Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On
July 2009
July 2009
PRDC/2009-2010/C-WET/831
Signature
Date
Reviewed by
Approved by
Dr. K. Balaraman
July 2009
Preamble
With due consideration of the fact of growing wind energy sector in India, a
Technical Working Group was formed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE), to formulate guidelines in addressing the technical issues/problems of
power evacuation and grid synchronization related to wind power projects.
The following are the members of the Technical Working Group:
i. Shri M.P. Ramesh, Ex-ED (C-WET)
Chairman
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
x. Director, MNRE
- Member Secretary
The Technical Working Group met twice, first on19-01-2009, secondly on 17-04-2009
with regard to the requirement and development of grid code for wind power
generation in India. As a part of addressing the technical issues/problems of power
evacuation and grid synchronization related to wind power projects, the Technical
Working Group has awarded the task of Developing of grid code for wind power
generation in India to M/s Power Research and Development consultants (PRDC)
Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore. PRDC has formulated a draft report on the grid code for wind
power generation in India named as Indian Wind Grid Code which will be presented
before the committee.
July 2009
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) provides the technical rules to facilitate the
operation, maintenance, development and planning of electricity grid. The objective of
IEGC is to maintain safe, reliable and disciplined operation of power system. The IEGC
guidelines and standards are to be followed by the various agencies and participants
of the power grid.
Indian power generation sector is changing its nature like elsewhere in the world with
focus on environmental impacts of conventional sources and need to encourage
renewable energy. More and more renewable energy sources, mainly wind energy, are
being integrated into the grid. Today, wind generation, whose penetration is increasing
have significant impact on Indian power grid. The IEGC as well as the state grid codes
were originally developed considering the synchronous generators generally used in
conventional power plants. Wind turbine generators (WTG) do not have the same
characteristics as synchronous generators and hence a modification or change in the
grid code is necessary. Indian Wind Grid Code (IWGC) has been developed for the
reliable and secure operation of the wind farms and their integration into the Indian
electrical system. This grid code can be used in tandem with the IEGC/State Grid code
or the IEGC and state grid codes can be amended with the provisions.
1.1 Objective
The primary objective of IWGC is to establish the technical rules which all wind
farms must comply with in relation to their planning, connection and operation on
the Indian grid.
1.2 Scope
All grid connected wind farms and those who operate the associated transmission
system are required to abide by the principles defined in the IWGC in so far as they
apply to them. The IWGC (except sections 4.6.6 and 5.10) shall come into effect
from dd/mm/yyyy. The timeline for implementing fault ride through capability
(section 4.6.6) and wind energy forecasting (section 5.10) shall be specified
separately by the concerned authority taking into account the penetration levels of
wind energy, cost of implementation and tariff structure and their usefulness in
terms of grid management strategies.
July 2009
July 2009
Definition
Act
Available Active
Power
BIS
Capacity factor
CEA
CERC
CTU
C-WET
Dynamic VAr
compensation
Frequency
Response
Grid connection
point
Grid substation
Installed capacity
IEC
IEGC
July 2009
Inter State
Transmission
System (ISTS)
IWGC
Regional Load
Dispatch Center
(RLDC)
Act.
Regional Power
Committee (RPC)
SEB
SERC
State Load
Dispatch Centre
(SLDC)
State Sub Load
Dispatch Centre
(SSLDC)
State Transmission
Utility (STU)
TSO
Wind farm
July 2009
July 2009
Chapter 2
July 2009
Chapter 3
The planning code specifies the policy and procedures to be applied in planning
of transmission lines for evacuating wind power.
ii) Role of various organizations in wind farm planning procedure will be same as
planning procedure for conventional generators.
iii) The planning procedure shall be governed by IEGC and Electricity Act, 2003
3.2 Objective
The planning code for transmission systems for wind power evacuation shall be
part of bigger plan that encompasses overall grid planning.
The objectives of the planning code are:
i)
To specify the principles, procedures and criteria which shall be used in the
planning and development of the transmission system evacuating wind power.
ii) To promote co-ordination between wind farm developers, system operators and
regional constituents in any proposed development of wind farms.
iii) To provide methodology and information exchange amongst regional
constituents and agencies in planning of transmission system for evacuation of
wind power.
3.3 Scope
The planning code applies to transmission licensees, wind farms, SEBs,
CTU/STUs and Distribution licensees involved in developing the transmission/
evacuation system for wind power evacuation.
3.4 Planning policy
CTU/STU/TSO may formulate perspective transmission plan for wind power
evacuation in a region. The transmission planning shall consider both short term
and long-term expected wind generation in the region. The planning shall fit into
July 2009
perspective
3.5
Planning criterion
{Explanation:During peak loading condition all the generating units in a region will be
running at or near to its maximum capacity. Power flow through the
transmission network will be at higher level. Evacuation planning of wind
farm shall ensure that power injected by wind farm shall not cause any
overloading/ congestion in the network during peak load condition.
}
{Explanation:Here, the aim is to ensure that during system light load condition, all the
available wind power is evacuated.
}
{Explanation:Sometimes wind farms can have significant local load near the wind farms.
Here, the aim is to ensure that during local light load condition, all the
available wind power is evacuated to the system. It is to be noted that low
local load and low system load may not coincide in many parts of India due
to geographical diversity.
}
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July 2009
As the wind farms are distributed over large geographical area, the maximum
generation depends on geographical spread.
ii) Minimum 90% capacity factor for wind farms connected at 66kV or 110 kV
or 132 kV.
iii) Minimum 80% capacity factor for wind farms connected above 132 kV.
{Explanation:Normally in India, plant load factors of wind farms would lie in the range of 2030%.But, capacity factor may go up to 100% in a small wind farm. So, to have
economic viability, transmission planning of wind farms should consider
capacity factor as a parameter.
Wind turbines in a smaller wind farm face similar wind speeds as they are
spread over smaller geographical area. Output of these wind farms can reach
100% of installed capacity during high wind season. As the wind farm size
grows, capacity factor of wind farm decreases due to large geographical
spread.
Normally, higher capacity wind farms are connected at higher voltage levels.
Here, voltage level at the grid connection point is chosen as criteria because
power system behavior can be better categorized with voltage levels than
power.
100%, 90%, 80% values are based on consultation experience and also
available data from the literature.
}
3.5.1.2 Generally there shall be no restriction on the wind farm size and the voltage
level at which it shall be connected to the grid, provided all the requirements in
this IWGC are fulfilled.
{Explanation:The relation between evacuating power and voltage level depends on many
parameters, such as:
- Local network and local load
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July 2009
This relation can vary from one area to other. Providing a definite guideline on
evacuating power vs. voltage relationship can restrict setting up of new wind
farms in some areas where wind power can be evacuated reliably in spite of
violating the evacuating power and voltage guideline.
}
3.5.1.3 Lower ambient temperatures which are generally associated with higher wind
velocities may be considered for increasing the loadability of transmission
systems planned for evacuating wind power in cases where other alternatives
are prohibitively expensive affecting viability of the renewable energy project.
IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors Contingency study " shall be
followed while calculating line loadability with respect to wind speed. A sample
calculation of transmission line loading with respect to wind speed is given in
Appendix B. In Appendix B transmission line loading limits with increasing wind
speeds are given for Zebra and Panther conductors.
3.5.2.2 The upstream network connected from grid substation shall be capable of
withstanding and be secured against the following contingency outages without
necessitating load shedding or rescheduling of generation during steady state
operation as defined in IEGC and State Grid codes
a) Outage of a 132 kV D/C line or,
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July 2009
3.5.3 Any one of the events mentioned in the adequacy and contingency study shall
not cause:
i)
ii) Prolonged operation of the system frequency below and above specified
limits.
iii) System instability
iv) Unacceptable overloading of transmission system elements.
{Explanation: As per Indian state grid codes, power factor of conventional generators shall lie
between 0.95 leading to 0.85 lagging. Wind grid codes of UK, Germany ask for
0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging power factor. Canadian grid code asks for 0.95
leading to 0.90 lagging power factor.
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July 2009
So, it can be seen than grid codes mainly differ on the lagging power factor
limit. In India, reactive power injection from wind farms is least expected. So, in
IWGC the power factor range is limited between 0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging.
}
3.5.4.2 Planning studies for power evacuation from wind farms through long distance
transmission lines shall include voltage stability studies to investigate the
requirements of dynamic VAr compensation to prevent voltage collapse during
high wind generation. The modeling of WTG shall be based on the actual type
planned to be installed in the area by the developer of wind farm.
3.6
Planning data
3.6.1 Wind farm owner shall provide planning data to CTU/STU as mentioned in
Appendix A.
3.6.2 Wind power addition plan for every five years issued by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy shall be considered for the planning of transmission lines of
the CTU/STUs.
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July 2009
Chapter 4
Introduction
The connection code for wind farms specify the minimum technical and design
criteria which shall be satisfied by any wind farms seeking connection to
ISTSs/STSs/STUs. This shall be pre-requisite for the establishment of an
agreed connection.
4.2
Objective
The objective of the connection code is to ensure that any new or modified
wind farm connections, when established, shall neither suffer unacceptable
effects due to its connections to ISTS/STS nor impose unacceptable effects on
the system or the grid.
4.3
Scope
The connection code applies to all wind farms connected to the grid at any
voltage levels. The wind farms shall satisfy all requirements of connection code.
4.4
shall
follow
Connection agreement
The connection agreement of wind farms connected to ISTS shall follow IEGC
section-4.5. Wind farms
shall
follow
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July 2009
Voltage (kV)
% Limit of
Nominal
variation
Maximum
Minimum
400
+5% to -10%
420
360
220
+11% to -9%
245
200
132
+10% to -9%
145
120
110
+10% to -12.5%
121
96.25
66
+10% to -9%
72.5
60
33
+5% to -10%
34.65
29.7
{Explanation: The minimum and maximum voltages for 400, 220 and 132 kV buses are taken
from IEGC. The minimum and maximum voltages for 110, 66 and 33 kV buses
are taken
4.6.1.2 Resonance
Wind farms shall avoid introducing undue resonance leading to over voltage at
grid connection point. Of particular concerns are torsional interaction, self
excitation of induction machines, transformer ferro-resonance, and the resonant
effects of capacitor additions. Wind farms connected to the grid through series
compensated transmission lines shall investigate the possibility of subsynchronous resonance due to torsional interactions.
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July 2009
1.5
220
<220
17
July 2009
Voltage (kV)
420 245
145
121
410 238
141
117
400 220
132
110
105
96.25
0.95
0.98
leading
(absorption)
1.0
lagging
(injection)
Power Factor
Figure 4.1: Voltage vs. power factor characteristics of wind farms connected
above 66 kV
{Explanation: The voltage vs. power characteristic is based on the principle that wind farms
should not draw/inject large reactive power at lower/higher system voltages. In
general, the allowable power factor range of wind farms is 0.95 lagging to
leading. But, a comparatively higher leading power factor requirement is placed
when the system voltage is lower. Similarly, a lower lagging power factor is
required when the system voltage is higher. In other words, reactive power
drawl/injection shall be minimized at lower/higher voltages. This is depicted in
Figure 4.1. The Voltage vs. power factor characteristics in IWGC is derived
from German grid code of VE-T.
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July 2009
ii) Above 51.5 Hz and below 47.5 Hz, allowable frequency tolerance range
of wind farms will be according to wind turbine specifications.
iii) Wind farms shall remain connected to the grid when rate of change of
frequency is within 0.5 Hz/sec.
{Explanation: The frequency range of 47.5 to 51.5 Hz is also proposed in the draft IS standard
on Wind turbines - Design requirements, which is under finalization by BIS Wind turbine Sectional Committee ET 42. Hence it is suggested that the upper
limit may be restricted to 47.5 - 51.5 Hz.
}
4.6.4
4.6.4.1Wind farms with connected at 66 kV and above shall have the ability to limit the
active power output at grid connection point as per system operators request.
The request from grid cooperator shall be under the conditions elaborated in
IWGC section 5.2.6 and 5.2.7.
{Explanation: During system operations, grid operator in extreme conditions may ask the
wind farms to limit the power injection into the grid. The request from grid
cooperator shall be under the conditions elaborated in IWGC section 5.2.6. and
5.2.7. Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall be able to respond to
system operators request. }
4.6.4.2 Active power output of wind farms shall vary with respect to frequency
as shown in Figure 4.2.
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July 2009
100%
50%
0%
47.5
50.3
51.5
Hz
Frequency
Figure 4.2: Variation of active power output of wind farms with respect to
frequency of wind farm
{Explanation: The objective is to utilize wind power at its maximum. This characteristic is
derived from Irish grid code.
The upper limit of 50.3 is derived from recent amendment of IEGC in 2009.
}
4.6.5
4.6.5.1 The wind farms shall be equipped with voltage and frequency relays for
disconnection of the wind farm at abnormal voltage and frequencies. The
relay settings shall be outside the operating range of voltage and frequency
mentioned in IWGC section 4.6.1 and section 4.6.3.
4.6.5.2 Wind farms connected below 66 kV can get disconnected from the grid during
system faults (fault ride through capability is not mandatory).
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July 2009
{Explanation: Normally, wind farms connected below 66 kV are smaller in size. The
requirement of fault ride through can affect the economics of smaller wind
farms at present scenario. }
4.6.6
4.6.6.1 Wind farms shall remain connected to the grid during normal system
operation.
4.6.6.2 Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall remain connected to the grid
during system fault. Reactive power compensation equipment must also remain
connected during system fault.
Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall have the operating region as
shown in Figure 4.3 during system faults. Wind farms can be disconnected if
the operating point falls below the line in Figure 4.3.
During fault ride through, the WTGs in the wind farm shall have the capability to
meet the following requirements:
a) Shall minimize the reactive power drawl from the grid.
b) The wind turbine generators shall provide active power in proportion to
retained grid voltage as soon as the fault is cleared.
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July 2009
Voltage (kV)
Vpf
Vf
3000
Time (ms)
Where,
Vf = 15% of Nominal System voltage
Vpf = Minimum voltages mentioned in IWGC section 4.6.1.1
The fault clearing time for various system nominal voltage levels is given in the
following Table 4.3:
Nominal system
Fault clearing
Vpf (kV)
voltage (kV)
time, T(ms)
400
100
220
160
200
33.0
132
160
120
19.8
110
160
96.25
16.5
66
300
60
9.9
360
Vf (kV)
60.0
Higher fault clearance times for the wind farms may be agreed to with the
SEBs/STUs. In such case, the SEBs/STUs shall specify to the wind farm
operators the required opening times of circuit breakers at various locations.
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July 2009
{Explanation: With increasing penetration, wind farms will have major impact in Indian power
system. So, the behavior of wind farms should tend to be same as conventional
power plants. Staying connected during system fault is a step towards that
direction. Todays wind turbine technology has matured enough to provide this
requirement. All the international grid codes demand this criterion from wind
farms. The Fault ride through requirements in IWGC resembles to international
practice. The fault clearing time is taken from IEGC, state grid codes.
However, it may be advised that this facility may be provided for the future wind
farms development with due consideration of the cost impact.
}
4.6.7
4.6.8
Protection
All the grid connected wind farms must have protection systems to protect the
wind farm equipment as well as the grid, such that no part system shall remain
unprotected during faults.
4.6.8.1 The protection schemes for the wind farms shall be developed in coordination
with the grid protection schemes and this shall be carried out keeping in mind
the wind turbine manufacturing capabilities such as fault ride through capability,
voltage and frequency operational ranges etc.
4.6.8.2 The faults on the wind farm and/or its apparatus shall be cleared without any
time delay and in any event shall be cleared within in the fault clearing times
mentioned in IWGC section-4.6.6.3 with reliability, selectivity and sensitivity.
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July 2009
The protection co-ordination for the wind farms shall be monitored by the
SEBs/STUs/ISTSs.
4.6.8.3 The following are the minimum protection schemes that shall be installed for
wind farm protection:
i)
4.6.8.5 The protection requirements for the wind farm substation and for the
transmission system evacuating the wind power shall be as per the
specifications of STUs/SEBs/ISTSs.
4.6.9
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July 2009
equipments.
4.6.11.2 Earthing
Wind turbine grounding systems shall follow the recommendations of IEC TR
61400-24 (section 9).
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July 2009
ii) Isolation of transmission system side and wind farm side ground fault
current contributions
The preferred configuration of the grid connecting transformer is delta
connection on the wind farm side and grounded wye connection on the
transmission system (grid) side. Delta connection on the high voltage side of
the grid connecting transformer is not permitted.
Alternate transformer configuration including wye-wye or wye-wye with a
delta connected tertiary is also acceptable for the grid connecting
transformer.
If the wind farm is directly getting connected to the existing utility substation,
the standard practice of utility shall be followed.
{Explanation: The purpose of prohibiting delta connection on the high voltage side of the grid
connecting transformer is to block the harmonics current and to detect the earth
faults on the grid side.
}
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July 2009
ii) recovery voltage during clearing of grid short circuits and earth faults
iii) rise in voltage on fault-free phases in the event of single phase earth faults
iv) phase failure
v) out-of-phase reclosing and other impacts that occur during abnormal
operating conditions
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July 2009
Chapter 5
5.1
Operating policy
i)
The wind farms connected to the grid shall comply with this operating code
and shall operate as an integrated system with the grid.
ii) Control centers of the grid connected wind farms shall be manned round
the clock by qualified and adequately trained personnel.
5.2
5.2.1
Operating margins
Voltage (kV)
Nominal
% Limit of
variation
Maximum
Minimum
400
+5% to -10%
420
360
220
+11% to -9%
245
200
132
+10% to -9%
145
120
110
+10% to -12.5%
121
96.25
66
+10% to -9%
72.5
60
33
+5% to -10%
34.65
29.7
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July 2009
5.2.2.1 The wind farms shall have provision for VAr compensation/support such that
they do not draw reactive power from the grid. VAr exchanges with the grid
shall be priced as follows:
a) The wind farm owner pays for VAr drawl from grid when voltage at the grid
connection point is below 97%
b) The wind farm owner gets paid for VAr given to the grid when voltage is
below 97%
c) The wind farm owner gets paid for VAr drawl when voltage is above 103%
d) The wind farm owner pays for VAr given to the grid when voltage is above
103%
{Explanation: This requirement is as mentioned in IEGC. This requirement can be met by all
the WTGs.
}
5.2.2.2 The wind farm operator shall endeavor to minimize the VAr drawl from the grid
when the voltage at the grid connection point is below 95% of rated, and shall
not supply to the grid VAr when the voltage is above 105%. As such to control
the VAr exchange, the wind farm operator shall provide the VAr compensation
or request SLDC/RLDC to change the taps of the grid connecting transformer.
{Explanation: The WTG manufacture provides VAr compensation facility for each WTG
(switch able capacitor banks). So using this facility the wind farm operator can
control the VAr exchange depending on the grid connection point voltage.
29
July 2009
Varying the grid connecting transformer taps also controls the VAr exchange
with the grid.
}
5.2.2.3 The charge/payment for VAr exchange from the grid shall be at nominal paise
per kVArh as specified by CERC/SERC and the transaction will be between the
wind farm owner and the state utility.
{Explanation: Although not uniform, all the SERCs have fixed a nominal charge for the VAR
drawl by the WTG from the grid. For e.g., in Tamil Nadu, Rs 0.25/kVArh if the
ratio of kVArh drawn to KWh exported is upto 10%and Rs0.50/ kVArh for more
than 10%.
}
5.2.2.4 Not withstanding the above, SSLDC/SLDC/RLDC may direct a wind farm to
curtail its VAr drawl/injection in case the security of grid or safety of any
equipment is endangered.
5.2.3
{Explanation: Ramp control facility regulates the active power generated from the WTG and
also minimizes the variations in the generated power that may arise because of
wind variations. The performance is similar to that of governor control in case of
synchronous machines The system operator may ask the wind farm operator to
curtail the generated power due to increasing wind speed, turbines returning to
service after some outage or to increase the generated power due to increase
in system demand etc.
}
5.2.3.1 The WTGs shall have two ramp rates
a) 10 minute maximum ramp rate
b) 1 minute maximum ramp rate
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July 2009
5.2.3.2 The ramp rate limits shall be applicable for all ranges of operation including
start up, normal operation and shut down of the WTGs. An exception to this can
be situations where there is fall in wind speeds.
5.2.3.3 The wind farm operator shall inform SLDC/RLDC, the maximum and minimum
ramp rates of the WTGs at the time of commissioning. Any changes made to
the ramp rate limits shall be informed to the SLDC/RLDC and shall be done as
per their instructions.
5.2.3.4 Ramp limits for wind farms at the grid connection point shall be as given below
(Table 5.2) depending on the wind farm installed capacity.
10 min Maximum
1 min Maximum
Capacity (MW)
Ramp(MW)
Ramp(MW)
50-150
>150
30
{Explanation: This is in line with international practice. As per Irish wind grid code grid the
ramp rate averaged over 1 minute should not exceed 3 times the average ramp
rate over 10 minutes.
}
5.2.3.5 The ramping up/down of the wind power generation shall be done by the wind
farm operator as instructed by the system operator. On case to case basis, the
maximum ramp limits mentioned in IWGC section 5.2.3.4 may be changed on
the mutual consent between the system operator and the wind farm operator
provided the WTGs ramp limits are not exceeded.
5.2.4
Power quality
All the wind farms connected to the grid shall endeavour to maintain the voltage
wave-form quality at the grid connection point. The wind farms shall comply
with the IEC 61400-21: Wind Turbine Generator Systems, Part 21:
Measurement and Assessment of Power Quality Characteristics of Grid
Connected Wind Turbines standard.
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July 2009
{Explanation: Power quality in relation to a wind turbine describes the influence of a wind
turbine on the power and voltage quality of the grid. The main influences of
wind turbines on the grid concerning power quality are the voltage flicker,
harmonics (for wind turbines with power electronic equipment), voltage
changes & fluctuations and the in-rush currents.
}
5.2.4.1Voltage flicker
The IEC 61000-4-15 (IEC, 1997) and IEC 61000-4-15 (IEC, 2003) standards
shall be followed with respect to voltage flicker limits and measurement
techniques.
{Explanation: Flicker means the flickering of light caused by fluctuations of the mains voltage,
which can cause distortions or inconvenience to people as well as other
electrical consumers. The flicker measurement is based on measurements of
three instantaneous phase voltages and currents, which are followed by an
analytical determination of Pst (short-term flicker disturbance factor) for different
grid impedance angles.
}
5.2.4.2 Harmonics
Harmonics measurements shall be taken in accordance with methodologies of
IEC 61400-21 or IEEE STD 519-1992. The harmonic content at the grid
connection point shall be as follows:
{Explanation: According to the guidelines (IEC 61400-21), harmonic measurements are not
required for fixed-speed wind turbines (Type A), where the induction generator
is directly connected to the grid. Harmonic measurements are required only for
variable-speed turbines with electronic power converters (Types C and D).
}
32
VTHD =
July 2009
n = 40
Vn2
100
2
n = 2 V1
Distortion (%)
765
1.5
1.0
400
2.0
1.5
220
2.5
2.0
132
3.0
2.0
ITHD
I n2
= 2 100
I1
5.0
2.5
{Explanation: The limits for VTHD are taken from CEA standards (Grid standards)
Regulations-2006 and the limits for ITHD are taken from IEEE STD-519,
1992.
}
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July 2009
{Explanation: The voltage fluctuations in a wind farm can occur because of the switching
operations (capacitor banks, WTG start/stop), inrush currents during WTG
starting etc. Such voltage fluctuations shall be limited to the values mentioned
in the above section.
}
5.2.5
5.2.5.1 All the WTGs in a wind farm shall have the capability to receive the start/stop
signal from the wind farm operator and shall respond to the signal without any
time delay.
{Explanation: This is to necessitate the wind farm owners control over the WTG operation.
The system operator may request the wind farm operator to start/stop the
WTGs as the situation demands. So, the WTGs shall respond to the start/stop
command send by wind farm operator without any time delay.
}
5.2.5.2 During the wind generator start-up, the wind farm operator shall ensure that the
reactive power drawl (inrush currents incase of induction generators) shall not
affect the grid performance.
{Explanation: Fixed speed WTGs directly connected to the grid directly draws huge inrush
current during starting. This may cause voltage fluctuations and flickering at the
grid connection point.
}
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July 2009
5.2.5.3 The wind farm operator has to ensure that the start up and stopping of the
WTGs comply with the voltage quality requirements.
{Explanation: Because, the switching operations and the inrush currents may cause
harmonics, voltage flicker and voltage fluctuations.
}
5.2.5.4 It is recommended that all WTGs in the wind farm shall not start and /or stop
simultaneously owing to high windy conditions.
{Explanation: Simultaneous starting/stopping of the WTGs can cause power quality problems.
Also, it can cause large changes in the power injected into the grid.
}
5.2.6
{Explanation: Taking into consideration the zero fuel costs and environmental issues, it is
recommended to evacuate all the available wind generated power to the grid.
During transmission congestion, the conventional generation shall be backed
down. Under extreme conditions, when the wind power generated exceeds the
system demand and when the local voltage limits are violated, it shall be the
responsibility of the wind farm operator to back down sufficient amount of the
wind generation, to maintain system security. This shall be done as per the
system operators instructions.
}
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July 2009
{Explanation: The wind farms shall be operated as an integrated part of the grid. The wind
farm operator shall operate it deriving maximum benefits from the integrated
operation. System security shall not be endangered because of the
substandard/inefficient
operational
practices
of
the
wind
farms.
The
contingencies (loss of any of the wind farm equipment, faults within the wind
farms) shall be attended by the wind farm operator, so that there is minimal
damage to the wind farm equipment as well as the grid. For contingencies in
the vicinity of the wind farm, the wind farm operator shall protect the wind farm
equipment from any imminent damage and shall take necessary measures to
mitigate the contingency. The measures can be riding through the fault or
ramping down the generation till the contingency has been remove, running in
island mode to meet the local demand etc. }
5.3
36
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Demand management
IEGC/ state grid codes describe the provisions to be made by SLDCs for
demand curtailment in the event of insufficient generating capacity or in the
event of breakdown or operating problems (such as frequency, voltage levels or
thermal overloads) on any part of the grid. The demand management
procedure of SLDC shall take into account variability of wind power generation.
{Explanation: In a power system wind power generation profile and system demand may not
follow the same pattern. For e.g. system demand may be high when there is
least possible wind generation. So, the demand management procedure shall
consider the variations in the wind generation (can be known from the wind
forecast data) to maintain power balance in system operation.
}
5.5
Periodic reports
IEGC/ state grid codes discuss the periodic reports issued by RLDC/SLDC to
all constituents of the Region and RPC Secretariat requirements regarding grid
operation. The reports shall also cover the wind power generation profile and
injection to grid.
{Explanation: Periodic reports issued by RLDC give the description of the grid performance
over a week/month. Wind generation in that region can also be included in the
periodic reports, because that gives a picture of wind energy profile, demand
met with wind generated power and also can be useful for evolving good
operational practices in the future.
}
5.6
Operational liaison
The Operational liaison function is a mandatory built-in hierarchical function of
the RLDC/SLDC and regional constituents, to facilitate quick transfer of
information to operational staff and is specified in the IEGC section-5.6. The
same shall be applicable to the grid connected wind farms.
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{Explanation: Wind farms are through their communication interface shall exchange the
information in relation to operations and/or events with SLDC/RLDC. It is the
mandatory built-in hierarchical function of the RLDC and Regional constituents
including the wind farms, to facilitate quick transfer of information to operational
staff for decision making and actions to be sought.
}.
5.7
Outage planning
IEGC/ state grid codes set out the procedure for preparation of outage
schedules for the elements of the regional grid in a coordinated and optimal
manner keeping in view the regional system operating conditions and the
balance of generation and demand. The outage planning of wind farm and its
associated evacuation network shall be planned to extract maximum power
from the wind farm.
{Explanation: The outage schedules prepared by the RPC Secretariat based on the inputs
from all the SEBs/STUs, CTU and ISGS. Wind farms shall also submit their
outage schedule(s), if any, to the concerned SEB/STU. The wind farm operator
shall also be aware of the planned/maintenance outages taking place around
the vicinity of the wind farm, so that these outages do not have any effect on
the wind power generation.
}
5.8
Recovery procedures
IEGC/ state grid codes specify the recovery procedures i.e., restoration of the
operation of the regional grid after severe disturbances, partial/total blackouts
that are developed by RLDC in consultation with all regional constituents/RPC
Secretariat. The grid connected wind farms shall comply with these recovery
procedures and shall abide by the guidelines of RLDC/SLDC during the
restoration process.
5.9
Event information
The entire grid connected wind farms shall follow the event reporting procedure
mentioned in IEGC section-5.9.
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5.10
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Scheduling process
As the penetration of wind power increases, the scheduling of other generating
plants would be have consider the availability of wind generation. Hence, it
would be necessary to carry out wind energy forecasting to know the predicted
wind power in next day on hourly basis so as to minimize the scheduling errors.
.
5.10.1 Forecasting
Wind being of intermittent nature, needs to be predicted with reasonable
accuracy
for
proper
scheduling
and
dispatching
generation
in
the
The wind energy forecasting system shall forecast power based on wind flow
data at the following time intervals:
i)
Day ahead forecast: Wind power forecast with an interval of one hour for
the next 24 hours for the aggregate wind farms.
ii) Hourly forecast: Wind power forecast with a frequency of one hour and
interval of 30 minutes for the next 3 hours for the aggregate wind
farms.
The day ahead forecasting shall be done to assess the probable wind energy
that can be scheduled for the next day. The hourly forecast is necessary to
minimize the forecasting error that can occur in the day ahead forecasting of
wind power. The SSLDC/SLDC/RLDC shall receive the forecasted wind power
data which shall be used for scheduling.
Wind energy forecasting system shall be implemented within the time specified
by the concerned authority with due consideration of penetration level, cost and
tariff.
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APPENDIX A
Planning Data (Wind farm)
The following data are to be made available to the planning wing of CTU/STU
by all the wind farms
A.1
A.2
Site map
Provide the location map to scale showing roads, railway lines, transmission
lines, rivers, reservoirs.
A.4
Type of wind turbines used in the wind farm Fixed Speed/Variable Speed.
Data type
Unit
kW
kVA
Rated frequency
Hz
Hz
m/s
m/s
m/s
Rated voltage
Volt
Rated current
Ampere
Value
RPM
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Rated slip
Magnetizing reactance of generator
p.u
p.u
Stator reactance
p.u
p.u
Rotor reactance
p.u
Ampere
s
In addition to the above mentioned data, the wind farm owner has to provide
dynamic model of wind farm. If all the WTGs in the wind farm are not identical,
the model shall incorporate separate modules to represent each type of WTG.
Appropriate data and parameter values must be provided for each model. The
dynamic model must represent the features and phenomena likely to be
relevant to angular and Voltage stability. These features include but may not be
limited to:
i)
Generator model
Reactive compensation
Give detail of reactive compensation, operating power factor range.
A.7
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APPENDIX B
Conductor ampacity calculation and variation with wind speed
In IEEE Std 738-1993[1], IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors, a simplified method of calculating the
current-temperature relationship of bare overhead lines, given the weather conditions,
is presented. This appendix gives an example for the steady-state thermal rating
(ampacity) calculation. It also gives loadability of Zebra and Panther conductors with
respect to varying wind speed.
B.1 Problem statement:
To find the steady-state thermal rating (ampacity) for a Drake conductor, 795 kcmil
26/7 ACSR, under the following conditions:
Where,
Conductor diameter, D =1.108 in
Ambient temperature, Ta =40o C
Conductor temperature, Tc =65o C
Air film temperature (C) T
film =
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Density of air,
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Therefore, substituting the above values in equation (1) gives, qc = 4.48 W/ft
Since the wind velocity is greater than 0 ft/s, the forced convection heat loss for
perpendicular wind is calculated according to both equations (2) and (3) corrected
for wind direction, and compared to the natural convection heat loss. The larger of
the heat losses due to both natural and forced convection is then used in
calculating the thermal rating:
D f VW
qc1 = 1.01 + 0.371
f
D f VW
qc 2 = 0.1695
f
0.52
0.6
Where,
D = 1.108 in
Velocity of air stream, VW = (2 ft/s) 3600 (s/h)
Tc =65o C
Ta =40o C
Absolute viscosity of air,
f = 0.04775 lb/h (ft) (Table1 of IEEE Std. 738 at 52.5 C)
Density of air,
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(T + 273) 4 (T + 273) 4
a
qr = 0.138 D c
----------------------------- (4)
100 100
Where,
D = 1.108 in
= 0.5
Tc = 65 C
Ta = 40 C
Radiated heat loss, qr = 2.64 W/ft of conductor
Solar heat gain
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B.4 Resistance at 65 C
R(75) R(20)
R(65)=R(20)+
( 65 20 )
75 20
= 2.313 x 105 /ft
B.5 Steady-state thermal rating
The steady state thermal loading is given by, I =
qc + qr qs
---------------------- (7)
R ( 65 )
Conductor type
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Panther conductor
0.5
687.43
439.91
1.0
793.69
509.64
1.5
876.81
557.75
2.0
945.79
601.88
2.5
1004.06
639.44
3.0
1054.96
672.23
3.5
1100.43
701.51
4.0
1141.71
728.08
Further, the relation between conductor ampacity and ambient temperature mentioned in
CBIP Technical Report 77 of May 1991 is furnished in Table B2 [2].
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References:
[1] IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors, by Transmission and Distribution
Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society.
[2] S.K.Sonee, Assessment of Transfer Capability in the Indian Bulk Electric
Power System, GSIOAR07, 8th 9th August 2007, IT-BHU, Varanasi.
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