Unit 2

Single-Phase Circuits


Impedance Combinations

Admittance

Components of Impedance

Impedance of Circuit Elements

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Lecture Outlines


Capacitors

Inductors

Resistors

Three common circuit elements will be studied.

Their characteristics when subjected to
sinusoidal input is to be analysed.

Circuit Elements

V m cos( t + )

Vm

= I m

Phasor Domain

= I m cos( t + )

Time Domain

Phasor Relationship for Resistors

Tim e

The current that

passes through a
resistor is in
phase with the
voltage across it.

Resistor Phase Diagram

i (t ) = 2 cos(60t 45)

12 45
=
I=
j L
j 60 0 .1
12 45
=
= 2 45
6 90

L = 0.1 H

v(t ) = 12 cos(60t + 45)

di
v= L
V = j L I
dt

Phasor Relationship for Inductors

Tim e

Note that the current lags the voltage by 90o

i(t ) = 2 cos(60t 45)

v(t ) = 12 cos(60t + 45)

di V = j L I
v=L
dt

Phasor Relationship for Inductors

j C

i (t ) = 0.03 cos(100t + 60)

= (6 30)(0.00590)
= 0.0360

= (6 30)( j100 50 10 6 )

I = Vj C

C = 50 F

v(t ) = 6 cos(100t 30)

v = C i dt V =

Phasor Relationship for Capacitors

j C

Tim e

Note that the current leads the voltage by 90o

i (t ) = 0.03 cos(100t + 60)

v(t ) = 6 cos(100t 30)

v = C i dt V =

Phasor Relationship for Capacitors

The current leads

the voltage by 90o

Capacitor

For the sake of consistency, always make the voltage as the reference.

The current lags the

voltage by 90o

Inductor

Phase Diagrams for Inductors &

Capacitors

j C

Capacitor

1
Z=
j C
Z = j L

Z=R

opposition showed by
the circuit to the flow of
a sinusoidal current

V =

Inductor

Unit: ohms ()

V
Z=
I

V = j L I

Resistor

Impedance

V = RI

Impedance of Circuit Elements

Z = R + jX

reactance

If X = 0, impedance is resistive

If X < 0, impedance is capacitive or leading

If X > 0, impedance is inductive or lagging

resistance

Impedance

Components of Impedance

Means the
current lags
the voltage

Z L = j L

Impedance of an Inductor

=0

ZC =
j C

Impedance of a Capacitor

=0

Y = G + jB

Unit: siemens (S)

conductance

Admittance

1
I
Y= =
Z V

Admittance

susceptance

reciprocal of impedance

j C

V s = 10 0 V

i(t ) = 1.79 cos(4t + 26.6)

= 1.7926.6

Vs 100
100
I= =
=
Z 5 j 2.5 5.59 26.6

1
= 5+
j 4 0 .1
= 5 j 2 .5

Z = 5 +

=4

Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown.

1.7926.6
j 4 0.1

v(t ) = 4.47 cos(4t 63.4)

j C
1.7926.6
=
= 4.47 63.4
0.490

V = IZ C =

Example of Impedance Calculations

equivalent
impedance

Z eq = Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 3 + ......... + Z N

Impedance in Series

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ......... +
Z eq Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
ZN

Yeq = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + ......... + YN

equivalent
impedance

equivalent
admittance

Impedance in Parallel

j C
1
=
j 50 2 10 3
= j10

Z1 =

Z1
Z3

= 8 + j 50 0 .2
= (8 + j10 )

Z 3 = 8 + j L

1
j 5010103
= (3 j 2)
Z2 = 3 +

Z2

Example 1

46 .17 17.7
= 3.39 18.3 = 3.22 j1.07
13.6036 .0

Z in = 3.22 j11.07 = 11.53 - 73.8

= j10 + 3.22 j1.07 = 3.22 j11.07

Z in = Z1 + Z 23

Z 23 =

8 + j10 + 3 j 2
24 j16 + j 30 j 2 20
11 + j 8 13 .60 36 .0
=
=
44 + j14 46 .17 17 .7

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
Z 23 Z 2 Z 3 3-j 2 8 + j10

Z2 and Z3 are parallel

Find the input impedance Zin

= 50 rad/s

 = 4 rad/s

5 H Z O = j 4 5 = j 20

1
= j 25
3
j 4 10 10

20 cos( 4t 15 )
VS = 20 15

Find the voltage across

the inductor vO

10 mF Z C =

Example 2 (cont)

Z2

= 116 . 62 59 . 0

Z TOTAL = Z 1 + Z 2 = 60 + j100

Z2 = j100

20 15
=
116.6259.0

VO = IOZO = ICZC

VO
= 0.047 j 0.165
j 20

VO
IC = IS IO = IS
ZO

= 0.17 74.0 = 0.047 - j 0.165 A

ZTOTAL

VS

v(t ) = 17.2 cos(4t + 16)

VO = 16.5 + j 4.7 = 17.1615.98 V

VO VO
VO
IC =
=
= 0.047 j 0.165
ZC -j25
j 20

VO = j L I O

IC

IO

j
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
Z 2 Z C Z O -j 25 j 20 100

IS

Z1

IS =

Example 2 (cont)