Index

Introduction

What is Color?
Design Goals

Vision + Light

The Visible Spectrum

The Optical System
Effects on Color

Psychophysiological Effects
Neuropsychological Aspect
Environmental Influences
Emotional Reaction
Survey Results

Color Fundamentals
Color Systems
Color Vocabulary
Color Harmony

Influences

Josef Albers

Faber Birren

Karim Rashid

Case Studies

Concept + Programming

Sections + Elevations
Diagrams
Application

Exploration of Color

VT Chicago Arts Center

Introduction

What is Color?
Color is a visual experience that subconsciously affects
individuals functions and emotions. The human response
to color is based upon ones perception of behavioral
aspects that are controlled by the brain.
The study of color is a complex subject composed of
various theories. Many experiments have been
conducted to prove that color is indeed an influential
factor composed of both subjective and objective
aspects. Color affects individuals differently based upon
their gender, age, culture and other biological factors that
are explored throughout this exploration.
Throughout history, ancient scholars used color to solve
mysteries among their time. Sometimes portrayed as
symbolic or magical, color has been used in healing
practices dating as far back to the Egyptian period
(Mahnke, p.30). However, interest in color decreased
throughout the Middle Ages with the advancement of
scientific knowledge. It was not until the late 19th century
that color would begin to be practiced in healing again.
By considering color in design, it allows designers to
create a mood within a space that tells a story and leaves
an emotional impact on each individual.
Educational Centre by Alejandro Muoz Miranda

Design Goals
From this color study I hope to gain a better understanding of the
psychological effects of color in an interior space and incorporate
the findings into my designs by:

1. Bringing awareness to the psychophysiological effects of color

within a space
2. Applying color in a way that contradictions the standard
functional context
3. Integrating the surrounding elements of the geographical
location into the space to reflect the color scheme
4. Creaing an unique experience that changes overall mood of
the space
5. Provoking a psychological sensation through the use of
different hues

Color Theory exercise (2011)

Vision + Light

The Visible Spectrum

Light is Color
The physical difference between radio waves, infrared,
visible light, Ultraviolet, and X-rays is wavelength

The Visible Light Spectrum is the electromagnetic

rays we can see such as violet, blue, green, red and

yellow. A spectral color is the light of a specific
wavelength and hue is the color perception. White light
can be made by mixing colors but not black
Shortest range= purple and blues
Longest range= red
Sources for visible light rays included Natural and
Artificial (Fluorescent, Incandescent, Gas charge, and
LEDs

(colorcodedarch)

The Optical System

The eye and light are in direct relation with one other. Since
color only exsist in the brain, it is the eyes job to receive the
reflected light waves and transmit the wavelengths to the
cerebral cortex.

Color comes from light:

1. Source (Sun)

invisible colors shine onto

the apple
2. Object (Apple)

the surface of the apple

absorbs the light rays,

except red which is

reflected into the eye
3. Detector (Eye and Brain)

the eye receives and then

sends message to the brain

(Mahnke, p.94-95)

The Effects on Color

Light intensity, surface reflection
and surrounding objects play a
factor in how color is perceived.
The interior space effects the
perception of color directly
through artificial lighting. The
color rending index (CRI) was
developed to describe how well
colors are rendered by artificial
light sources compared with
natural light (p.98). Color is
perceived based upon the
context of the space and should
be considered when developing
a color scheme.

(Mahnke, p.95, 97-99)

Psychophysiological Effects

Psychological

Physical events that affect the conscious, subconscious, and unconscious

Physiological

Lightwave frequencies that describe the effects

stimuli have upon us (Mahnke, p.7)

Neuropsychological Aspect
Each part of the brain creates a temporary
arousal reaction that effects the emotional state.

Cerebral Cortex

Receives and interprets sense

Cerebrum

Thinking takes place (right- creative, left-logic)

Thalamus

Associated with the senses (sight, hearing, taste, and

touch)

Hypothalamus

Emotion and physical response

Pituitary Gland

Influences the glands

Extreme unity and complexity can cause visual displeasure.

An individual needs relief that comes from a variety and
contrast of light, temperature, intensity and dominance of
color

Cerebellum

Extreme unity: under stimulation that causes restlessness,

irritation and difficulty in concentration

Reticular Formation

Extreme complexity: overstimulation that effects breathing,

pulse rate, blood pressure and muscle tension contrast of
light, temperature, intensity and dominance of color

Affects balance and movement

Effects entire nervous system (visual -external and

mental activity)

(Mahnke, p. 20-22)

Chromotherapy
the healing of color

Colors, like features, follow the changes

of the emotions. - Pablo Picasso
Light is used in the form of color to
balance energy.

The Colors of the Chakras ...

Divided into the seven main energies
of the body
Each engery stems from a major nerve
ganglia, all connecting at the spinal
column

(threeheartscompany)

Environmental Influences
Numerous environmental factors influence
the perception of color that creates a
memorable experience.
1. Biological Reactions to a Color Stimulus:
Psychological component from the natural
effects of nature

The Color Experience

Pyramid

2. Collective Unconscious:
Personal experience pertaining to color
3. Conscious Symbolism:
Learned responses that are symbolic to the
surrounding environment
4. Cultural Influences and Mannerism:
Particular colors are that are related to a
country or location
5. Influence of Trends, Fashion, Styles:
Temporary colors that reflect a time period
6. Personal Relationship:
Individual likes and dislikes
(Mahnke, p.11)

Red
The most physical color in the
spectrum. Associated with the
heart and blood, the color red has
been proven to raise the heart rate
and energy level.
In interiors, red is used to make a
bold statement. It is often used in
restaurants to increase appetite or
in logos associated with food. In
residential design, a red wall might
create a warm cozy feeling that
makes you want to sit around the

Survey Association

Fire, passion, power, love, energy,

angry, sexy, lust, blood
(Eiseman, p.7; Amara)

Orange
The color orange is known to encourage
activy and stimulate conversation.
Subjectively, the vibrant color is either
greatly liked or disliked.
Around 500 B.C., the fruit inspired the name
of the color and the Orange was known as
the fruit of the gods and kings. Often
associated with the term rebirth, it gained
popularity in Renaissance paintings and was
an iconic color in the 90s fashion trend.

Survey Association

Excitement, tropical, noticeable, vibrant,

caution + safety, Hokies, fun, hunting
(Eiseman, p. 13)

Yellow
Besides being directly related to the
sun, the color yellow is the easiest
color for the human eye to see.
Different shades of yellow convey
different messages. A light yellow
might bring warmth and softness to
your home, where as a bright yellow
might raise the emotional temperature
and increase liveliness and encourage
innovation.

Survey Association

happiness, light, sun, playfulness

(Eiseman, p. 23)

Green
The color of nature, green is the most seen
color in the world. Therefore, green can
provoke a multitude of moods from
environmental awareness to fertility and
growth.
In interiors, green is often placed in
environments that are ment to soothe and
encourage mental relaxation.

Survey Association

nature, money, growth, prosperity,

environment, luck

(Eiseman, p. 37; Amara)

Blue
The color of the water and sky, blue is the
color of serenity and calmness. It is the
top favorite color in the world. Blue is also
associated with many religious practices
meaning mercy and honor. Since blue is
a symbol of rest, it is often found in health
care design and in residential,
especially in bedrooms.

Survey Association

Ocean + water, calming, soothing, clear,

tranquility, sky, serenity, cold, relaxing

(Eiseman, p. 31; Amara)

Violet
The color purple is a combination of blue in
red, and in effect its emotional impact is a
balance of the two. Certain shades uplift,
where others calm. It encourages
creativity and is symbolic to royality.

Survey Association

Flowers + horticulture, power, luxury,

royality, deception, pride
A few people referred to the Willy Wonka
reference Youre turning violet, violet.

(Eiseman, p. 43)
A colourful life: 2014 Pantone colour of the year Radiant orchid

Neutrals

White, Black and Grey

As the white flag indicates a truce, the color

white also is a symbol of peace. It is the
presence of light and the best way to
represent cleanliness. Snow and clouds are
both have soft properties, which reflect the
emotional effects of clarity and purification.
Black is a combination of color that creates
depth within spaces. It provokes strong
emotions of power and authority, but leave
you with a feeling of emptiness.

Survey Association

Black: Sadness, depression, sleek, serious,

dark, negative, somber, mourning, emo,
sexy, void, emo
White: pure, marriage, light, clean, angels,
peaceful, innocence, good, weddings
(Eiseman, p. 55, 61)

Survey Results
Color connotations and associations differ among
men to women, children to adults, as well as
professions and cultures.

Through a survey that consisted of 45 people from

the ages of 18-60 of all occupations and courses of
study, here are my findings:
What is the first thing you notice in an interior
space?
Form (Shape + Size)
Light
Color
Decoration
Furniture

32%
20%
11%
25%
11%

Although color was not the first thing people noticed, it

impacts the overall form, and is found in light, decoration and
furniture.

Favorite Color
Blue
Red
Pink
Yellow
Purple
Green

Lease Favorite Color

36%
7%
16%
7%
18%
18%

Pink
Yellow
Orange
Purple
Brown
Black
Green

13%
13%
20%
13%
22%
9%
9%

Are there any colors or color

combinations that are significant
to you or your culture?
22% Maroon + Orange (School)
18% Red + White + Blue (U.S. Flag)
Note: Results with individual colors
associations are found on the Meaning of
Colors

Considerations + Challenges

Art

Subjectivity

Anthropology

Objectivity

Design

Conventionally

Marketing

Materiality

Color interaction and contrast

Cultural and historical color symbolism
Color Planning narratives
Color and arousal, branding and product
differentiation

Physics

Color and light properties and measurements

Color likes and dislikes

Prescriptive color solutions
Traditional schemes and harmonies
Natural coloration of materials

Dimensionality

Visualization and applications

Psychology

Color Sensation, perception, and response

(Portillo, p. 2-3)

Color Fundamentals

1. The Color Wheel

Sir Issac Newton created the 1st color diagram in

1666.
Since then various color wheels have been
created, causing debates.

2. Color Harmony

Visual pleasure to the eye

ex. Color Scheme based on Analogous Colors (right)
or complementary colors

3. Color Context

The relational impact that shapes and colors have

on each other.
(Color Matters)

Color Systems
The scientific study of color is a system that is divided into additive and subtractive color. Each part of the
system is equally important, but the subtractive color system is the method used by artists that impacts the
senses in the brain (Color Matters).

Subtractive Color

Additive Color

Subtractive color is wavelengths that are absorbed

and reflected. When colors are added together
they produce black. This system is used for
printing, photography and painting.

Additive color comes from a source to create light.

When colors are added together they produce
white.
(rgbworld)

Color Vocabulary
Hue

purest wavelength and intensity

Value

lightness or darkness

Tint

hue + white

Shade

hue + black

Tone

hue + gray

Chroma

brilliance or dullness

(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)

Color Harmony
Monochromatic

Analogous

1 Hue

2-3 Adjacent hues

(icanbecreative)

Ex. Blue + Green, Orange + Red

Complementary

Triad

Polychromatic

Opposite hues that contrast each

other

3 Equidistant hues

3-4 different hues

Ex. Red + Green, Purple + Yellow

Ex. Green + Purple + Yellow

Red + Yellow + Blue

(B. Leshyn, Color Theory Powerpoint)

Influences

Josef Albers
Color is understood through experience
Known for his color context studies that explores
the Interaction of color

Studied at the Bauhaus as a painter, but joined

the faculty as a stained glass instructor and later
became a professor of the arts.
As a professor he linked architecture and
painting and belived that color is changing
depending on the surrounding relation.

Faber Birren
The study of color is essentially a mental and
psychological science, for the term color itself
refers to sentation.
Father of applied color psychology (devoted
his life to the study of color)
Originator of OSHA colors
Established the profession of color consultants
(1936)

Discovered the relationship of the fundamental

attributes pertaining to hues: shade, tint, and
tone.

Karim Rashid
I use extensive variations of colors to create
form, depth, mood, feeling, texture, and to touch
our everyday public memory. Color is not just
surface and is not intangible- it is very real, very
strong, a powerful tool and has a real physical
presence.
Rashid is an industrial designer and interior
architect known for his futuristic designs that
pushes the exploration of color.
3,000+ designs in over 35 countries including
fashion, furniture, lighting fixtures and product
goods

(karimrashid.com)

Case Studies

Fallingwater
Frank Lloyd Wright
Integrated over a waterfall, this residence is famous
for incorporating nature and architecture into a
manmade structure with horizontal lines and
cantilevers that create a sense of freedom through
balance
Fallingwater was meant to evolve and change over
time, reflecting those who occupied the retreat (p.12)
Planning + Programming
Designed around the fireplace - gathering place
Open living room that surrounds natural elements
Narrow hallways to create the sense of compression
Low ceilings to direct eye outside (archdaily)
Strategic Design
Local natural sandstone
2 paint colors with a neutral backdrop
Motifs
Horizonal line- earth line
Cantilevier- freedon and expansivess,
Cascade- waterfall
Semicircle- soft curve of transition and balance
(Portillo, p. 11-18)

Mastery of color can easily consume a lifetime of study. observation,

experimenttion, reflection, study, research, and practice work
together to develop expertise in color - Frank L. Wright
The client, Edgar Kaufmann Sr. and his
family greatly contributed to the interior
design
Cherokee Red
Used on the floor, brick, framework (window mullions), and furniture
Inspired by the soil
+ Red was wrights favorite color
Ocher
Used through lighting and furniture
Inspired by the Rhododendrons found on
site
Black Walnut
Found on the woodwork to add contrast

from furniture
Note: Wall color remains the same but
textiles have changed over the years

Phoenix Childrens Hospital

HKS Architects
A renovated design to improve the spacial flexibiltiy of
the plan inspired by an oasis that reflects the
surrounding landspace.
Planning + Programming
Adjacent programming decreased travel distances
Rooftop healing gardens provide an escape
Sustainable practices maximize daylight to reduce heat
gain
Strategic Design
Exterior impacts the interior with a colorful glow
Natural light provided from visual access to the outside
surroundings (patient rooms and public spaces)
Way finding is incorported through color palettes, wall

murals and sculptures
Local materials were used to reduce off-gassing

functions
patient care units
lease space
public/ administrative
building services
outpatient clinics
diagnostic/ treatment
circulation
veritical circulation/ shafts
auxiliary color

Switch Restaurant and Lounge

Karim Rashid
A futuristic statement that switches the role of hospitality
design by provoking thought and excitement within emotions
Planning + Programming
Long symmetrical rectangle
Seating divided into dining, bar and lounge areas
Flexible table to accommodate different number of parties
Continuous and seamless walls that wrap around the space
Strategic Design
International iconic design
Transitional from day to night that changes the mood
No natural lighting
Simple color scheme to reflect color changing walls
Everything is curved
Wall is inspired by the Arabic letter S turned on its side.

(Middle East interiors)

Your Rainbow Panorama

Olafur Eliasson
A space without boundaries
Designed to create a dialogue between the
existing architecture and the city of Aarhus in
Denmark that challenges the individual to imagine
limits beyond the interior boundaries
Planning + Programming
Circular walkway
450ft. L x 10ft. W
Strategic Design
Over looks the city of Denmark

(admirers see different colors depending on

where they are located in the city)
Glass in all colors of the spectrum
Lights embedded in the floor are lit up at night

(Aros)

Application

How Color Impacts us as Designers

Color creates a visual experience in an interior
space
1. Gives direction and defines circulation
ex. The Triennale Design Museum in Milano
designed by Fabio Novembre (right)
2. Creates a mood and tells a story
3. Affects taste and smell
Synaesthesia is how senses work together. Each
sense has a pathway to the brain and run parallel to each
other, however sometimes they cross over and evoke
memories.

4. Creates a connection between the surrounding

environment and interior space
A color palette is affected by the geographical location,
characteristics of potentional users, the programming,
light sources, and overall form of the space

Exploration of Space
Defining space by the reversal of containment lead
to the exploration of color and light, which has
been a common interest expressed throughout my
designs.

Virginia Tech Chicago

arts center

A transitional multi-cultural art center

that stages the movement for creativity

Design Goals

1. Incorporate the exterior landscape

into the space that reflects Grant Park
and the surrounding environment
through the use of materials and natural
lighting

2. Design a dynamic space

that appeals to Chicagos
cosmopolitan diversity that
affects the student and
facultys individual mood
throughout the space

3. Development
a movement
within the space
through the
progression of
color which
defines a
hierarchical
relationship
and allows for
wayfinding and
branding

4. Provoke
a surreal
experience that
contradicts the
dreams and reality,
which create an
element of
surprise and
juxtaposition
between mass
and volume of the
space

5. Promote
sustainability
that encourages
environmental
stewardship to
advance the
knowledge of
future
generations
that employ the
space

Pro gres sion

a movement or development toward a destination or

a more advanced state, esp. gradually or in stages

Within design, there are many disciplines that have the ability to
influence a culture. The progression of creativity has inspired a surreal
movement that has influenced spatial relationships, color, furniture and
fixtures.
The Virginia Tech Chicago Arts Center is a transitional multi-cultural
space that stages the movement of creativity. A collaboration of
architecture, interior design, studio art and music push the traditional
learning environment to create a program that inspires innovation.
Students are challenged throughout the program to leave an individual
legacy that encourages the advancement of knowledge to future
generations that inhabit the space.
Kimball Office offers a collection of traditional and modern pieces that
together create a movement within space. From experimenting with
concepts to the final stages of artwork or performances, students and
faculty are equipped with furniture and fixtures that are not only
functional, but also aesthetically pleasing.
Progression of Public to Private

Floor Plan

Floor Plan 1

Scale 1/32 = 10

1 Entrance
2 Info Area
3 Performance
4 Gallery
5 Cafe + Lounge
6 Round Table
7 Material Library
8 Womens Restroom
9 Mens Restroom
10 Classroom
11 Faculty Office
12 Practice Rooms
13 Dressing Rooms
14 Recording Studio
15 Conference Room
16 Storage
17 Print Lab
18 Studio
19 Presentation Room

Floor Plan 2

Scale 1/32 = 10

Circulation Diagram

Gallery Detail

Inspired by the movement of the Chicago Metro System

LED lighting
system embedded
in transparent glass panels used for displaying art work.

Possible Kimball Traxx system arrangements:

Studio Perspective

Finish Plan
Finish Schedule
Symbol/ Texture Type

P1

Manufacturer
Product

Paint

Sherwin
Williams

Westhighland
White

Carpet

Bentley

IconicRio de Janeiro

Wood

Armstrong Kempa Natural

Warm Colors

Aggregate
Concrete

Carpet

Flor

Like MindedBurgandy

Carpet

Flor

Made you lookTangerine

Carpet

Flor

Line, PleaseCayenne

Carpet

Flor

CambiumGeranium

Note: P1 all walls to be painted unless

otherwise noted

Furniture Plan
C7

C7
T1

C8
T7
C9

C9

C9

T6

T6

T6

C10

C10

C10

C10

T5

T5

T5

T5

C7

C7

C5

T5
T3

T3

T3

C2

T5

T5
T5

C6

C7

C7
T5

C7

C9

T6

T5

C1

T5
C7

C2

T5

C2
C6
DN

C8
T3

C11

T4

T3 C5

C8

T3

T3

T8
T3

C11
T9

C4

T9

T9

T9

T9

C5

T9
C11

T2
C3

C11

T2
T2
T2

C5

T8

C3

T2

C1

T1

T8

C11

T8

T8
C11

Finish Schedule

Furniture Image

Symbol

Manufacturer

Description

Fabric/ Finish
Kim Salmela
Palette Rainbow
Grade K

Furniture Image

Symbol

C1

Kimball

Independence
Hillsborough

C2

Kimball

Adagiato

Maharam
Aria- Swerve

T2

Adagiato

Maharam
Skyline by Kvadrat- 656

T3

C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11

Kimball

Kimball

Bingo Armless Stool

White Finish

T1

T4

Kimball

Acapella armless

Maharam
Overlay- Cerise

T5

Kimball

Villa Rectangle Bench

Maharam
Air by Kvadrat

T6

Kimball

Kimball

Poly

Arpeggio

Tangerine

T7
T8

Maharam
Disperse- Carnelian

T9

Kimball

Axos

White Leather

Kimball

Bingo

White Finish

Kimball

Itsa

Maharam
Alias- Semolina

Manufacturer Description

Fabric/ Finish

Kimball

Occasional Table

Brighton Maple
Wood Finish

Kimball

Arpeggio

Cordoba Cherry
Wood Finish

Kimball

Arpeggio

Cordoba Cherry
Wood Finish

Kimball

Innsbruck

Coco Sapele
Wood Finish

Kimball

Scenario

White Finish,
Metal Frame

Kimball

Fluent

Brighton Maple
Wood Finish

Kimball

Conference
Solution

Kimball

Priority0002

Brighton Maple
Wood Finish,
White Frame

Kimball

Definition

Coco Sapele
Wood Finish

Brighton Maple
Wood Finish

Reflected Ceiling Plan

Lighting Schedule
Fixture Image

Natural Light Progression

Symbol

Manufacturer

Product

Description

Philips

Rotaris TBS741

6 Recessed
downlight

Philips

Corview Panel- smooth

surface light

2x2 Standard open

office

Philips

Arctone

Surface mounted
track light

Bocci

28.1 Satellite Single

Pendant - Pink

Bocci

28.3 Random Pendant

Chandelier

Bocci

28.7 7 Pendant
Chandelier-Clear

Philips

Ecomood Pendant No.

40341- White

Suspended linear
fixture

Conclusion

Color is the first thing you notice and the last thing you
leave with. (Portillo, p.1)
When I first began this study, I was having difficulty
understanding the difference between the subjective
and objective effects of color. From this study, I have
learned that the measurement of light is an objective
matter, but once it is perceived into the brain there is
a transformation to subjective qualities that provoke
numerous theories. Since every individuals brain is
different, each person is blessed with a unique
experiences.
I think and see in color; it represents a collection of my
artistic sense, interior and architectural environment,
scientific factors of the human response and the actual
colors themselves. As a designer, color has allowed
me to express myself through my concepts from the
strategic design all the way through the final
presentation stages. By considering color in design, I
can create a mood within a space and tell a story that
leaves an emotional impact on each individual.
Although the study of color is endless, I have gained a
better understand of how color effects the
psychological and physiological aspects within the
human response that will allow me to inhance my
designs.

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Brittani Anderson
brittani@vt.edu
Virginia Tech
School of Architecture + Urban Studies
Interior Design