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Classificationandfunctionofrelays

Classificationandfunctionofrelays
Aprotectionrelayisadevicethatsensesanychangeinthesignalwhichitisreceiving,
usuallyfromacurrentand/orvoltagesource.Ifthemagnitudeoftheincomingsignalis
outsideapresetrange,therelaywilloperate,generallytocloseoropenelectrical
contactstoinitiatesomefurtheroperation,forexamplethetrippingofacircuitbreaker.
3.1Classification:
Protectionrelayscanbeclassifiedinaccordancewiththefunctionwhichtheycarryout,
theirconstruction,theincomingsignalandthetypeoffunctioning.
3.1.1Generalfunction:
Auxiliary.
Protection.
Monitoring.
Control.
3.1.2Construction:
Electromagnetic.
Solidstate.
Microprocessor.
Computerized.
Nonelectric(thermal,pressure......etc.).

3.1.3Incomingsignal:
Current.
Voltage.
Frequency.
Temperature.
Pressure.
Velocity.
Others.
3.1.4Typeofprotection
Overcurrent.
Directionalovercurrent.
Distance.
Overvoltage.
Differential.
Reversepower.
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Other.

Figure1Armaturetyperelay
Insomecasesaletterisaddedtothenumberassociatedwiththeprotectionin
ordertospecifyitsplaceoflocation,forexampleGforgenerator,for
transformeretc.Nonelectricrelaysareoutsidethescopeofthisbookand
thereforearenotreferredto.
3.2Electromagneticrelays
Electromagneticrelaysareconstructedwithelectrical,magneticand
mechanicalcomponents,haveanoperatingcoilandvariouscontactsandare
veryrobustandreliable.Theconstructioncharacteristicscanbeclassifiedin
threegroups,asdetailedbelow.
3.2.1Attractionrelays
AttractionrelayscanbesuppliedbyACorDC,andoperatebythe
movementofapieceofmetalwhenitisattractedbythemagneticfieldproduced
byacoil.Therearetwomaintypesofrelayinthisclass.
Theattractedarmaturerelay,whichisshowninfigure1,consistsofabar
orplateofmetalwhichpivotswhenitisattractedtowardsthecoil.
Thearmaturecarriesthemovingpartofthecontact,whichisclosedor
openedaccordingtothedesignwhenthearmatureisattractedtothecoil.Theother
typeisthepistonorsolenoidrelay,illustratedinFigure2,inwhichbarorpistonis
attractedaxiallywithinthefieldofthesolenoid.Inthiscase,thepistonalsocarries
theoperatingcontacts.
ItcanbeshownthattheforceofattractionisequaltoK1I2K2,where1depends
uponthenumberofturnsontheoperatingsolenoid,theairgap,theeffectivearea
andthereluctanceofthemagneticcircuit,amongotherfactors.K2istherestraining
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force,usuallyproducedbyaspring.Whentherelayisbalanced,theresultantforceis
zeroandtherefore112= K2,
Sothat
Inordertocontrolthevalueatwhichtherelaystartstooperate,the
restrainingtensionofthespringortheresistanceofthesolenoidcircuitcanbe
varied,thusmodifyingtherestrictingforce.Attractionrelayseffectivelyhaveno
timedelayand,forthatreason,arewidelyusedwheninstantaneousoperationsare
required.
3 . 2 . 2 Relayswithmoveablecoils
Thistypeofrelayconsistsofarotatingmovementwithasmallcoilsuspendedor
pivotedwiththefreedomtorotatebetweenthepolesofapermanentmagnet.The
coilisrestrainedbytwospringswhichalsoserveasconnectionstocarrythecurrent
tothecoil.
Thetorqueproducedinthecoilisgivenby:

T=B.l.a.N.i
Where:
T=torque
B=fluxdensity
L=lengthofthecoil
a=diameterofthecoil
N=numberofturnsonthecoil
i=currentflowingthroughthecoil

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Figure2Solenoidtyperelay

Figure3Inversetimecharacteristic
Fromtheaboveequationitwillbenotedthatthetorquedevelopedisproportionalto
thecurrent.Thespeedofmovementiscontrolledbythedampingaction,whichis
proportionaltothetorque.Itthusfollowsthattherelayhasaninversetime
characteristicsimilartothatillustratedinFigure3.Therelaycanbedesignedso
thatthecoilmakesalargeangularmovement,forexample80.
3 . 2 . 3 Inductionrelays
Aninductionrelayworksonlywithalternatingcurrent.Itconsistsofan
electromagneticsystemwhichoperatesonamovingconductor,generallyinthe
formofadiscorcup,andfunctionsthroughtheinteractionofelectromagnetic
fluxeswiththeparasiticFaultcurrentswhichareinducedintherotorbythese
fluxes.Thesetwofluxes,whicharemutuallydisplacedbothinangleandin
position,produceatorquethatcanbeexpressedby
T=1.1.2.sin,
Where1and2aretheinteractingfluxesandisthephaseanglebetween1and
2.Itshouldbenotedthatthetorqueisamaximumwhenthefluxesareoutof
phaseby90,andzerowhentheyareinphase.

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Figure4Electromagneticforcesin
inductionrelays
Itcanbeshownthat1=1sint,and2=2sin(t+ ) , where isthe
anglebywhich2leads1.Then:

And

Figure4showstheinterrelationshipbetweenthecurrentsandtheopposingforces.
Thus:
F = ( F 1 F 2 ) (2i1+1i2)

F21sinT

Inductionrelayscanbegroupedintothreeclassesassetoutbelow.
Shadedpolerelay
Inthiscaseaportionoftheelectromagneticsectionisshortcircuitedbymeans
ofacopperringorcoil.Thiscreatesafluxintheareainfluencedbytheshort
circuitedsection(thesocalledshadedsection)whichlagsthefluxinthe
nonshadedsection,seeFigure5.
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Figure5Shadedpolerelay

Figure6Wattmetrictyperelay
Initsmorecommonform,thistypeofrelayusesanarrangementofcoilsaboveand
belowthediscwiththeupperandlowercoilsfedbydifferentvaluesor,insomecases,
withjustonesupplyforthetopcoil,whichinducesanoutofphasefluxinthelower
coilbecauseoftheairgap.Figure6illust r atesatypicalarrangement.
Cuptyperelay
Thistypeofrelayhasacylindersimilartoacuwhichcanrotateintheannularairgap
betweenthepolesofthecoils,andhasafixedcentralcore,seeFigure7.Theoperation
ofthisrelayisverysimilartothat

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Figure7Cuptyperelay
Ofaninductionmotorwithsalientpolesforthewindingsofthestator.
Configurationswithfouroreightpolesspacedsymmetricallyaroundthe
circumferenceofthecupareoftenused.Themovementofthecylinderislimitedto
asmallamountbythecontactandthestops.specialspringprovidesthe
restrainingtorque.
Thetorqueisafunctionoftheproductofthetwocurrentsthroughthecoilsand
thecosineoftheanglebetweenthem.Thetorqueequationis
T=(KI1I2cos(12)Ks),
WhereK,.sandaredesignconstants,1andI2arethecurrentsthroughthe
twocoilsand12istheanglebetweenI1andI2.
Inthefirsttwotypesofrelaymentionedabove,whichareprovidedwithadisc,
theinertiaofthediscprovidesthetimedelaycharacter
istic.Thetimedelaycanbe
increasedbytheadditionofapermanentmagnet.Thecuptyperelayhasasmall
inertiaandisthereforeprincipallyusedwhenhighspeedoperationisrequired,for
exampleininstantaneousunits.

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