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Composite Structures
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Article history:
Available online 20 October 2009
Keywords:
Nonlinear analysis
Functionally graded materials
Postbuckling
Imperfection
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a simple analytical approach to investigate the stability of functionally graded plates
under in-plane compressive, thermal and combined loads. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-independent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in
terms of the volume fractions of constituents. Equilibrium and compatibility equations for functionally
graded plates are derived by using the classical plate theory taking into account both geometrical nonlinearity in von Karman sense and initial geometrical imperfection. The resulting equations are solved
by Galerkin procedure to obtain explicit expressions of postbuckling loaddeection curves. Stability
analysis of a simply supported rectangular functionally graded plate shows the effects of the volume fraction index, plate geometry, in-plane boundary conditions, and imperfection on postbuckling behavior of
the plate.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous composites usually made from a mixture of metals and
ceramics. By gradually varying the volume fraction of constituent
materials, their material properties exhibit a smooth and continuous
change from one surface to another, thus eliminating interface problems and mitigating thermal stress concentrations. By high performance heat resistance capacity, FGMs are now developed for
general use as structure components in ultrahigh temperature environments and extremely large thermal gradients such as aircraft,
space vehicles, nuclear plants, and other engineering applications.
Buckling and postbuckling behaviors are one of main interest in
design of structural components such as plates, shells and panels
for optimal and safe usage. Therefore, it is important to study the
buckling and postbuckling behaviors of FGM plates under mechanical, thermal and combined thermomechanical loads for accurate
and reliable design. Some works about the stability of FGM structures relating to present study are introduced in the following.
Javaheri and Eslami [24] and Shariat and Eslami [5] reported
mechanical and thermal buckling of rectangular functionally
graded plates by using the classical plate theory [2,3] and higher
order shear deformation plate theory [4,5]. They used energy
method to derive governing equations that analytically solved to
obtain the closed-form solutions of critical loading. The same
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: htung0105@gmail.com (H.V. Tung).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.10.015
authors and Shariat [68] extended their these studies when inuences of initial geometrical imperfection on the critical buckling
loading are taken into consideration. Lanhe [9] used the rst order
shear deformation theory to derive closed-form relations for buckling temperature difference of simply supported moderately thick
rectangular FGM plates. Three dimensional thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded composite plates, using nite element
method, is reported by Na and Kim [10]. The research on thermoelastic stability of FGM cylindrical shells is introduced by Eslami
and his co-workers [1214] and Lanhe et al. [15]. Except [10],
above mentioned works used analytical approach to study buckling of FGM plates and shells. Furthermore, by linear buckling analysis effects of prebuckling deformation and postbuckling behavior
have not been considered in these works. Recently, Darabi et al.
[16] presented nonlinear analysis of dynamic stability for functionally graded cylindrical shells under periodic axial loading by
analytical approach. Some investigations about postbuckling
behavior of functionally graded plates are also reported by Liew
et al. [17,18] using differential quadrature method, Shen [19,20]
using perturbation asymptotic method, and Zhao and Liew [21]
using the element-free kp-Ritz method. The inuences of shear
deformation, initial imperfection, piezoelectric actuators, and temperature-dependent properties on postbuckling behavior of FGM
plates are also taken into consideration in these works.
This paper presents a simple analytical approach to investigate
buckling and postbuckling behaviors of functionally graded plates
subjected to in-plane compressive, thermal, and combined loads.
The motivation of this study results from practical signicance of
1185
Nij ; M ij
k
2z h
;
2h
V m z 1 V c z
Peff P c V c z Pm V m z
k
2z h
Ez; az; Kz Em ; am ; K m Ecm ; acm ; K cm
2h
h=2
rij 1; zdz; ij x; y; xy
Nx
E1
E2
Um
exm meym
kx mky
1 m2
1 m2
1m
Ny
E1
E2
Um
eym mexm
ky mkx
1 m2
1 m2
1m
Nxy
E1
E
c 2 kxy
21 m xym 1 m
Mx
E2
E3
Ub
exm meym
kx mky
1 m2
1 m2
1m
My
E2
E3
Ub
eym mexm
ky mkx
1 m2
1 m2
1m
M xy
acm ac am ; K cm K c K m
10
E2
E
c 3 kxy
21 m xym 1 m
where
E1 Em h Ecm h=k 1;
3
Nx;x Nxy;y 0
Nxy;x Ny;y 0
12
3. Governing equations
In the present study, the classical plate theory is used to obtain
the equilibrium and compatibility equations as well as expressions
of buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths of FGM
plates.
The strains across the plate thickness at a distance z from the
mid-plane are [1]
where exm and eym are the normal strains, cxym is the shear strain at
the middle surface of the plate, and kij are the curvatures.
In the framework of classical plate theory, the strains at the
middle surface and the curvatures are related to the displacement
components u; v ; w in the coordinates as [1]
exm u;x w2;x =2; eym v ;y w2;y =2; cxym u;y v ;x w;x w;y ;
ky w;yy ;
where
kx w;xx ;
Substituting Eqs. (3), (5) and (7) into Eq. (8) gives the constitutive relations
mz m
Ecm Ec Em ;
h=2
V c z
kxy w;xy
6
Nx;x Nxy;y 0
Nxy;x Ny;y 0
13
E1 E3 E22
E1 1 m2
14
1186
N x;x N xy;y 0
w M xx Nxy 0;
N xy;x Ny;y 0
h
i
Dr4 w Nx w;xx w;xx 2Nxy w;xy w;xy Ny w;yy w;yy 0
w v Myy 0;
15
Considering the rst two of Eqs. (15), a stress function f may be
dened as
Nx f;yy ;
Ny f;xx ;
Nxy f;xy
16
h
i
Dr4 w f;yy w;xx w;xx 2f ;xy w;xy w;xy f;xx w;yy w;yy 0
17
The Eq. (17) includes two dependent unknowns, w and f. To obtain a second equation relating these two unknowns, the compatibility equation may be used.
The geometrical compatibility equation is written as [1]
18
exm;yy eym;xx cxym;xy w2;xy w;xx w;yy 2w;xy w;xy w;xx w;yy
w;yy w;xx
19
exm ; eym
cxym
1
Nx ; Ny mNy ; Nx E2 kx ; ky Um 1; 1;
E1
2
1 mNxy E2 kxy
E1
N y Ny0
on x 0; a
24
on y 0; b
w W sin km x sin ln y
f A1 cos 2km x A2 cos 2ln y A3 cos 2km x cos 2ln y
1
1
A4 sin km x sin ln y N x0 y2 Ny0 x2
2
2
25
w lh sin km x sin ln y;
m; n 1; 2; . . .
26
where the coefcient l varying between 0 and 1 represents imperfection size. By substituting Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (21), the
coefcients Ai are determined as
E1 l2n
A1
20
Nx Nx0
32k2m
WW 2lh;
A2
E1 k2m
WW 2lh;
32l2n
A3 A4 0
27
Introduction of Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (17) and applying
Galerkin method for the resulting equation yield
Substituting the above equations in Eq. (19), with the aid of Eqs.
(6) and (16), leads to the compatibility equation of an imperfect
FGM plate as
Dk2m l2n 2 W 2k2m l2n A1 A2 k2m Nx0 l2n Ny0 W lh 0
r4 f E1 w2;xy w;xx w;yy 2w;xy w;xy w;xx w;yy w;yy w;xx 0
21
Eqs. (17) and (21) are the basic equations used to investigate
the stability of functionally graded plates. They are nonlinear equations in terms of two dependent unknowns w and f.
4. Stability analysis
In this section, an analytical approach is used to investigate the
stability of FGM plates subjected to mechanical, thermal, and combined loads. Depending on the in-plane behavior at the edges,
three cases of boundary conditions, labelled Cases (1), (2) and (3)
will be considered [22].
Case (1). The edges are simply supported and freely movable
(FM). The associated boundary conditions are
w M xx N xy 0;
w M yy Nxy 0;
Nx Nx0 ;
Ny Ny0 ;
on x 0; a
on y 0; b
Nx Nx0
on x 0; a
w v M yy 0;
Ny N y0
on y 0; b
Nx0 Px h;
N y0 Py h
29
Px
p2 D m2 B2a n2
2
p2 E1 m4 B4a n4
WW 2l
22
Case (2). The edges are simply supported and immovable (IM).
The associated boundary conditions are
w u Mxx 0;
28
23
Case (3). The edges are simply supported. Uniaxial edge loads
are applied in the direction of the x-coordinate. The edges
x 0; a are considered freely movable, the remaining two edges
being unloaded and immovable. For this case, the boundary conditions are
30
where
Ba b=a;
Bh b=h;
D D=h ;
b Py =Px
E1 E1 =h;
W W=h;
31
Pxb
p2 D m2 B2a n2
2
B2h m2 B2a bn2
32
1187
DT
Z
0
@u
dxdy 0;
@x
33
@u
1
E2
1
Um
f;yy mf;xx w;xx w2;x w;x w;x
@x E1
2
E1
E1
@v
1
E2
1
Um
f;xx mf;yy w;yy w2;y w;y w;y
2
@y E1
E1
E1
Um
Ny0
1m
Um
36
1m
which is derived by Javaheri and Eslami [3] by solving the membrane form of equilibrium equations and using the method proposed by Meyers and Hyer [25].
By substituting Eqs. (27) and (35) into Eq. (28) we obtain the
following expression for thermal parameter
W
W
lh
b
4E2 m4 B4a 2mm2 n2 B2a n4
W
2
mn1 mb m2 B2a n2
Um
161 mb m2 B2a n2
E2 E2 =h
39
p2 D1 m m2 B2a n2
40
B2h P
This equation has been derived by Javaheri and Eslami [3] when
they analyze linear buckling of perfect FGM plates under uniform
temperature rise. When minimization methods are carried, the
critical buckling temperature difference of perfect plates is obtained for m n 1. In addition, with this buckling mode Eq.
(38) may be used to trace postbuckling curves of FGM plates subjected to thermal load under consideration.
4.2.2. Nonlinear temperature change across the thickness
In this case, the temperature through thickness is governed by the
one-dimensional Fourier equation of steady-state heat conduction
p2 D1 m m2 B2a n2
;
k1
2k 1
35
2
4E2
l mk2m W
mnp2 1 m2 n
2
E1
l mk2m WW 2lh
81 m2 n
Nx0 N y0
38
DT b
2
4E2
k ml2n W
mnp2 1 m2 m
E1
k2 ml2n WW 2lh
81 m2 m
Um
P Em am
34
Substituting Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (34) and then into Eq.
(33) yield
1m
W
W l
4E2 m4 B4a 2mm2 n2 B2a n4
W
where
@v
dydx 0
@y
From Eqs. (6) and (9) one can obtain the following relations in
which Eq. (16) and imperfection have been accounted for.
Nx0
p2 D1 mm2 B2a n2
d
dT
Kz
0;
dz
dz
Tz h=2 T c ;
n
P
k
cm =K m
r 5 r Knk1
Tz T m DT Pn0
5
K cm =K m n
n0
37
42
nk1
DT
WW 2lh
41
Tz h=2 T m
p2 D1 m m2 B2a n2
W
W l
4 4
2 2 2
4E2 m Ba 2mm n Ba n4
W
43
1188
where
P5
K cm =K m n
n0
nk1
Em am
nk2
P5
acm Ecm am
Ecm acm
Emn1k2
n2k2
i
44
K cm =K m n
n0
nk1
Px
p2 D m2 B2a n2
2
W
4E n3
2
W
2
2
m2 Ba mn2 W l Bh m m2 B2a mn2
p2 E1 m4 B4a 3n4
n2 P DT
WW 2l
2
2
2
m B2a mn2
16Bh m2 Ba mn2
To validate the present formulation in buckling and postbuckling of plates under mechanical, thermal and combined loads, the
postbuckling of a homogeneous isotropic plate under uniaxial
compression is considered, which was also analyzed by Shen [19]
using the perturbation asymptotic method and Reddys higher-order shear deformation theory. The plate is simply supported on all
edges (Case (1)). The postbuckling loaddeection curves of an isotropic plate m 0:326 with and without initial imperfection are
compared in Fig. 1 with Shens results. It is evident that good
agreement is achieved in this comparison study. As a second comparison study, postbuckling of a simply supported isotropic plate
with all immovable edges (Case (2)) under uniform temperature
rise is considered, which was also analyzed by Bhimaraddi and
Chandrashekhara [26] using the single mode approach and the parabolic shear deformation theory. The postbuckling paths of perfect
T/T
cr
3
B2h
2
45
1.5
P /P
x
2.5
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
W/h
0.6
0.8
1.6
Shen [19], = 0
Shen [19], = 0.1
Present, = 0
Present, = 0.1
1.4
1.2
1.5
perfect
imperfect (=0.1)
k=0
1
0.8
k=1
0.6
0.5
0
P (GPa)
xcr
Ref. [26], = 0
Ref. [26], = 0.1
Present, = 0
Present, = 0.1
2.5
0.4
k=5
0.2
0
0.5
1
W/h
1.5
Fig. 1. Comparisons of postbuckling curves for isotropic thin plates under uniaxial
compression.
0
0
0.5
W/h
1.5
Fig. 3. Postbuckling curves of FGM plates under uniaxial compressive load vs. k.
1189
6
K m 204 W=mK
1
C ;
K c 10; 4 W=mK
46
P (GPa)
x
1.4
T (oC)
1000
1: FM, =0.0
2: FM, =0.1
3: IM, =0.0
4: IM, =0.1
1.2
1
k=1
400
0.4
0.2
2
0
4
0.5
W/h
1.5
W/h
1.5
perfect
imperfect ( = 0.1)
800
k=0
600
2: b/a = 1.5
400
k=5
100
0.5
W/h
1: b/a = 1.0
k=1
200
0.5
T ( C)
1000
perfect
imperfect ( = 0.1)
300
T (oC)
500
400
k=5
200
k=0
600
0.6
perfect
imperfect ( = 0.1)
800
0.8
3: b/a = 2.0
2
1
200
1.5
Fig. 5. Postbuckling curves of FGM plates under uniform temperature rise vs. k.
0.5
W/h
1.5
Fig. 7. Postbuckling curves of FGM plates under uniform temperature rise vs. b=a.
1190
Px (GPa)
2.5
Px (GPa)
1
perfect
imperfect ( = 0.1)
0.8
0.6
1.5
1
0.4
3
0.5
1: T = 0
2: T = 100 (oC)
0.2
o
3: T = 200 ( C)
0
0
0.5
1: = 0
2: = 0.1
3: = 0.2
4: = 0.3
W/h
1.5
1
2
3
0
0
0.5
W/h
1.5
Fig. 10. Postbuckling curves of FGM plates under uniaxial compression vs.
l.
T ( C)
350
T (oC)
1000
800
600
perfect
imperfect ( = 0.1)
250
150
2
3
100
200
1: P = 0
x
0
0
3: Px = 0.4 GPa
W/h
1.5
4
1
50
2: Px = 0.2 GPa
0.5
1: = 0
2: = 0.1
3: = 0.2
4: = 0.3
200
400
0
0
300
0.5
W/h
1.5
Fig. 11. Postbuckling curves of FGM plates under uniform temperature rise vs.
l.
ing values of k as above, and postbuckling loading carrying capability of the plate under nonlinear temperature gradient is higher
than that of plate under uniform temperature rise. Furthermore,
postbuckling strength of imperfect plates is higher than that of
perfect plates when the deection is sufciently large. Effects of aspect ratio b=a on thermal postbuckling behavior of FGM plates are
depicted in Fig. 7. It is seen that the postbuckling strength of the
plates under uniform temperature rise is considerably increased
when b=a ratio increases. Fig. 8 shows effects of temperature eld
on postbuckling behavior of FGM plates under uniaxial compression. Conversely, the effects of in-plane compressive load on postbuckling behavior of FGM plates under uniform temperature rise
are depicted in Fig. 9. It is shown in these Figs. that the (prestressed) preheated FGM plates exhibit a decreasing tendency in
postbuckling loading carrying capacity when they are subjected
to action of (thermal) compressive loads as mentioned. Finally,
the effects of initial imperfection on postbuckling behavior of
1191