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BRYOPHYTA

PTERIDOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS

Thallus
Rhizoids (unicellular)Liverworts
Rhizoids (multicellular)Mosses

Tap Roots, Branched/Unbranched

Stem and dimorphic leaves
Secondary growth present.

True Roots, Stem and Leaves

Monocots- Parallel venation
Dicots-Reticulate Venation
Dicots- Secondary Growth
present

Present
Xylem- Trachieds, Fibres, Parenchyma,
Vessles(Absent)
Phloem- Fibres, Parenchyma, Sieve
tubes, (Comapanion cells, Absent)

Present
Xylem- Trachieds, Fibres,
Parenchyma, Vessles
Phloem- Fibres, Parenchyma,
Sieve tubes, Comapanion cells

Sporophyte,
Parasitic gametophyte

Sporophyte Parasitic highly

reduced gametophyte

Absent Antheridium. Male Gametophytic

Gen. is reduced to pollens & produces 2
sperms, only 1 functional
Two or more in number. Neck canal
cells absent. Retained in
megasporangium.
Cycas- Motile (Ancestral feature)
Pinus-Non Motile

Male Gametophyte: Pollen rain

(germinated). Production of 2
sperms, only 1 functional

Yes for, swimming of sperms to

archegonia

--

--

Homosporous

Homosporous- Dryopteris,
Pteris,Adiantum
Heterosporous- Selaginella and
water ferns- Marselia, Azolla

Heterosporous

Heterosporous

Absent Sporophyll
Sporophyte, called
Sporogonium,
differentiated into foot, setae
and capsule

Microphyll- Selaginella
Macrophyll-Ferns
Sporangia occur in group called
Sori

Present
Unitegmic orthotopus ovules lie naked
on megasporophyll

Sporophylls aggregated to form

flowers
Microsporoplyll-Stamen
Megasporophyll-Carpel

Absent (in Liverworts)

Present (in Mosses)

--

--

--

Germinates to prothallus. Mother

cells undergo meiosis to form 4
cells- tetrads. Jacket cellsannulus, stomium. Spores come
out through stomium.

Pollen Sac. No distinction to anther and

filament. Devp. of pollen grains present.

Pollen Sac

Ovule. No distinction to Stigma, Style,

Ovary

Ovuule

4. Antheridium/Male
Gametophyte

Marchantia- Present on
Antheridiophore

5. Archaegonium/
Female
Gametophyte

Marchantia- Present on
Archaegoniophore.
Venter forms Calyptra

True Roots, Stem and Leaves

Underground roots- rhizomes
Gametophyte in form of
Prothallus. Macrophyll-Ferns
Microphyll- Selaginella,
Present
Xylem- Trachieds, Fibres,
Parenchyma, Vessles(Absent)
Phloem- Fibres, Parenchyma,
Sieve cells, (Comapanion
cells,Sieve tubes Absent)
Sporophyte,
Free-living or Parasitic
Gametophyte
Gametophyte small, free living,
photosynthetic, form of prothallus.
Archaegonium- Embedded
venter. Sessile Antheridium. No
Roots- rhizoids
No Cuticle

Motile, Flagellate

Motile, Flagellate

1. Body
differentiation

2. Vascular Bundles

3.Dominant
Generation

6. Sperms
7. Requirement of
Water

Absent

Gametophyte,
Parasitic Sporophyte

Yes, for dehiscence,

swimming of sperms to
archegonia, Protection from

h
b
i
R

desiccation, No Vascular Bundles

8. Spore
Differentiation

9.Sporophyll and
Sporophyte
10. Protonema
11.
Microsporangium
12.
Megasporangium

B
v
a

In Mosses, capsuleOperculum, theca,

apophysis

s
t
x
e

T
io

Absent Archegonia. Female

Gametophyte: Embryo Sac
Non Motile

13. Seed

--

--

14. In situ
Development

--

In Selaginella, Gametophyte
starts devp. in sporophyte

15. Endosperm

--

--

16. Embryo Sac

--

--

17. Strobilus or
Cone

--

18.Retention of
Embryo

Young Sporophyte is
retained in archegoinum
covered with calyptra

Naked seeds lie on megasporophyll

Seed develop inside the ovary

which matures into a fruit

Endosperm (gametophyte) containing

Female gametophyte inside
archegonia present in ovule.
female sporangium.
Food Laden
Male gamete fuses with female gamete to form
represents female
primary endosperm nucleus which develops into
gametophyte.
endosperm to provide nourishment to embryo
Reduced Gametophyte.
-Formation preceded by meiosis.

Carry sporangia, in Selaginella &

Equisetum
Development of Zygote takes
place in archaegonia, however
gametophyte is retained on
parent sporophyte.

Sporophyll forms microsporangiate and

megasporangiate

--

Embryo develops inside endosperm

(gametophyte) present inside ovule
(sporophyte).

Embryo develops inside

seed(ovule) present in
fruit(ovary)

--

--

--

Present. Generally Bisexual, rarely

unisexual.

20.Chemical
Attraction

Funaria- Sucrose
Marchantia- K+ and Proteins

Malic Acid

21. Special
features

Apospory: Anthoceros,
Mosses. Apogamy: Funaria
Hygrometrica,P. Pyriform,
Desmotandon randii,
Anthoceropsida has
pyrenoids, indicating algal
ancestry.
Marchantia has
Dioecious gametophyte.

22. Examples

Hepaticopsida(liverworts)
- Riccia, Marchantia,Porella,
Pellia
Anthoceropsida(Hornwor
t- Anthoceros
Bryopsida( Mosses)Funaria, Polytrichum,
Sphagnum(Bogmoss)

19.Flowers

Young leaves show circinate

ptyxis and dichotomous
branching. Stem, Rhizome,
Leaves, Rachis (Axis of
compound leaf) show Paleae or
Ramenta. No secondary growth
(except: Botrychium).
False Inducium- Adiantum,
Pteris.
True Inducium- Dryopteris
Psilopsida- Psilotum
Lycopsidalycopodium,Selaginella,
Sphenopsida- Equisetum
Pteropsida(Ferns)- Dryopteris,
Pteris, Adiantum
Adiantum caudatumis also
called walking fern

h
b
i
R

B
v
a

s
t
x
e

T
io

--

--

Xylem does not possess vessles except

in some gnetophytes. Archaegonium is
absent in Gnetophytes as angiosperms.
Cycas is dioecious. Roots of 2 typesnormal and coralloid. Coralloid are -ve
Geotropic, No root hair and root cap.
Dichotomous branching, symbiosis
with Nostoc and Anabaena
Gnikophyte- Gnikgo biloba (living
fossil).Gnetophyta- Gnetum, Ephedra
Cycadopsida- Cycas revolta, Cycas
circinalis
Coniferopsida- Pinus gerardiana
(chilgoza)

Angiosperms are not found in

sea habitats, except Zostera
which thrives in shallow water

Flowering Plants
Grasses