3.

46 PHOTONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Lecture

Notes

Goal: To develop principles for optical

materials design.
Approach:

Physical basis of properties;

use properties in design.

Electromagnetic Field
Apply voltage:

K
K
E = (r , t )

Apply current:

K
K
H = (r , t )

Maxwells Equations
(free space, no charge/current present)
K
K K
E
H = 0
t

K
K K
H
E = 0
t

K K
E = 0

K K
H = 0

EM wave
Wave equation

1 2u
2u
2 2
= 0
c0 t
u: scalar field profile

3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices

Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 1 of 6

Lecture

Notes

(free space) speed of light

1
c0 =
= 3108 m/s
0 0
0 = permittivity of free space
1
109 Farad/m
(MKS)
=
36
0 = permeability of free space
(MKS)
= 4107 Henry/m

0 0 c0 2 = 1
Light in a Medium
1
c=

K
K
K K
D = E = 0 E + P
polarization density
static relation (time independent)
JK
between P and

K
K
P = 0 E
scalar electric susceptibility

= 0 (1 + )
electric permittivity of medium

= dielectric constant
0

(static)
0
Si
11.7
Ge
16
LiNbO3
43
BaTiO3
3600
Static: = 0
3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices
Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 2 of 6

Lecture

2u

c=

Notes

1 2u
=0
c 2 t 2

c = speed of light in medium

Refractive Index (n)
n=

speed of light in free space

speed of light in medium

c=

c0
n

frequency dependence:
frequency:

wavelength (free space): 0

0 = c0
n( ) =

( )
= 1+ ( )
0

MATERIALS DESIGN

Performance Goals
Constraints
Methodology
Tradeoffs
Options
Optimization

BUILDING A LEARNING CURVE

Performance Goal
Barriers
Timeline (with iterations)
Incremental Improvement

3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices

Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 3 of 6

Notes

Lecture

Fiber-optic communication system

Operating Wavelength and Frequently

Used Components In Fiber-Optic Links.

Wavelength
0(m)

Fiber

Source

0.87

Multimode
step-index

LED
AlGaAs

1.3

Multi-mode
graded-index

1.55

Single-mode

Laser
InGaAsP
Laser
InGaAsP

Detector
p-i-n Si
p-i-n Ge
APD
InGaAs

Systems Design
mW
nm

Laser
Power
Spectral Bandwidth

/L
L

dB/km
ns/km
km

Fiber
Attenuation
Response Time
Length

n0

Detector
photons/bit Sensitivity
bits/s
Data Rate

Ps

B0

3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices

Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 4 of 6

Lecture

Notes

Waveguide Materials Selection

Resonances absorption, dispersion

, E

photon frequency, energy

Resonance Frequency (0)
Atoms 0 =

kbond
,
matom

(angular frequency)

Heavy atoms weak bonds

low 0, long response

Electrons

Localization high energy

high 0, short response

Wave Equation

Vacuum
1 2u
2u 2 2 = 0
c0 t

Material
1 2u
2u 2 2 = 0
c t

Nonlinear Optical Material

Maxwells Equations valid

Wave Equation invalid

K
K

K 1 2E
2 P

E
2 2 = 0 2

t
c t
2

3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices

Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 5 of 6

Notes

Lecture
Dispersion
Dipoles in material respond as harmonic
oscillators
Dynamic Relation (time dependent)
between P(t) and E(t)
K
K
K
K
d 2P
dP
+ a3
P

E (t ) = a1 2 + a2
dt
dt
accel.

vel.

x (position)

Linear differential equation

Resonances
Driven simple harmonic oscillators
K
K
K
K

d 2P
dP
=
0 2 P + 0 2 00 E

2
dt
dt

K
K
K
P = N (ex ) = 0 ( ) E
Dipole movement

# charges/unit volume

K
K
0 0 2
Ne 2

P = 0
E , 0
( 2 2 ) j
m0 0 2
0

(far away from resonance)

( ) = ( ) + j ( )

Re

Im
( )

( )

0
3.46 Photonic Materials and Devices
Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling

Lecture 1: Optical Materials Design Part 1

Page 6 of 6