Geolog

ical
Study
Of
Malekh
u Area,
Central
Nepal

A Field Report.

Submitted To:

Submitted By: Group: B-f

Department of Civil Engineering,

Kathmandu Engineering College,
Kalimati

Rakesh Kr Yadav (069-BCE-080)

Table Of Contents:
S No.
1.
Acknowledgement.

Title

Page No.
2

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9
10.

Introduction.
Location of study area.
Objectives
Methodology
Study of rocks and minerals
Major rocks types of field area.
Observations
Geological Structures.
Engineering Significance of the Geological Structures.
Conclusion

3
3
6
7
8
10
14
18
22
25

1 | Page

List Of Figures

Lime stone (Page No. 14)

Psammitic Schist (Page No. 14)
Marble (Page No. 15)
Granite (Page No. 16)
Phyllite (Page No. 16)
Amphbolite (Page No. 17)
Slate (Page No. 17)

2 | Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The geological field knowledge and field visit is very important
especially for a civil engineer. The main work of a civil engineer is to
study the feasibility of the construction and stability of structures in
different types of land feature including rock, their slope, riverside and
clayey portions. Literature alone cannot assist in producing any
satisfactory results. Therefore a thorough knowledge of actual field visit
counts for its credit. As the geology deals with rocks and stones along
with their origin including types of soil, strike, dip-direction and other
geological discontinuities such as faults, folds, joints, landslides, use of
topography map for proper location of site and other activities. It is
therefore very essential to make a field visit. From the field visit we
came to know much about structural geology including the above
mentioned features.
For the basic knowledge of field work of structural geology the two days
from 19th of Poush to 20th of Poush we were taken to Malekhu for
geological excursion. This performance was very effective for the partial
fulfillment of knowledge and experience. However the two days of tour
was not sufficient to fulfill the requirement. We are very grateful to the
teachers who helped us during the field trip and taught many important
things within the limited time period.

INTRODUTION
The geological field visit to Malekhu was organized by the Department
of Civil Engineering under Kathmandu Engineering College, in order to
accustom knowledge about the geological structures, their engineering
significance and distribution of different rocks, soil types and study of
mass movement activities. The time duration being two days from 3rd to
4th January 2014 was spend in geological field study in Malekhu, 75
Km. west from Kathmandu.
Engineering geology is defined as the branch of geology which deals
with the application of geological knowledge in the field of civil
engineering for the construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges,
dam, tunnel etc. Engineering geology is defined in the statues of IAEG
as the science devoted to investigation, study and solution of different
types of engineering and environmental problem which arises as the
result of interaction between the geology and the work or activities of
man, as well as the prediction and development of measures for
prevention remediation of geological hazards.

LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

The study site lies on the Malekhu river banks, which extends from its
confluence to the Trishuli River to about 2.5 Km. upstream. The Site
itself is called Malekhu which lies on 71 Km. towards south-west along
the Prithivi Highway, in Dhading district, Central Nepal. Malekhu lies
on lesser Himalayan unit of Nepal. It has peculiar geological features
within a small range of area. The Malekhu V.D.C. is located at latitude
of 2750'38'' to 2745'50'' and longitude of 2449'5'' to 8450' 50. It is
situated on the bank of Trishuli and Malekhu river. The Trishuli river is
running from the eastern direction to the western diredtion and the

Malekhu river from south to north which mingles into the Trishuli river.
Also, the Malekhu river has a tributary namely the Apakhola which
meets the Malekhu river at a distance about 3 kms from the Malekhu
bazar. Climatically Malekhu is a sub-tropical zone. Mainly the rainfall is
during the monsoon.
The site was selected due to availability of different rocks, the river
morphology, natural topography in small extent of area and different
types of mass movement along the route.
The study site is easily accessible from the Kathmandu valley, a three
hours bus travel along the Prithivi Highway from Thankot can easily
take us to site. The study trip was facilitated by logging and fooding at
the Malekhu chowk.

1.1 Importance of engineering geology in the field of civil

engineering
Geology in civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of
earth materials. It includes investigating existing subsurface conditions
and materials; assessing risks posed by site conditions; designing
earthworks and structure foundations; and monitoring site conditions,
earthwork and foundation construction.
A typical Geo-technical engineering project begins with a site
investigation of soil, rock, fault distribution and bedrock properties on
and below an area of interest to determine their engineering properties
including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.
Site investigations are needed to gain an understanding of the area in or
on which the engineering will take place. Investigations can include the
assessment of the risk to humans, property and the environment from

natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes, soil

liquefaction, debris flows and rock falls.
1.2. Geological and Mechanical Principles

Geological time
Rock forming minerals
Rock types, Soil Types
Mechanical fundamentals for Engineering Geology
Soil and rock properties

1.3 Geological Structure Analysis

Geological structures (faults, folds)

Discontinuities
Hemispherical projection (basics and borehole analysis)

1.4 Applied Engineering Geology

Landslides classification for slopes in rock and soil

Mass movement in rock
Mass movement in soil
Excavation Principles in Rock and Soil

1.5 Engineering Geology in Practice

Site characterization and investigation techniques

Case histories and examples

Objective:
The main objective of the geological field trip was to learn the basic
geotechnical skills in civil engineering regarding river morphology, site
investigation, landslide and petrology. The study aimed at learning
general tactics regarding identification of rocks determining their major
chemical contents, determining the various geotechnical parameters such
as attitude of rock bedding and the observation of various physical
features regarding river channel morphology and landslides.
The main objectives of our field visit were: Identification of different rock types
Identification of different minerals
Identification of different primary secondary structures
Identification of different secondary secondary structures
Measurement of dip and strike
Study of bedding foliation
Handling of compass for documentation of Engineering geological
data
Study of landslides
Study of morphology of river channel
Identification of geological units of the Lesser Himalaya and
Kathmandu Nappe
Engineering geological studies along the large scale geological
discontinuity (The Mahabharat Thrust)
Study of the rock slope along the road corridor
To know the rock mapping techniques of the rock outcrops

METHODOLOGY
The common methods used in the geological excursion were the site
selection and the field observations. Different places suitable for the
geological study was selected and their location was determined by the
map and the observation related to such structures were taken and copied
such as physical appearances, orientation, geological structures.
Photographs were taken at many sites. In some, sketches were also
plotted to assist the better understanding. In still some cases graphs were
also plotted like in rock outcropt observation.
The geological field study of the ascertained area was carried out in the
following ways:

Field reconnaissance and geological traverse of the study site.

Sketch of the field topography and rocks.
Photographs of the field topography and rocks.
Description of the field topography and rocks.

2. Study Of Rocks And Minerals

Rock Identification
Rock is a relatively hard, naturally occurring mineral material. It
consists of a single mineral or of several minerals that are either tightly
compacted or held together by a cement like mineral matrix.
2.1 Types of rock
The three main types of rock are Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamorphic.
2.1.1 Igneous Rock
These types of rocks are formed by the solidification of magma either
under the surface of earth or over it. These are of three types according
to the solidification process.
Plutonic Rock :- The rocks, which are formed underneath the
surface of the earth, are called the plutonic rocks.
Volcanic Rock :- The rocks, which are solidified on the surface of
earth, are called volcanic rocks.
Hypabyssal Rock :- The rocks, which are solidified on the way of
extrusion process, are called hypo basal rocks.
Igneous rocks are commonly identified in the field by the study of their
interlocking crystallization of a number of mineral grains. Igneous rocks
are generally hard, massive, compact, having no bedding plane and
interlocked grains. It usually contains much feldspar. By the study of
these properties we identified the igneous rocks in the field. e.g.,
Granite- generally equigranular texture, light colour appearance
Gabbro- coarse grain and dark colour
Dolerite- containing dark minerals in good proportion with
medium grain sized

2.1.2 Metamorphic Rock

These are formed by alteration of alignment, texture, structure, chemical
composition etc. in pre-existing rocks due to the action of temperature,
pressure and chemical reaction. Metamorphic rocks are generally hard
and having of interlocking grains.

Contact Metamorphic

Dynamic Metamorphic

Dynamo Thermal

Metasomatic
Metamorphic rocks are distinctly distinguished from other types of rocks
by the development of features like cleavage, foliation, schistosity and
by the presence of such minerals which are known to be of metamorphic
origin. Metamorphic rocks often exhibit an interlocking texture of the
constituent minerals grains. Thus these rocks are basically identified in
the field on the basis of colour, texture as well as structure. e.g.,
Slate- slate cleavage
Phyllite- soapy feeling
Schist- rough, irregular and undulated plane, unequal growth of
minerals
Gneiss- band of contrast colour, composition and texture (mica
band)
2.1.3 Sedimentary Rock
These rocks are derived from pre-existing rocks through the process of
erosion, transportation and deposition by various natural agencies such
as wind, water, glacier etc. The loose sediments undergo compaction and
form resulting products as sedimentary rocks. According to the mode of
transportation the sedimentary rocks are divided into three different
types.
Clastic Rocks :- The rocks which are formed by deposited
mechanically are known as clastic rocks.

 Chemical Deposits :-The rocks which are formed by chemical

precipitation are known as chemical deposits.
Organic Deposits :-The rocks which are formed by deposited
organically are called organic deposits.
Sedimentary rocks are identified in the field by the study of different
layers, which are originally bedded or laminated under suitable
conditions. There may be the impression of fossils in sedimentary rocks.
The colour and the grain size of the rocks may be different in different
layers. By the study of these properties also the rocks may be identified.
e.g.,
Conglomerate- grain size greater than 2 mm
Sandstone- grain size is equal to sand (i.e. 1/16 mm 2 mm),
quartz is common
Clay stone- formed by deposition of clay, shale is common
example

2.2 Major Rock Types of the Field Study Area

Following are the different types of rock that we found during our study
in malekhu area.
2.2.1 Metamorphic rocks
Slate: Slate is an extremely fine-grained metamorphic rock
characterized by a slaty cleavage, by virtue of which it can be split into
thin sheets as roofing material .Due to its low crushing strength it is also
used as building material. It was found at a distance of 500m north of
highway.
Phyllite: It is a medium to fine-grained metamorphic rock of complex
silicate composition. The rock shows a foliated structure and represents
an intermediate stage in the metamorphic transformation of slates to
schist with the unaided eye. In the field the presence of muscovite was

found in the rock. This is found at the south from the highway along the
stream. Dark green type of phyllite was found in the Robang formation
(rb) .
Schist: Schists are megascopically crystalline metamorphic rock
characterized by a typical schistose structure. The constituent platy and
flaky mineral and are arranged in irregular parallel layers of bands.
Marble: Marble is essentially a granular rock composed chiefly of
recrystallised calcite. It is characterized by a granular structure. Marble
often show banded structure. Marvels are commonly used in building
constructions in the form of blocks, slabs, aches and as chip for flooring.
It is also used as decorative and ornamental purpose. In Malekhu it was
found at a distance of 3275m south from the highway.
Amphibolite: Amphibolite is a grouping of rocks composed mainly of
amphibole (as hornblende) and plagioclase feldspars, with little or no
quartz. It is typically dark-colored and heavy, with a weakly foliated or
schistose (flaky) structure. The small flakes of black and white in the
rock often give it a salt-and-pepper appearance.
Gneiss: Gneiss is a megascopically crystalline metamorphic rock
characterized by segregation of constituent minerals into layers of bands
of contrasting color, textures and composition. Feldspar and quartz are
more common in gneiss than in schists. Dark minerals of amphibole and
pyroxene group are also common. The compact, dense massive varieties
of gneisses are used in building and road metal.
In Malekhu it was found at a distance of 4650m south from the highway.
The gneiss was found in the boulder as an eye structure and so called
Augen Gneiss. This was found on the Kulekhani formation (ku) of
Bhimphedi group.
Quartzite: Quartzites are granular metamorphic rocks composed chiefly
of intersaturated grains of quartz. The name Orthoquartzite is used for a
sedimentary rock of similar composition but of different origin; it has

siliceous cement. It contains subordinate amount of micas, feldspars,

garnet and some amphiboles which result from the impurities of the
original sandstone during the process of metamorphism. The rock is
generally very hard, strong, dens and uniformly grained. It finds
extensive use in building and road construction.
2.2.2 Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone: These are the most abundant sedimentary rock formed from
the non-elastic group and are composed chiefly of calcium carbonate.
However the presence of dolomite, quartz, feldspar and iron oxides is
rather a common texture. Limestone is a primary source of material for
the manufacture of Portland cement and for a wide variety of limes. Its
other uses are in the metallurgical industries as a flux.
Dolomite: Dolomite is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a
mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate found in
crystals. Dolomite rock (also dolostone) is composed predominantly of
the mineral dolomite. Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is
referred to as dolomitic limestone, or in old U.S. geologic literature as
magnesian limestone. Dolomite was first described in 1791 as the rock
by the French naturalist and geologist, Dodat Gratet de Dolomieu
(17501801) for exposures in what are now known as the Dolomite Alps
of northern Italy. The mineral dolomite crystallizes in the trigonalrhombohedral system. It forms white, gray to pink, commonly curved
crystals, although it is usually massive. It has physical properties similar
to those of the mineral calcite, but does not rapidly dissolve or
effervesce (fizz) in dilute hydrochloric acid unless it is scratched or in
powdered form.
Breccias: Breccias are mechanically formed sedimentary rocks,
consisting of angular fragments. These sediments are heterogeneous in
nature; cemented together by clay, iron oxide, silica or calcium
carbonate and are generally more than 2 mm size. Because of the

heterogeneous character they are not used as building stones but some of
the varieties which are susceptible to polish can be used for ornamental
works.
2.2.3 Igneous Rocks
Granite: Granite may be defined as plutonic light coloured igneous
rock. These are among the most common igneous rock. Two most
common and essential mineral constituents of granite are; quartz and
feldspars. The first is always easily recognized by its glassy lustures,
high hardness (H=7) and cleavage less wide transparent appearances.
Feldspars making granites may be of two types; the potash feldspars,
commonly orthoclase and the soda bearing plagioclase feldspar like
albite and oligoclase. Feldspars microcline may also occurred in some
granites. Agra granite was found in the right bank of Malekhu Khola
south west of "Chhapan Danda".

Observations:
Location 1.
The rock was located on the left bank of the
river. It was situated near the broken bridge
and 200m downstream from the bridge. The
rock was found to be of yellowish color.
When the fresh surface of the rock was treated
with HCL it produced white fumes. Hence the
rock was concluded to be limestone
The attitude of the rock was found to be
S 5 W/ 86 SE

Location 2.
The rock was situated at the left bank of the river about 400m away from Mawatar
Gaun.Two types of rocks were found in the location i.e Psammitic Schist and
Pellitic Schist.
Psammitic Schist:
The weathered color of rock was found to be grayish
black. The fresh color of the rock was found to be
white. The rock was hard and produced metallic
sound when hammered. The rock was non crystalline
and produced metallic sound when hammered.
The deposition of quartz was seen. Therefore, the
rock was concluded as Psammatic schist.
The attitude of the rock was found to be S 25 W/ 89 SE

Pellitic Schist:
The weathered color of rock was found to be whitish grey. This rock was
comparatively softer than Psammatic schist and didnt produce any metallic sound
when hammered.
There was maximum concentration of mud and clay.There was no reaction with
10% HCL.
The attitude of the rock was S 75 W/ 82 SE

Location 3
It was located to the left bank of the river
opposite to the tar.
The color of the rock observer here was milky
white and crystalline in form.
It readily reacted with 10% HCL so it was
concluded to be a calcite rock. As crystalline
structures were also observed and other
properties being similar to that of lime stone,
the rock was concluded to be Marble.
The attitude of the rock was S 25 W/ 84 SE

Location 4
It was also situated to left bank of the river. We observed folds in this region.
Basically Ptygmatic fold and Boudinage. Folds were formed to the compression
and tension.
Folds formed due to compression are known as ptygmatic fold and
the folds formed due to tension are known as Boudinage.

Location 5
It was located on the right bank of the river
and by the side of the motor way.
In this place we observed the igneous rock
and the type of the rock was granite which is
a plutonic/intrusive rock which were
originally from Agra area. It was composed
of white and black minerals with majority of
minerals white.
It was characterized due to the presence of xenolith which is relatively older than
the surrounding rock.
The rock constitute of the following minerals:

Quartz
Feldspar
Mica: Biotite & Moscobite
Tourmaline
Location 6
The rock was located on the right bank of the
river and 1000m downstream of location 5.
The weathered color of the rock was yellowish
and the fresh color of the rock was greenish
grey. It was weak and had soapy touch. The
rock reacted with 10% HCL.
The surface was typically lustrous and
wrinkled.
It was
concluded as phyllite.

Location 7:
The

rock was located on the left bank of the

Malekhu river. The weathered color of the rock
was blackish and the weathered color of the
rock was greenish. The rock didnt react with
10% HCL both in fresh as well as crystalline
form. The smelt like gun powder when
hammered and was mainly composed of
Amphibole mineral.

The attitude of the rock was S 5 W/ 85 SE

Thus the rock was concluded to be Amphibolite.

Location 8.
The black colored, hard,-light weighted rock was
observed. The weathered color of the rock was
found to be gray and the fresh color of the rock was
found to be black colored. The graphite content was
maximum In the rock. It had sharp edges. It was
light weighted and specially used in roofing in the
house.
The altltude of the rock was found to be
N 75 E/81 SE.
Therefore, the rock was concluded as Slate.

3. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
3.1 Mahabharat Thrust (MT)
The Mahabharat thrust lies in the south of the main central thrust and
towards the north of the main boundary thrust. It separates Nuwakot
complex and Kathmandu complex. It is produced due to pushing of the
Indian plate on the Tibetan plate. The reverse fault in which the hanging
wall is actually moved up relative to the footwall is known as thrust fault
or simply thrusts. The fault angle is quite low in thrusts. These are very
common occurrence in folded mountains and seem to have originated as
a further step in the process of adjustment of rocks to the imposed
stresses.

RECOGNITIONS OF THE GEOLOGICALSTRUCTURES IN

THE FIELD
The term structural geology deals about the genesis and geometry of the
structural features present in the rocks. The geometry of arrangement of
the rocks and the geometry preserved in the rocks/sediments/soils are the
Geological Structures. These geological structure are classified as
follows:
Geological Structures
Primary Geological Structures
Secondary Geological Structures
These geological structures are formed mainly due to tectonic activities
in the area. The major primary geological structure includes cracks,
fractures and the major secondary geological structures includes fold,

fault, joint and so on. In the study area we observed the different
geological structures which are described as follows:
Fold: Folds are wavy undulations developed in the surface of the rocks
as a result of stresses to which these rocks have been subjected from
time to time in the past history of the earth. The folds may develop in
any type of rock and may be of any shape, from simple symmetrical up
warping or down warping to complex geometrical patterns. The ultimate
shape and extent of folds depend upon a number of factors like the
nature, magnitude, direction and duration of forces involved in the
process and the nature of the rocks subjected to such a process. The
characters of folds found near to Malekhu bridge, along Malekhu Khola
towards upstream side are:

Color of rock is brown.

Plastic deformation
Drag folds
Formed by pushing of younger rocks by older
Rock is purely sedimentary and identified as Dolomite.
Formation of inside cavity is seen in the rock.
The rock is affected by physical weathering and has weathering
pattern like elephant skin.
The rock is marble like and its reaction with acid is vigorous
FAULT
Faults are well- defined cracks along which the rock- masses on either
side have relative displacement along the fracture plane. The attitude of
faults is defined in terms of their strike and dip. The strike and dip of a
fault are measured in the same way as they are defined in terms of their
strike and dip .The strike and dip of fault are measured in the same way

as they are for bedding.

RECOGNITION OF FAULT IN THE FIELD
To recognize the faults in the field, a number of criteria are used. The
faults may be directly seen in the field, particularly in artificial express
such as river-cuttings, road Cuttings, etc. But is majority of cases, faults
are recognized by stratigraphic and physiographic evidences as:

Discontinuity of structures
Repetition or omission of strata
Solidification and mineralization
Presence of features characteristic of fault-planes (slickenside,
gouge, fault breccia)

3.4 Unconformity
An unconformity is defined as a surface of erosion or non depositing
occurring within a sequence of rocks. It indicates a gap or interval of
time in the geological history of the area during which the normal
process of deposition was interrupted. It is a structural feature in the
sense that rock formations lying above and below it generally represent
different conditions under which they have been formed.
RECOGNITION OF UNCONFORMITY IN THE FIELD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Visual inspection of the angular relation between the sequences.

Presence of Basal Conglomerate.
Availability of the residual soil within the sequence of rocks.
Exposure of the erosion surface.
Contrasting behavior of the rocks from a particular surface.

6. Variation or gap in the geological age of the rocks of the sequence

Joint: The rupture surface presented after the cracks is known as joints.
These are the divisional planes or fractures, which divide rocks into
parts or blocks without transverse movement of the blocks. There may or
may not be small movement in the blocks perpendicular to the fracture
surface. The joints may be open or closed. These may be smooth and
straight or rough and curved in outline. Joints are caused due to tectonic
stress, residual stress, contraction due to shrinkage, surface movement
and blasting and explosion. The joints are recognized in the field as
follows:
Fractures observed in the rocks without considerable displacement.
Visual inspection and thorough geological study of the site.
Dimension of joints varies from short in extension to miles together.
It sometimes controls the drainage pattern of an area, shape of the
coastline.
Veins: The narrow strips generally found in metamorphic rocks are
called veins. They are small, usually discordant or concordant to the
original bedding planes, and formed by the silica secreted by country
rocks. During our study we observed the quartz vein near TrishuliThopal confluence view point at the suspension bridge side of Trishuli
River. The presence of vein in the rock has great significance in civil
engineering activities. The vein may reduce the strength and may cause
to parting the rocks.
The Mahabharat thrust lies in the south of the main central thrust and
towards the north of the main boundary thrust. It is produced due to

pushing of the Indian plate on the Tibetan plate. The reverse fault in
which the hanging wall is actually moved up relative to the footwall is
known as thrust fault or simply thrusts. The fault angle is quite low in
thrusts. These are very common occurrence in folded mountains and
seem to have originated as a further step in the process of adjustment of
rocks to the imposed stresses.

Engineering Geological Significance of the Geological Structures

These Geological Structures plays the significant role in civil
Engineering purposes. Following are the engineering significances of the
various geological structures:
Joint
Evaluation of rock mass for specific purpose is based on intensity
of joints. Presence of joints in the rock reduces its strength.
Interrupts the transfer of stresses.
Variation in the porosity and permeability of the rock mass.
Stability of slopes and engineering structures develops on the
nature, type and orientation of joints
Fold
Change in attitude may result variation in evaluation of beds to
engineering structures.
Due to shattering of rocks, axes of folds are weak.
Variation in porosity and permeability.
Formation of arches during the transformation of stresses.

 Variation in water pressure.

Unconformity
Source of surprises or considerable errors in qualitative as well
quantitative judgment of the site.
Variation in the stability of the rock sequences adjacent to the
unconformity surface
Unconformities are the weak contacts which may interrupt the
stress transfer or deviate the stress path.
The unconformity surface can result the permeability contract.
Fault
The fault has great significance in civil engineering works. A civil
engineer has to ascertain for the presence of faults and investigate
thoroughly their effects on the construction site. The construction site
should be located far from an active fault. Faults are always associated
with earthquakes. Thus tectonic history of the area under consideration
must be studied thoroughly.
Change in attitude may result variation in evaluation of beds to
engineering structures.
Variation in porosity and permeability
Fault zone serves as easy pathways for the water which can cause
leakage when let untreated in dams and reservoirs and can become
source of great trouble when encountered across highways.
Faulting products like gauge and breccias create additional
problems always adding to the condition that cause instability and
the failure.
Veins
The presence of veins cause the decrease in the strength of rocks

 Thrust
Since it is a type of fault it has the same significance as described
in the fault.

CONCLUSION
Finally as a conclusion of the two days geological tour to the Malekhu
site , we realized the engineering geology has wide scope in civil
engineering field and is very much important in both theoretical and
practical point of view. Since Malekhu has various geological features,
different types of mass movement activities like slope failure, landslides
and formed with different types of rock, river morphologies and
different rock formations, it has proved that it is one of the best site for
the geological studies and we were able to explore it to its maximum
depth though to explore any geologically important place to totally is
impossible. Now, we have knowledge to identify and cause measure
about such field. We are now, able to identify different type of rocks
weather sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous and different types of
mass movement activities, its cause and nature, slope stability
measurement for stability analysis Also, this geological tour gave the
knowledge about morphology of river channel such as external
appearance of river channel, their structures like Delta, Side bar or Point
bar, Island, River valleys and nature of river etc. The gain knowledge of
rock mass rating and determining the quality, strength and class of the
rock at the site. Finally, the Geological tour to Malekhu is more fruitful
and from that we achieved knowledge and process of documentation of
different geological activities, geological boundaries, geological units,
technique of rock mass rating etc. It is better to say that Engineering
geological tour for a civil engineer is one of the most essential aspect for
his skill, practical knowledge about the field and in overall career
development. In short this visit gave us lots of ideas regarding
engineering works and geology. We also gained knowledge to analyze
the engineering significance of various landforms. So the visit was
fruitful.