Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia

Flag

National emblem

Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Old Javanese)

"Unity in Diversity"

National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]

Anthem: Indonesia Raya

Great Indonesia

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Location of Indonesia (dark green) in ASEAN (light green) and Asia.

Capital
and largest city
Official

Jakarta
610.5S 10649.7E

Indonesian

languages
Religion

Islam
Protestantism
Catholicism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism

Demonym
Government

Indonesian
Unitary presidentialconstitutional
republic

President

Joko Widodo

Vice President

Jusuf Kalla

Legislature

People's Consultative Assembly

Upper house

Regional Representative Council

Lower house

People's Representative Council

Independence

Declared

17 August 1945 (de jure)

Acknowledged

27 December 1949 (from Netherlands)

Area

Land

1,904,569 km2 (15th)

735,358 sq mi

Water (%)

4.85
Population

2014 estimate

252,164,800[3]

2011 census

237,424,363[4] (4th)

Density

124.66/km2 (84th)
322.87/sq mi

GDP (PPP)

2014 estimate

Total

$2.554 trillion[4] (9th)

Per capita

$10,157[4] (102nd)

GDP (nominal)

2014 estimate

Total

$856.066 billion[4] (17th)

Per capita

$3,510[4] (120th)

Gini (2010)

35.6[5]
medium
0.684[6]

HDI (2013)

medium 108th
Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)

Time zone

various (UTC+7 to +9)

Drives on the

left

Calling code

+62

ISO 3166 code

ID

Internet TLD

.id

Indonesia ( /ndni/ IN-d-NEE-zh or /ndonizi/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-), officially the Republic

i

of Indonesia (Indonesian:Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rpublik ndonesia]), is

a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is anarchipelago comprising thousands
of islands.[7] It encompasses 34 provinces. Two provinces were Special Administrative Regions
(one for being governed by pre-colonial monarchy and another one for using the Sharia Law), with
an estimated population of over 252 million people, making it the world's fourth most
populous country. Indonesia's republican form of government comprises an elected legislature and
president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New
Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore,
the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of theAndaman and Nicobar Islands.
Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
TheIndonesian economy is the world's 17th largest by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century,
when Srivijaya and then laterMajapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed
foreign cultural, religious and political models from the earlycenturies CE,
and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign
powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought the now-dominant Islam, while
European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice
Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries ofDutch
colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since

been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, mass slaughter, corruption,
separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest and
politically dominant ethnic group are the Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a
national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a
history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal
Ika"("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.
Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness
that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural
resources, yet poverty remains widespread.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology

2 History

3 Government and politics

4 Foreign relations and military

5 Administrative divisions

6 Geography

7 Biota and environment

8 Economy

9 Demographics
o

9.1 Ethnicity

9.2 Religion

9.3 Education

9.4 Cities and towns

10 Language

11 Sports

12 Culture

13 See also

14 Notes

15 References

16 External links

Etymology
Further information: Names of Indonesia
The name Indonesia derives from the Greek words Inds and nsos, which means "island".[10] The
name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. [11] In
1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the termsIndunesians and, his
preference, Malayunesians for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
[12]

In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a

synonym for Indian Archipelago.[13][14]However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications
were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische
Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indi), popularly Indi; the East (de
Oost); andInsulinde.[15]
After 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands,
and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. [15] Adolf Bastian, of the
University of Berlin, popularized the name through his bookIndonesien oder die Inseln des
Malayischen Archipels, 18841894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi
Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the
name Indonesisch Pers-bureauin 1913.[11]