezeit und ltere
    Rmische Kaiserzeit in der Wetterau. Fundberichte aus Hessen 34/35 (1994/95), 1-355.
    Skowron, J. 1997. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z pnego okresu wpyww rzymskich w miejscowoci Piaski, gm. Kleszczw,
    woj. piotrkowskie st. 1. Prace i Materiay
    Muzeum Miasta Zgierza II/97, 11-154.
    2006. Kultura przeworska w dorzeczu
    rodkowej i dolnej Bzury. Monografia osadnictwa. Pozna.
    Stasiak, M. 1994. Ceramika z cmentarzyska
    kultury przeworskiej w Opoce. Kultura przeworska II, Lublin.
    Stawiarska, T. 1999. Naczynia szklane okresu
    rzymskiego z terenu Polski. Studium archeologiczno-technologiczne. Warszawa.
    Szarek-Waszkowska, E. 1973. Cmentarzysko
    kultury przeworskiej w miejscowoci Opoka, pow. Puawy. Studia i Materiay Lubelskie 5 (1971), 79-187. Lublin.

    THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE. A BRIEF STORY (FOR THE FOREIGNERS)


    Szembekwna, J. 1902. Sprawozdanie z poszukiwa archeologicznych w odbytych ostatniemi latami w Siemianicach (powiat kpiski). Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaci
    Nauk Poznaskiego XXIX, 57-77.
    Szembekwna, Z. 1905. Sprawozdanie z poszukiwa archeologicznych w Siemianicach
    (powiat kpiski), odbytych w latach 1902
    i 1903. Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaci
    Nauk Poznaskiego XXXI, 3-19.
    1910. Sprawozdanie z poszukiwa archeologicznych w Siemianicach (powiat kpiski), odbytych w r. 1904. Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaci Nauk Poznaskiego
    XXXV, 3-29.
    1915. Sprawozdanie z poszukiwa archeologicznych odbytych w r. 1905 i 1906
    na cmentarzysku z epoki rzymskiej w Siemianicach (Cz IV). Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaci Nauk Poznaskiego XLIII,
    167-189.
    Szmit, Z. 1921. Groby z okresu lateskiego
    i rzymskiego na cm.Kozarwka w Drohiczynie nad Bugiem. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne VI, 60-70.
    1923. Cmentarz latesko-rzymski Kozarwka w Drohiczynie nad Bugiem. Wiadomoci Archeologiczne VI, 152-175.
    Szydowski, J. 1963. Cmentarzysko pnorzymskie w Izbicku, pow. Strzelce Opolskie. Silesia Antiqua V, 108-142.
    1964. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpyww
    rzymskich w Choruli, pow. Krapkowice.
    Wrocaw.
    1974. Trzy cmentarzyska typu dobrodzieskiego. Rocznik Muzeum Grnolskiego
    w Bytomiu, Archeologia 11. Bytom.
    1977. Grupa dobrodzieska jako wyraz lokalnych przemian w schykowej fazie kultury
    przeworskiej. Katowice.
    miszko, M. 1932. Kultury wczesnego okresu
    epoki cesarstwa rzymskiego w Maopolsce.
    Lww.
    Tackenberg, K. 1925. Die Wandalen in Niederschlesien. Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 1/2.
    Berlin.

    Tempelmann-Mczyska, M. 1985. Die Perlen


    der rmischen Kaiserzeit und der frhen
    Phase der Vlkerwanderungszeit im mitteleuropischen Barbaricum. Rmisch Germanische Forschungen 43. Mainz am Rhein.
    1989. Das Frauentrachtzubehr des mittelund osteuropischen Barbaricums in der rmischen Kaiserzeit. Uniwersytet Jagielloski, Varia CCLXIV. Krakw.
    Thomas, S. 1960. Studien zu den germanischen
    Kmmen der rmischen Kaiserzeit. Arbeitsund Forschungsberichte zur schsischen Bodendenkmalpflege 8, 54-215.
    Tyszler, L. 1999. Terra sigillata na ziemiach Polski, part I: Tekst, part II: Katalog i tablice. Acta
    Archaeologica Lodziensia 43 & 44, d.
    Vlling, Th. 1995. Studien zu Fibelformen der
    jngeren vorrmischen Eisenzeit und ltesten rmischen Kaiserzeit. Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission 75 (1994),
    147-282.
    Wgrzynowicz, T., Andrzejowska, M., Andrzejowski, J. & E. Radziszewska (eds) 1995.
    Kultura pomorska i kultura grobw kloszowych. Razem czy osobno? Materiay z konferencji w dniach 24-26 listopada 1993.
    Warszawa.
    Wielowiejski, J. 1970. Kontakty Noricum i Pannonii z ludami pnocnymi. Wrocaw.
    1980. Gwny szlak bursztynowy w czasach Cesarstwa Rzymskiego, Wrocaw.
    1986. Die sptkeltischen und rmischen
    Bronzegefe in Polen. Bericht der RmischGermanischen Kommission 66 (1985), 123320.
    1990. Die rmischen Silbergefsse in
    Polen. Importe und Nachahmungen. Bericht
    der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission 70
    (1989), 191-241.
    Wielowiejski, P. 1990. Pracownie obrbki bursztynu z okresu wpyww rzymskich na obszarze kultury przeworskiej. Kwartalnik
    Historii Kultury Materialnej 3/91, 317-361.
    1996. Bernstein in der Przeworsk-Kultur.
    Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission 77, 215-342.

    51

    JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
    Woyda, S. 2002. Mazowieckie centrum metalurgiczne z modszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpyww rzymskich. In:
    Sz. Orzechowski (ed.), Hutnictwo witokrzyskie oraz inne centra i orodki staroytnej metalurgii elaza na ziemiach polskich,
    121-154. Kielce.
    Woniak, Z. 1970. Osadnictwo celtyckie w Polsce. Wrocaw.
    1981. Modsza faza kultury lateskiej
    (celtyckiej) i grupa tyniecka. In: J.Wielowiejski (ed.), Pny okres lateski i okres rzymski, 248-263. Prahistoria ziem polskich V.
    Wrocaw-Warszawa-Krakw-Gdask.
    1992. Zur Chronologie der keltischen
    Siedlungsmaterialien aus Schlesien und
    Kleinpolen. In: K. Godowski & R. MadydaLegutko (eds), Probleme der Relativen und
    Absoluten Chronologie ab Latnezeit bis zum
    Frhmittelalter. Materialien des III. Internationalen Symposiums: Grundprobleme der
    frhgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im nrdlichen Mitteldonaugebiet, Krakw-Karniowice
    3.-7. Dezember 1990, 9-17. Krakw.
    Woniak, Z. & P. Poleska 1999. Zabytki typu jastorfskiego z zachodniej Maopolski. In:
    J. Andrzejowski et al. (eds), Comhlan. Studia
    z archeologii okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpyww rzymskich w Europie rodkowej
    dedykowane Teresie Dbrowskiej w 65. rocznic urodzin, 395-399. Warszawa.
    Zagrska-Telega, J. 2000. Bogaty pochwek kobiecy na cmentarzysku kultury przeworskiej

    52

    w Opatowie, stanowisko 1, woj. lskie.In:


    R. Madyda-Legutko & T. Bochnak (eds),
    SVPERIORES BARBARI. Ksiga ku czci Profesora Kazimierza Godowskiego, 313-326.
    Krakw.
    Zieling, N. 1989. Studien zu germanischen
    Schilden der Sptlatne- und der rmischen
    Kaiserzeit im freien Germanien I-III. BAR
    International Series 505. Oxford.
    Zielonka, B. 1951. Groby ludnoci kultury przeworskiej w Lachmirowicach, pow. Inowrocaw. Z otchani wiekw XX/7-8, 120-128.
    1953. Cmentarzysko z okresu cesarstwa
    rzymskiego w Lachmirowicach w pow. inowrocawskim. Przegld Archeologiczny IX/
    2-3 (1951-1952), 353-386.
    1958. Cmentarzysko w Bodzanowie w pow.
    aleksandrowskim. Przegld Archeologiczny
    X (1954-1956), 331-382.
    1961. Kocowe sprawozdanie z bada
    w Bodzanowie w pow. aleksandrowskim.
    Przegld Archeologiczny XIII (1960), 190-196.
    Ziemliska-Odojowa, W. 1999. Niedanowo. Ein
    Grberfeld der Przeworsk- und WielbarkKultur in Nordmasowien. Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica VII. Krakw.
    Zotz, L. 1935. Die sptgermanische Kultur
    Schlesiens im Grberfeld von Gro-Srding.
    Quellenschriften zur ostdeutschen Vorund Frhgeschichte 4, Leipzig.

    You might also like