By

Ir M Sanusi Badilah
MASA Jurutera Perunding
www.masa.my

PENGENALAN REKABENTUK, KOMPONEN

DAN PEMBINAAN JAMBATAN

DEFINITION
q

A bridge is a structure that spans physical obstacles such as:

q
q

A stream/river/ravine/valley
Railroad track/roadway/waterway

The traffic that uses a bridge may include:

q
q
q
q

Pedestrian or cycle traffic

Vehicular or rail traffic
Water/gas pipes
A combination of all the above

FUNCTION
q

Bridges help pedestrians and vehicle bypass obstacle and often cut travel
time dramatically by providing a more direct route.
To transfer the loads from the service to the foundations at ground level

Stone Arch Bridge Yemen

HISTORY OF BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT

Natural Bridges

Natural Bridge

700 A.D. Asia

Great Stone Bridge in China

!Tree trunk
!Stone

!Low Bridge
!Shallow Arch
!Strength of
Materials
Roman Arch Bridge

!The Arch
!Natural Cement

100 B.C. Romans

!Mathematical
Theories
!Development of
Metal

1300 A.D. Renaissance

HISTORY OF BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT

1800 A.D.

1900 A.D.

Truss Bridges
!Mechanics of
Design

First Cast-Iron Bridge

Coalbrookdale, England

Britannia Tubular Bridge

!Wrought Iron

1850 A.D.

2000 A.D.

!Prestressed
Concrete
!Steel

Suspension Bridges
!Use of Steel for
the suspending
cables

1920 A.D.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRIDGES

Bridges are generally classified and separately called by function as follows:
q Road or Highway Bridges. Any bridge on roads and highways.
q Railway Bridges. Any bridge on railways.
q Flyover or Overpass Bridges. Bridges for grade-separation with other roads,
highways or railways at intersection.
q Viaducts. Bridges to support elevated roads, highways, or railways, which
are built mainly at where ground space is limited in urban area or in soft
ground area which embankment is difficult and expansive to construct.
q Overhead Footbridges. Bridges for pedestrian crossing.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRIDGES

Pedestrian Bridge
Railway Bridge

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRIDGES

Viaduct Bridge

Flyover Bridge

PLANNING
Preliminary Study
q Trac Data
q Hydrology
q Geotechnical Data
q Environmental Considera9ons
q Alterna9ves for Bridge Type
q Economic Feasibility
q Bridge Selec9on and Detailed Design

PLANNING
The following information must clarified first and plan in advance before
proceed with design work to assure its implementation;
q Construction material; is a decisive factor to select bridge type
q Cross-section of bridge, must be based on traffic study and geometric
design parameter
q Bridge span length; which is the distance between columns
q Vertical clearance between the road surface or railway track to the beam
soffit

PLANNING
q
q
q

Short span : 6-30m

Medium span: 30-100m
Long span: >100m

Span>6m !
Span<6m !

Bridge
Culvert

PLANNING

Bridge over Roadway JKR requirements

PLANNING

Bridge over River JPS Requirements

PLANNING

Bridge over Railway KTM Requirements

PLANNING

Inadequate bridge clearance height

PLANNING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q

Concrete
q Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement
(commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly
ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of
gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate
such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures.
q Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension; however steel
reinforced concrete or prestressing cable are used to ensure that it within
tensile and compressive capacity of design loading.
q Two methods of Prestressing concrete :
q Precast Pre-tensioned: Tendons are stressed by jacking against an
anchor frame before the concrete is placed.
q Precast post- tensioned: Tendons are placed inside a duct cast into
concrete, then tendons are stressed after the concrete beam reached
the desired strength.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q

Steel
q Steel structure is strong in compression and tension compare to concrete.
Steel bridges are susceptible to rust and corrosion, and tend to require a lot
of maintenance. Need anti rust paint to improve durability.
q Steel used in composite deck construction with rolled beam, or fabricated
plate girders. Other popular form of steel bridge are arch bridge and truss
bridge.
Masonry (Brick and mortar)
q Constructed using brick or stone and bind with cement mortar. Strong in
compression but weak in tension, requires massive support. Used only in
arch bridges, also often used to build bridge piers and abutments, which
allow the upper portions of the bridge to be built from more affordable and
lighter materials.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
q

Timber
q not as reliable as other bridge construction materials, and should only be
used on relatively simple structures. It is one of the more affordable bridgebuilding materials, and is easy to work with using basic tools and equipment

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

TYPES OF BRIDGES
q

The type of bridge used depends on various features of the obstacle. The
main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle. How
far is it from one side to the other? This is a major factor in determining
what type of bridge to use.
Basic Types:
q Beam/Girder Bridge
q Arch Bridge
q Cantilever Bridge
q Cable Stayed Bridge
q Suspension Bridge
The biggest difference of the bridge types are the distances they can each
cross in a single span.

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Beam Bridge

The most basic type of bridge

Typically consists of a beam simply
supported on each side by a support
and can be made continuous later
Typically inexpensive to build
Combination of compression and
tension force, ideal for PC beam
construction

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Beam Bridge
Most of the beam bridges are concrete (RC or PC)
Can be simply supported or continuous
Usually beams are simply supported with continuous deck slab

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Arch Bridge

An arch bridge can be designed so that

no part of it has to withstand tension.
The arch is squeezed together, and this
squeezing force is carried outward along
the curve to the supports at each end.
The supports, called abutments, push
back on the arch and prevent the ends
of the arch from spreading apart.

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Cantilever Bridge

I n a c a n t i l e v e r b r i d g e , t h e
superstructure is constructed out
from the pier in two directions at the
same time so that the weight on
both sides counterbalance each
other

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Cable Stayed Bridge

All the forces are transferred from the

deck through the cables to the pylon
deck superstrucre can be :
(prestressed) Concrete Box Deck
Steel Box Deck
Steel Truss Deck

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Suspension Bridge

A suspension bridge consists, basically,

of a deck suspended from cables slung
between high towers
The cables made of high tensile steel
wire must be strong to support
superstructure
Cables are anchored at abutment

TYPES OF BRIDGES
q

Reinforced Concrete Slab bridges

q Reinforced concrete bridge is most suited for small and medium span
bridge. Constructed as cast in situ, formwork is supported on full height.
Most economical if construction time not an issue. RC slab has been used
for bridge up to 10m and RC voided deck slab up to 25m.
Beam and slab bridges
q Prestressed beam and slab are the most common form of bridge
construction. Beam depth usually constant along their length and frequently
used for road bridge scheme. Can be post-tensioned or pre-tensioned. Pretensioned is more economic if pre-casting yard already establish. Span
lengths range from 25 m up to 40 m. Beams are placed on support by crane
or launching truss girder.
Cantilever bridges
q Deck is built from each side of each pier in a balanced sequence.
Constructed cast in-situ concrete with a traveller form, suitable for long
spans and difficult access. Span lengths range from 50 m to 200 m.

TYPES OF BRIDGES
q

Arch bridges
q Arches which work principally in compression, are among the most beautiful
of structures. Can be built with any types of materials such as masonry,
reinforced concrete or steel. However, arches can be labour intensive to
build, and costly.
Suspension bridges
q Suspension bridges are suspended by cables between the pylon and the end
cables anchored in the counter weight foundation.
Cable stayed bridges
q Stay cables are used to support the deck; arranged from one, two or more
pylons; with fan layout cable arrangement.

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Box Girder Continuous Bridge

Continuous Bridge Interchange

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Concrete Arch Bridge

Steel Truss Arch Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Concrete Arch Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Balanced cantilever
construction of arch

TYPES OF BRIDGES
Balanced Cantilever Box Girder Bridge

Balanced Cantilever Bridge

Construction

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Cable Stayed Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Suspension Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Suspension Bridge Construction

TYPICAL BRIDGE COMPONENTS

BRIDGE COMPONENTS

Substructure
q
q

Superstructure
q
q

Substructure is refer to the part below the roadway deck

Abutment, Pier, Pilecap
Superstructure is refer to the part above the supports
Beam, deck slab, parapet

Others
q

Pavement, approach slab, expansion joints, drainage, slope protection,

railings etc.

MAIN COMPONENTS
EXPANSION JOINT

BRIDGE 3D VIEW

MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING
Bearings is a point of connection between a superstructure and its
support, the purposes is to transmit vertical and horizontal loads, also
allowed for rotations.

ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD

An elastomer is either vulcanised natural rubber or synthetic material-called
neoprene having rubber like characteristics. Movement and rotation are
accommodated by compressing or shearing the layers.

MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING
MECHANICAL POT BEARING
The bearings are made up of metal such as steel. Movement and rotation are
accommodated by rolling, rocking or sliding action of the metal parts.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

q

A device to support the surfacing, or provide a running surface, across the

expansion gap, i.e. the area between adjacent bridge deck spans or the
bridge deck and abutment
The generic descriptions of the different types of joints are:
q Buried
q asphaltic plug
q nosings
q elastomeric/reinforced elastomeric
q cantilever, comb or tooth.
q elastomeric elements in metal runners

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Type 1: Buried joint (Movement range 10mm)
An in-situ joint consisting of an elastomeric pad or flashing placed
across the expansion gap to support the surfacing laid continuously
over the joint.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Type 2: Asphaltic plug joint (APJ)
An in-situ joint comprising a band of specially formulated binder plus aggregate, typically
500mm wide and 100mm deep. This runs across the road, above the expansion gap.
These joints accommodate movements of 20mm without cracking at low
temperatures. They resist rutting under wheel loading at high temperatures.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Types 3 and 4: Nosing joint (N)
A section of nosing material is bonded to the deck on both sides of the expansion gap,
bridged by a compression seal. The nosing material is to support the adjacent surfacing,
providing an edge which will resist the impact of vehicle wheel loads. Movement range is
20mm, as the maximum joint gap specified in BD33/94(2) may not exceed 65mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Type 5: Reinforced elastomeric joint (RE)
A sectional prefabricated joint where an elastomer bonded to metal plates is bolted to
the deck. Additional metal reinforcing plates are embedded in the elastomer. Movement
range 165mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Type 6: Elastomeric joint in metal runners (EMR)
The single version has a movement capacity of 75mm (single) whereas the multielement form has a capacity of 1m.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

Type 7: Cantilever comb or tooth joint (CT)
A prefabricated joint consisting of mating metal comb or sawtooth plates bridging the
expansion gap. Movement range 300mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS - ABUTMENT

q

Abutment is a substructure at both

ends of a bridge that supports the
superstructure and loadings and
distribute the loads to the foundation.
The abutments connect the structure
and its approaches and are arranged
to give continuity between the
highway (generally or an
embankment) and the the bridge
itself. It also retains the earth in the
embankment approach of the bridge.

Pandangan belakang abutment dalam pembinaan

MAIN COMPONENTS - SLOPE

Stone pitching untuk melindungi abutment dari hakisan

MAIN COMPONENTS - PIER

MAIN COMPONENTS - BEAM

Beam is placed to position by crane launching method

Completed beams on pier support

UNDERPASS STRUCTURE - VBC

BOX CULVERT

PIPE CULVERT

BEBO ARCH

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

SPAN

BEAM
WEIGHT (TON)

40 ~ 45

40 ~ 45

40 ~ 45

60 ~ 65

BEAM
LENGTH (mm)

Same length
(26956)

Same length
(26629)

QUANTITY
(nos)

20

20

Various length
Various length
(26422 ~ 26956) (36430 ~ 37330)
20

19

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Beam launching
To launch Post Tensioned I-beam (on
site I-beam) and Pre-stressing I-beam
(factory I-beam) using mobile crane
(200 ton and 130 ton) and assisted by
prime mover.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Machine
Mobile crane (200 ton & 130 ton) placing at launching site
Mobile crane (100 ton & 80 ton) placing at casting yard
Prime mover loaded I-beam

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

On site I-beam

Factory I-beam

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Platform Preparation
Cut and filled surcharge area at CH 2825 ~ 3100
as ramp up and ramp down for access purpose.
Soft soil treatment near piers for parked mobile
crane and access for prime mover between 2
bridge (near center line).
Access road from casting yard to the abutment A
will be leveling and compact well to avoid any
problem to the prime mover.
Steel plate used to make sure prime mover moving
easily and mobile crane parked in safely condition.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Trimming surcharge area

Use steel plate

Platform treatment

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Launching Sequence

Two units of mobile crane are use at the casting yard (100 ton & 80
ton) and another two units of 200 ton and 130 ton mobile cranes are
used to hoist the beams, which were parked at back face of pier and
abutment.

The sequence of I-beam launched start form span 4 to span 1 for

both side.

The sequence of launching for the I-beam is form outer beam to

inner beam from the center line (from BM20 or BM19 to BM12 for
RHS and from BM1 to BM11 for LHS).

The 1st beam will be then being lifting up and directly launch to
required position.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Crane parked at back face of pier

and abutment

Directly launch I-beam to required

position

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Crane parked at back face of pier

and abutment

Directly launch I-beam to required

position

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Beam Launching by Gantry

The laying of precast

beams to form the
deck of the Route 3
elevated roadway at
Kwai Chung

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
RC VOIDED DECK

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Precast Segmental Box Girder construction by launching gantry

Construction of an
elevated
highway bridge
Construction
of an
precast
girder
elevatedusing
highway
bridge
erected
by the use of a
using precast
girder
launching
machine
erected by
the use of
a

launching machine

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Erection of the viaduct

using balanced cantilever
arrangement with
temporary anchor before
completion of a span

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Bridge construction using Incremental Launching Method

Constructing the linking bridge between Tung Chung and Chek lap Kok