SCANNER

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints,

posters, magazine pages, and sources for computer editing and display.
Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution
printing, but lower resolution scanners are use for capturing images for
computer display. Scanners usually come with software, such as Adobe's
Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured
image.
FUNCTIONS OF SCANNER
You can use the scanner functions to send scan files to computers, scan
originals from a computer or store scan files on the machine's hard disk.
Sending scanned files (Network Scanner)
Scan files can be sent to or stored on a computer, and you can specify
the format of a scan file according to how the file will be used.
Sending by e-mail
You can send scan files to specified e-mail addresses.
Sending to folders
Scan files can be stored in shared network folders.
HOW SCANNERS WORK
Scanners operate by shining light at the object or document being
digitized and directing the reflected light (usually through a series of
mirrors and lenses) onto a photosensitive element. In most scanners, the
sensing medium is an electronic, light-sensing integrated circuit known

as a charged coupled device (CCD).Scanners have become an important

part of the home office over the last few years. Scanner technology is
everywhere and used in many ways:
TYPES OF SCANNER

Flatbed scanners, also called desktop scanners, are the most

versatile and commonly used scanners.

Sheet-fed scanners are similar to flatbed scanners except the

document is moved and the scan head is immobile.

Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed

scanner, but rely on the user to move them instead of a motorized
belt. This type of scanner typically does not provide good image
quality.

Drum scanners are used by the publishing industry to capture

incredibly detailed images. They use a technology called a
photomultiplier tube (PMT).

What is a mouse?
The mouse is a pointing device which helps us to operate the computer.
Unlike the complicated hardwares such as Mother board,RAM, Hardisk,
Processor of the computer, the mouse is designed with a simple circuit to
process. Now a days, we get varieties of mouse with different
technologies in the market.
Operation
Further information: Point and click
A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in
a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the
hand backward and forward, left and right.
Different ways of operating the mouse :
Click: pressing and releasing a button.
o (left) Single-click: clicking the main button.

o (left) Double-click: clicking the button two times

in quick succession counts as a different gesture
than two separate single clicks.

o (left) Triple-click: clicking the button three times

in quick succession.

o Right-click: clicking the secondary button.

o Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button.

Drag: pressing and holding a button, then moving the

mouse without releasing. (Using the command "drag
with the right mouse button" instead of just "drag"
when one instructs a user to drag an object while
holding the right mouse button down instead of the
more commonly used left mouse button.)
Button chording (a.k.a. Rocker navigation).
o Combination of right-click then left-click.
o Combination of left-click then right-click or
keyboard letter.
Specific uses:
Mice are a basic peripheral component of all modern desktop computers.
Mice send data to your computer that tells your computer where to
display the cursor of your operating system's graphical user interface.
While mice come in a variety of shapes and sizes, their basic parts and
functions remain similar. Each mouse has at least one button for user
input, a connection to the computer and a way to track motion.

KEYBOARD
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and
each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol.
Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,
touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition,
the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct
(human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.

How the keys are organized

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on
function:
Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter,
number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional
typewriter.
Control keys. These keys are used alone or in
combination with other keys to perform certain
actions. The most frequently used control keys are
Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key , and Esc.
Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific
tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The
functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in
documents or webpages and editing text. They include the arrow
keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering
numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like a
conventional calculator or adding machine.

OPERATE
When you look at all the extras and options that are available for new
computer keyboards, it can be hard to believe that their original design
came from mechanical typewriters that didn't even use electricity. Now,
you can buy ergonomic keyboards that bear little resemblance to flat,

rectangular models with ordinary square keys. Some flashier models

light up, roll up or fold up, and others offer options for programming
your own commands and shortcuts.
But no matter how many bells and whistles they offer, most keyboards
operate using similar technology. They use switches and circuits to
translate a person's keystrokes into a signal a computer can understand.
In this article we will explore keyboard technology along with different
key layouts, options and designs.

FUNCTION OF KEYBOARD
There is no one standard keyboard; all keyboard or computer
manufacturers create their own. However, most keyboards are similar
and feature the same basic functions. The most essential component to
keyboards are the letter keys which allow an operator to write letters of
the alphabet on programs on the computer. Keyboards can be found in
nearly any language to match the settings on the computer. Aside from
letters, numbers and basic navigation functions like arrow keys and the
"enter" button are typically included on keyboards.

Motherboard
Motherboard for an Acer desktop personal computer, showing the
typical components and interfaces that are found on a motherboard.
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard,
system board, planar board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, a mobo)
is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other
expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components
of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory,
and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a
motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and
other components.
What is the Function of the Computer Motherboard?
The motherboard connects and controls all of the essential elements of a
computer or digital device. The keyboard, the CPU, the video card,
memory and the hard disk drive communicate with each other through
the motherboard. Firmware on the motherboard controls and coordinates
all basic functions. Have a question? Get an answer from online tech
support now!

1.Basic Input/Output Software

o The motherboard contains basic input/output system code, or
BIOS, in a read-only memory chip. BIOS code is firmware.
Firmware code is not lost when power is turned off, and it
cannot be altered by any normal operating system process or
application software. The BIOS checks vital components on

the motherboard at startup, and then, working with the CPU,

loads the operating system into RAM.
The CPU
o The CPU, or microprocessor, is held in a socket on the
motherboard. The socket allows the CPU to be replaced or
upgraded, and dictates what kind of microprocessor can be
used.
The Buses
o A bus is a communication path on the motherboard that links
major components together. The motherboard has a number
of buses, including an address bus, a data bus, and an
instruction bus. The style of motherboard is defined by the
number of data bits that can be transferred simultaneously
across the bus. A 32-bit data bus is found on 32-bit
motherboards, for example, and a 64-bit motherboard will
have a 64-bit bus.
The width of the data bus also determines the CPU and RAM
your motherboard requires, as well as the operating system.
RAM and Storage Devices
o RAM fits into sockets on the motherboard and provides the
memory space to hold your operating system and application
software while your computer is running. If your
motherboard has empty RAM sockets, you can upgrade to
add more RAM until all sockets are filled. The type of RAM
you need depends upon your motherboard architecture (32bit or 64-bit).

Ports
o Ports connect hardware to the motherboard. Devices like the
keyboard, the mouse, speakers, microphones, USB devices,
and local area networks connect to external ports that you can
reach without removing the computer cabinet. Hard disk
drives, DVD drives, CPU cooling system fans and other
internal devices connect to internal ports.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF MOTHERBOARD
Motherboard is an electronic circuit board. It is helps to
improve your desktop PC working process. All desktop PC
components are connected to the motherboard. That desktop
PC components such as Sound Card, Video Card, RAM,
Processor. These components are used to improve your
computer working principles. Input and Output devices are
also connected with the mother board. Power supply is main
uses of motherboard for transferring information. Without
Power supply we cannot do anything. Processor is also
connecting with the motherboard. Processor is a brain of your
desktop PC. IDE is used to transfer data and signals from
Motherboard to Desktop PC. Desktop PC is mainly working
using the 0s and1s digital system. Motherboard is integrated
with microprocessor unit control. That can access all
components and peripherals devices.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage
regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. Modern
personal computers universally use a switched-mode power supply.
Some power supplies have a manual selector for input voltage, while
others automatically adapt to the supply voltage.
Functions
The desktop computer power supply changes alternating current from a
wall socket to low-voltage direct current to operate the processor and
peripheral devices. Several direct-current voltages are required, and they
must be regulated with some accuracy to provide stable operation of the
computer. A power supply rail or voltage rail refers to a single voltage
provided by a power supply unit (PSU).
Computer power supplies may have short circuit protection, overpower
(overload) protection, overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection,
overcurrent protection, and over temperature protection.
OPERATE OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The power supply in your PC provides all of the different voltages your
computer needs to operate properly. See more computer hardware
pictures.

If there is any one component that is absolutely vital to the operation of

a computer, it is the power supply. Without it, a computer is just an inert
box full of plastic and metal. The power supply converts the alternating
current (AC) line from your home to the direct current (DC) needed by
the personal computer. In this article, we'll learn how PC power supplies
work and what the wattage ratings mean.

In a personal computer (PC), the power supply is the metal box usually
found in a corner of the case. The power supply is visible from the back
of many systems because it contains the power-cord receptacle and the
cooling fan.