Eccentrically Loaded Masonry Walls: - URM Bearing Wall Under

Eccentric Axial Compression
URM Bearing Wall under

P
Eccentrically Loaded
Masonry Walls
Professor
P.e
Axial stress
Bending stress
Combined stress
f = fa - fb
M = P.e
h
Moment diagram
(on tension side)
Durgesh C. Rai
f = fa+fb
fa = P/A
fb = Me/I = M/S
Tension
f = P/A+M/S
Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur - 208 016
2/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Compression
UBC & ACI Approach

Unity Formula for Limiting Compressive Stress
Controls for small eccentricities
fa fb
1
Fa Fb
where
Fa allowable axial compressiv e stress
Fb allowable bending compressiv e stress ( 0 .33 f m' )
Maximum Tensile Stress < Permissible Tensile Stress

Mortar type & tension perpendicular/parallel to wall
f a f b Ft
CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Compression
IS:19051987 Approach
For low eccentricity (1/24 < e < 1/6)
Allowable Compressive Stress
< 1.25 times basic compressive stress
P M
P
1.25f a also f a
A S
A
For large eccentricity (e > 1/6)

Allowable Compressive Stress
< 1.25 times basic compressive stress
But area under tension ignored
Determining Eccentricity
Eccentricity
Appendix A:: IS:1905
Eccentricity depends on
Extent of bearing
Magnitude of loads
Relative stiffness of slab or beam & wall
Degree of fixity at the support
Requires judgment
Code provides guidelines
Eccentricity
Exterior Wall
Span of floor (flexible diaphragm)
< 30 thickness of wall
e=t/6 for Partial or full bearing width
Span of floor (rigid diaphragm)

< 30 thickness of wall
e=t/12
e=0
if partial bearing width

if full bearing width
If span > 30 times thickness of wall,

eccentricity must be considered.
Following approx. can be used
e=t/3 for flexible diaphragm
e=t/6 for rigid diaphragm
Refer Appendix A1 of IS1905 for more details

Eccentricity
Exterior Wall
Loads from above floors
help minimize the effect of
eccentricity and should be
included in computing the
effective eccentricity.
Eccentricity
Interior Wall
Unequal Spans
If R1/R2 lies in the range 0.85-1.15
Consider load to be axial
Else floor load assumed to act at a distance equal to t/6
and then overall eccentricity determined
Long Span
Short Span
R2
R1
2/3 a
Kern Distance
For given Tensile Strength Ft
Kern Distance
Distance
Kern Distance for URM Wall Pier

Quick Check
If eccentricity is less than t/6,
then there will be no tensile stress
-fa+fb=Ft
fa+fb
P M
Ft
A S
P
Pe
2
Ft
bt (bt /6)
1 6e F b
2 t
t t
P
t F t 2b
e t
6 6P
Kern Distance
Distance
Kern Distance for URM Wall

Quick Check
If eccentricity is less than t/6,
then there will be no tensile stress
Kern distance for zero tensile strength.

f a fb 0
P M
bt3
bt2
0, A bt, I
& S
A S
12
6
P
Pe
t
2
0e
A (bt /6)
6
Column or pier section

fa
b b/3
Kern
Kern for tensile stress
ft
fb
fb
t/3
t
fa+fb
fa+fb=
0
Increase in Permissible Stresses

Increase in permissible compressive stress
in members subjected to eccentric loading
When resultant eccentricity ratio exceeds 1/24 but
does not exceed 1/6
Permissible compressive stress increased by 25% in
design
When resultant eccentricity ratio exceeds 1/6

Permissible compressive stress increased by 25% in
design
but area of section under tension shall be disregarded for
computing load carrying capacity of member
Permissible Tensile Stresses
Tension Normal to bed joints

Effective area
hollow
Tension Parallel to bed joints
Grade M1 or better, Ft 0.07MPa

Grade M2 mortar, Ft 0.05MPa
solid
No direct tensile strength assumed normal to bed

joint - just shear strength along bed joints
Strong units
Weak units
Ft 0.14MPa for units f ut' 10MPa

Ft 0.10MPa for units f ut' 7.5 MPa
wb
Effective
l2
ls
l1
b
l1
l2
ls
wb
0.21 MPa (Half-scaled brick Masonry)

0.17 MPa (Full scale brick Masonry)
1.10 MPa (Half-scaled brick Masonry)

1.02 MPa (Full scale brick Masonry)
Out-of-plane Loading
Experimental determination of flexure

tensile strength
URM wall under transverse loading

P
0.20
0.9
Stress (MPa)
Stress (MPa)
P.e
1.2
0.25
0.15
0.10
Pe
2
wh2
8
h
2
0.6
0.3
0.05
Full-scale
Full-scale
Half-scale
Half-scale
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.0
Displacement (mm)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Displacement (mm)
For l arg e P and small w : critical sec tion is top of wall, M Pe

For small P and l arg e w : critical sec tion at mid height , M
Pe wh 2
2
8
OutOut-ofof-plane Loading
Loading
Loading
URM wall under transverse loading

Design & analysis is same as eccentricity loaded walls
Use concept of equivalent eccentricity after bending
moment is calculated
e
V
M
e1
e1
M
P
Four types of walls under transverse loads
Load bearing wall

Free standing wall
Panel walls
Curtain walls
Needs to be checked for flexural tension

due to imposed moments in out-of-plane
direction
Loading
Loading
Free standing walls

Many configuration to choose from based on required
strength, durability, aesthetics and economy.
Large bending moment due to high wind pressure may
require configuration other than straight wall
Walls taller than 5 m may require steel reinforcement
Free standing walls

Besides strength check against flexural tension, they
also need to be checked under stability against
overturning
FS
stabilizin g moment due to vertical loads

.
overturnin g moment due to lateral loads
( FS lies between 1.0 and 2.07 )
Loading
Loading
Example
Example
Determine maximum transverse load w,

as per IS:1905, for unreinforced clay tile wall shown
75mm
Wall cross-section
w
4m
HCT :: Type S (H2) :: 1 : : 4

f m' 20 MPa
Basic compressiv e stress 0.25 20 5 MPa
4000
13 .33
Slendernes s SR
300
75
1
e
t 300 4
For a 1m width of the wall
300mm
A (1000 300) 3 105 mm2

bt2 1000 3002
150 105 mm3

6
6
Moment at mid height of wall :
S
150
300
Pe wh2 (50 103 N) (75mm) w(4000mm)2
1875 103 Nmm 2 106 w

2
8
2
8
Loading
Loading
Example
Tension criterion
P M
Ft 1.33 0.0931N / mm 2 (Tension normal to bed joint)

A S
50 10 3 N 1875 10 3 2 10 6 w
0.0931
3 10 5 mm 2
150 10 5
0.167 0.125 0.133 w 0.093
w 1.013 kPa
Compression criterion
0 .167 ( 0 .125 0 .133 w ) 1 .25 1 . 33 Fa k s
Strength of walls with no tensile stress

Case A : Limiting Compressive Stress fm
when resultant load is within kern
Since all of section is subjected to compression,
all of it will be considered effective
P M
A S
P 6 Pe
fc 2
bt bt
P 6e
fc 1
bt
t
Design requiremen t : f c Fa or Fb
For IS : 1905 1987 , this is now eccentricity case
fc
5 .73 MPa
e 1
e 1
( but ).
t 6
t 24
Fb 1.25 Fa
w 40 . 9 kPa
f c 1.25Fa & P / A Fa
1 .25 1 .33 5 MPa 0 .69
P e
Wall centroid
fm
P
Loading
Loading
Strength of walls with no tensile stress

Case B : Limiting Compressive Stress fm
when resultant load is outside kern
NOTE
This approach is beyond ACI &
UBC
Neglect all masonry in tension .

Only effective part is that under compressio n.
2P
fc
compressiv e edge stress
b
Fa or Fb 1.25 Fa
e 1
( IS : 1905 1987 large eccentrici ty case , )
t 6
t
t
e 3 e
3 2
2
2P
2P
combining , f c
t
b
3b e
2
Strength of walls with no

tensile stress
2P
b
P
May give higher values than those based

on limited allowable tensile strength
Because wall is partially cracked,

it is not prismatic along its height
t/2
Stability of wall must be checked based

on Euler criteria modified to account for
cracked masonry
(Ref: Structural Masonry, S.Sahlin)
/3
fc
2P
t
3b e
2
t/2
P
/3
Loading
Combined bending and axial loads

Unity formula
f a fb
1.0
Fa Fb
For slender columns,

consider effects of deflection on moments
Unity formula is conservative
Axial forceMoment (P-M) interaction diagram can
be used in lieu of Unity formula

Eccentrically Loaded Masonry Walls: - URM Bearing Wall Under

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Eccentric Axial Compression

URM Bearing Wall under

Department of Civil Engineering

Eccentric Axial Compression

UBC & ACI Approach

Maximum Tensile Stress < Permissible Tensile Stress

CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Eccentric Axial Compression

For large eccentricity (e > 1/6)

4/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Code provides guidelines

Span of floor (rigid diaphragm)

if partial bearing width

If span > 30 times thickness of wall,

Refer Appendix A1 of IS1905 for more details

6/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

8/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Kern Distance for URM Wall Pier

9/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Kern Distance for URM Wall

Kern distance for zero tensile strength.

CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Column or pier section

10/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Increase in Permissible Stresses

When resultant eccentricity ratio exceeds 1/6

12/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Permissible Tensile Stresses

Permissible Tensile Stresses

Tension Normal to bed joints

Tension Parallel to bed joints

Grade M1 or better, Ft 0.07MPa

No direct tensile strength assumed normal to bed

Ft 0.14MPa for units f ut' 10MPa

0.21 MPa (Half-scaled brick Masonry)

1.10 MPa (Half-scaled brick Masonry)

Permissible Tensile Stresses

Experimental determination of flexure

URM wall under transverse loading

For l arg e P and small w : critical sec tion is top of wall, M Pe

15/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

16/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

URM wall under transverse loading

Four types of walls under transverse loads

Load bearing wall

Needs to be checked for flexural tension

17/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

18/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Free standing walls

Free standing walls

stabilizin g moment due to vertical loads

( FS lies between 1.0 and 2.07 )

19/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

20/CE625A-Masonry Structures-IITK-Dr Durgesh Rai/2014-15

Determine maximum transverse load w,

HCT :: Type S (H2) :: 1 : : 4

For a 1m width of the wall

A (1000 300) 3 105 mm2

150 105 mm3

Pe wh2 (50 103 N) (75mm) w(4000mm)2