GLOSSARY

1stpersonAgrammaticalpersonthatisusedwhenthespeakerisalsothesubject.
Forinstance,Jesuisunhomme("Iamaman").
2ndpersonAgrammaticalpersonthatisusedwhenthespeakerisspeakingtothe
subject.Forinstance,Tuesunhomme("Youareaman").
3rdpersonAgrammaticalpersonthatisusedwhenthesubjectisn'tapersonwho
isinvolvedintheconversation.Forinstance,C'estunhomme("Heisaman").
accentAtypeofdiacritic.Frenchhastheacuteaccent(),whichsoundslikethe
endingsoundof"clich",andthegraveaccent(),whichsoundsliketheEsoundin
"lemon".
Moreinfoaboutaccents.
accuteaccent()AnaccentthatonlyappearsonEtoproduceapure[e]sound.
activevoiceAtypeofgrammaticalvoicethatisusedwhenthesubjectisalsothe
agentoftheclause.Forinstance,"Bobthrowsaball"isintheactivevoicebecause
Bobisboththeagentandsubject.MostsentencesareinactivevoiceinEnglishand
French.
adjectiveAwordthatmodifiesanoun.Forinstance,beau("beautiful").
Most adjectives come after their nouns in French, but BANGS adjectives come
before.
Marronand
orange

areinvariable.
adverbAwordthatmodifiesaverboradjective.Forinstance,toujours("always").
Someadverbsareformedbytakingthefeminineformofanadjectiveandadding
ment.
Ici,
l
,and

lbas
Addingci
and
l
afterwords
adverbialpronounApronounthatactslikeanadverb.Therearetwoadverbial
pronounsinFrench:en(whichcanreplacede+noun)andy(whichcanreplace+
inanimateobject).Forinstance,j'yvaismeans"Iamgoingthere".
agentSomethingthatperformsanaction.Forinstance,when"Bobthrowsaball",
Bobistheagent.
agreement [concord] When a word changes inflection (form) based on the
propertiesofanounorpronoun.Forinstance,adjectivesinFrenchagreeinnumber
andgenderwithnouns.
antecedent The thing that a pronoun refers to or replaces, usually something
impliedoralreadymentioned.
articleAtypeofdeterminerthatusuallyindicateswhetherornotanoun'sidentity
is known to the speakers. Articles must agree with the nouns they modify. For
instance,lechat("thecat")andlafemme("thewoman").
auxiliary verb A verb used to construct compound tenses. The most common
auxiliaryisavoir,buttreisalsousedinafewcases.
cedilla()AnaccentthatappearsontheletterCtocreateasoftCsound(likein
"cent").Otherwise,CtakesahardsoundbeforeA,O,andU.
circumflexAnaccentthatappearsonvowelsthatusedtobefollowedbyanSin
OldFrench,likefentre(fenestre).OntheletterE,itcreatesa[]sound.Itcanalso
sometimesdifferentiatehomophoneslikedanddu.
clauseAsequenceofwordsthatcontainsatleastasubjectandverb.Therearetwo
typesofclauses:independentanddependent.
colonApunctuationmarkthatisoftenusedtointroduceadditionalinformation:

explanations,descriptions,lists,etc.InFrench,itmustbesurroundedbyaspaceon
eachside.
comma(,)Apunctuationmarkthatseparatesclauses,itemsinalist,ordecimal
placesfromintegerplaces.
comparativeAcomparisonthatisexpressedusingadverbs.Forexample, moins
souvent("lessoften").Tocomparetwothings,usetheconstructionplus/moins/aussi+
adjective/adverb+que.Forinstance,plusgrandquemoi("tallerthanme").
compoundpasttense[passcompos]Acompoundtensethatusuallydescribes
completed,ongoing,orhabitualactionsfromthepast.Itusesthepastparticipleand
canoftenbetranslatedtotheEnglishsimplepastorpresentperfecttenses.
Auxiliaryverbchoice
Pastparticipleagreement
compoundtenseAverbtenseconstructedusinganauxiliary(treoravoir).
compoundverbAtwopartverbthatexpressesacompoundtense.Thefirstpartof
theverbisaconjugatedauxiliary(treoravoir,dependingontheverb).Thesecond
partisaparticipleofthemainverb.
conditional mood A grammatical mood used for events that may not occur,
especiallyifcertainconditionsarenotmet.Forinstance, Ilmangeraitsasoupes'il
avaitfaim("Hewouldhaveeatenhissoupifhewerehungry").Theconditionalmood
canalsobeusedforpoliterequests.Forinstance,J'ameraisl'acheter("Iwouldliketo
buyit").
conjugationThewayaverbchangesformbasedonthesubjectofasentence.This
alsoreferstoacommoninflectionpatternamongsimilarverbs(e.g.erverbs).
consonantAletterorsoundthatispronouncedbyfullorpartialclosureofthe
vocaltract.Alternatively,aconsonantcanbedefinedasanynonvowelsound.
continuoustense[progressivetense]Averbtensethatdescribesanactionthatisin
progress.Frenchdoesnothavespecializedcontinuoustenses,buttheexpression en
traindecanbeusedasaproxy.
contractionAshortenedwordcreatedfromthecombinationoftwoormorewords.
ThemostcommoncontractionsinFrencharedu(de+le),des(de+les),au(+le),
andaux(+les).
coordinatingconjunctionOneofsevenwordsusedtocoordinatewords,groupsof
words,orclauses:mais,ou,et,donc,or,ni,car.Unlikesubordinatingconjunctions,
theydonotintroducedependentclauses.
copulaAwordusedtolinkasubjectwithitspredicate.ThemainEnglishcopulais
"tobe",whilethemainFrenchcopulaistre.
countnounAnounthatcanbecounted,like unhomme.Countnounscantake
definiteandindefinitearticles.
defectiveverbAverbthatdoesnothaveacompleteconjugation.Forinstance,
falloir("tobenecessary")hasonlyonepresenttenseinflection:ilfaut.
definitearticleAnarticleusedforspecificnounsthatareknowntothespeakersor
forgeneralizations.Itsformsare le (masc.sing.), la (fem.sing.), l' (beforevowel
sounds),andles(masc.orfem.plural).
LesorDes?
demonstrativeAnadjectiveorpronounthatpointsoutaspecificobject,oftenone
thathasalreadybeenmentioned.Forinstance,cettefemme(thiswoman)orceuxl
(thoseones).
dependentclause[subordinateclause]Asequenceofwordswithatleastasubject

andverbthatisintroducedbyarelativepronoun(qui,que,dont,o)orsubordinating
conjunction(que,quand,comme,si,etc).
determiner A type of word that helps give context to a noun. Two common
determinersarearticles(e.g.la)andpossessiveadjectives(e.g.mon).
diacriticAsmallmarkaddedtoaletterthatchangesitssound.Frenchhasfour
diacritics:theacuteaccent(),graveaccent(),circumflex(),andcedilla().
directobjectSomethingthatisdirectlyaffectedbyanaction.Forinstance,when
"Bobthrowsaballatyou",theballisthedirectobject.
Differenttypesofobjectpronouns
disjunctivepronoun[stressedpronoun/tonicpronoun]Atypeofpersonalpronoun
thatisusedinspecificsituations,likeafterprepositions(chezelle),whenthereis
morethanonesubject(toietmoi),inincompletesentencefragments(Moiaussi!),and
othersituations.
dummysubjectThesubjectofanimpersonalstatement.Dummysubjectsarenever
realthings,butratherjustplaceholders.Forinstance,in Ilpleut ("Itisraining"), il
doesnotrefertoanythingreal.
elisionWhentheendingvowelsoundofawordisomittedtoavoidconflictswith
thebeginningvowelsoundofthenextword.Forinstance,delabecomesdel'eau.
enchainementWhereasoundedendingconsonantispushedtothenextword,
whereit'spronouncedaspartofthefirstsyllable.Thisissimilartoliaisons,except
thatitappliestoconsonantsthatwerenotsilentbefore.
ending(verb)Thepartofaninfinitivethatcomesafterthestem.Theendingcan
oftenindicatehowtheverbshouldbeconjugated.Forinstance,in aimer, er isthe
ending.
euphonicT[epentheticT]Ameaningless"T"thatmustbeinsertedinthemiddle
ofaninversionforeuphonywhentheverbendsinavowelandthepronounbegins
withone.
euphonyThepleasingsoundofharmonioussyllables.AkeyfeatureofFrenchand
thereasonwhyelisionsandliaisonsexist.
exclamation point ( ! ) [exclamation mark] A punctuation mark that ends a
sentenceandputsadditionalemphasisonit!InFrench,itmustbesurroundedbya
spaceoneachside.
faux amis A French word and an English word that look similar but are not
synonymous.
feminineOneoftwogrammaticalgendersinFrench.Forinstance,lapommeand
lafemmearefeminine.
futuretenseAnyofanumberofverbtensesthatdescribeactionsthatwilltake
placeinthefuture.
genderAnounclassificationsystemthatsplitsFrenchnounsintotwogroups:
masculine or feminine. A noun's gender may or may not be based on its actual
physiologicalgender.
NoungendersinFrench
gerundAverbformthatcanfunctionasanoun,forinstance,bothverbsin"Seeing
isbelieving".Englishgerundscanusuallybetranslatedtoeitherinfinitivesorpresent
participlesinFrench.Forinstance,Voir,c'estcroire("Seeingisbelieving").
graveaccentAnaccentthatcanappearonA/E/U,thoughitonlychangesthe
sound for E (to [], which is the E in "lemon"). Otherwise, it distinguishes
homophoneslikea(aconjugatedformofavoir)and(apreposition).

Group1verb[1stgroupverb]Agroupofverbsthatincludesregularerverbslike
parler.
Moreinformationonverbgroups
Group2verb[2ndgroupverb]Agroupofverbsthatincludesregularirverbsthat
havepluralpresentformsendinginissons,issez,andissent,likefinir.
Group3verb[3rdgroupverb]Agroupofverbsthatincludesallotherverbs(e.g.
prendre)andverbsthatarenotregularerorirverbs.
guillemet()TheFrenchversionofquotationmarks.Eachguillemetmustbe
surroundedbyspaces.
Haspir[aspiratedH]AstartingHthatactslikeaconsonant,prohibitingelisions
andliaisons.Forinstance,theHinlehros("thehero").
Hmuet[muteH/nonaspiratedH]AstartingHthatactslikeavowel,allowing
elisionsandliaisons.Forinstance,theHinl'homme("theman").
hiatusAvowelconflictcreatedbytwoconsecutivevowelsounds.Manyeuphonic
rulesinFrencharedesignedtohelpavoidthese.
historic tense A verb tense reserved for writing about history. In French, the
(historical)presenttenseisoftenusedtodescribepastevents,thoughthepasttenseis
usuallyfavoredinEnglish.Forexample,Plustard,ilrejointleRealMadrid("Later,
herejoinsRealMadrid").
idiomAmeaningofawordorphrasethatdiffersfromitsliteralmeaning.For
instance,ilfaitchaudisanidiomthatmeans"itishot",not"itmakeshot".
imperativemoodAgrammaticalmoodusedwhencommandingotherstoperform
anaction.Forinstance,Mangetasoupe!("Eatyoursoup!").
imperfect tense [imparfait] A type of past tense that is used for incomplete,
habitual,orrepeatedactionsoractionswithanundefinedduration.Itoftentranslates
totheEnglishcontinuouspasttense,simplepast,or"usedto"+verb.Forinstance,Il
mangeaitdupain("Hewaseatingbread","Heatebread"[repeatedly],"Hewouldeat
bread",or"Heusedtoeatbread").
impersonalexpressionAclausethatdoesnothavearealsubject.Forinstance,Il
pleut("Itisraining").
impersonalpronounApronounthatisinvariablewithgrammaticalperson.For
instance,cela("that"/"it").
indefiniteadjectiveAnadjectiveusedtodescribenounsinanonspecificsense.
Forinstance,plusieurs("several"),asinplusieurshommes("severalmen").
indefinite article An article used for countable nouns that are unspecified or
unknowntothespeakers.Itsformsareun,une,anddes.
WhynotJesuisunprofesseur

?
indefinitepronounApronounthatreferstoanonspecificnoun.Forinstance,onis
anindefinitesubjectpronounthatreferstoavaguegroupofpeople.
indefiniterelativepronounArelativepronounthathasnoantecedent.Forinstance,
C'estcequejecrois("That'swhatIbelieve").
independent clause A clause that can stand on its own as a simple sentence.
Usually, independent clauses do not contain a relative pronoun or subordinating
conjunction.
indicativemoodAgrammaticalmoodusedforstatementsmadewithcertainty.For
instance,Jemangemasoupe("Iameatingmysoup").
indirectobjectSomethingthatisindirectlyaffectedbyanaction.Forinstance,
when"Bobthrowsaballatyou",youaretheindirectobject.

Differenttypesofobjectpronouns
infinitive The basic and unconjugated form of a verb, often used in verb
constructions.Allinfinitivesendineitherer,ir,orre.
inflectionAchangeintheformofawordtoindicateachangeintense,gender,
number, person, etc. Verb inflections are called "conjugations" and most other
inflectionsarecalled"declensions".
International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA] An alphabetic system that describes
phonemes(sounds)frommanyworldlanguages.
interrogativeAnygroupofwordsthatfunctionsasameansofaskingaquestion.In
English, the main interrogatives are "who", "what", "when", "why", "where", and
"how".
interrogative adjective An adjective that can be used to create questions. For
instance,quel("which").
QuelvsLaquelle
interrogativeadverbAnadverbthatcanbeusedtocreatequestions.Forinstance,
combien("howmuch"/"howmany").
interrogativepronounApronounthatcanbeusedtocreatequestions.Forinstance,
lequel("whichone").
intonationTheuseofthepitchofone'svoicetoconveymeaning.Forinstance,for
both French and English, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence indicates a
question.
intransitiveverbAverbthatcannothaveadirectobject.Forinstance,pleuvoir("to
rain").
invariabilityAqualityofawordthatpreventsitfromchanginginflection(form)to
agreewithagrammaticalpropertyofanotherword.Forinstance,marron("brown")is
completelyinvariableandneverchangestoagreewithanoun.
inversionAformalmethodofaskingquestionsinwhichtheverbandpronoun
switchplacesandareconnectedbyahyphen.Forexample, Mangestutasoupe?
("Areyoueatingyoursoup?").
irregularverbAverbwhoseconjugationsdonotfollowanycommonpatterns.
liaisonWhereanotherwisesilentendingconsonantispushedtothenextword,
whereit'spronouncedaspartofthefirstsyllable.Forinstance,lesamisispronounced
like"layzamee".Thisisaeuphonicmeasuredesignedtopreventconsecutivevowel
sounds.
Moreinfoaboutliaisons.
literarytenseOneofseveraltensesreservedspecificallyforliteratureorhistorical
writing.
masculineOneoftwogrammaticalgendersinFrench.Forinstance, unchatand
l'hommearemasculine.
massnoun[uncountablenoun]Anounthatcannotbecounted,likedulait.Mass
nounscantakedefiniteandpartitivearticles.
modal verb A type of English auxiliary verb that indicates modality (ability,
permission,likelihood,etc).Forinstance,"should".Frenchdoesnothaveadistinct
setofmodalverbs,butitdoeshavesemiauxiliaryverbsthatbehavesimilarly.
mood [mode] Any of a number of verb conjugations that signal a speaker's
attitude.Themostcommonmoodis"indicative",whichisusedforstatements.
narrativetenseAformalliterarytenseusedexclusivelyinwritingduringnarration.
nasalvowelAvowelcreatedbyforcingairthroughboththemouthandnose

simultaneously.Forinstance,thesoundofun([
]).Nasalvowelsareusuallyfound
whenavowelletterappearsbeforeanMorN,thoughthisisnotalwaystrue.
NasalvowelsinFrench
nearfuturetense[immediatefuture/futurproche]Notatruetense,butratheraverb
constructionusing aller andaninfinitivethatreferstosomethingthatwillhappen
verysoon.Forinstance,Ilvamanger("Heisgoingtoeat").
nearpasttense[immediatepast/passrcent]Notatruetense,butratheraverb
construction using venir de and an infinitive that refers to something that has
happenedrecently.Forinstance,Ilvientdemanger("Hejustate").
negationAwordorphrasethatchangesthemeaningofasentencetoitsnegative.
negative adjective An adjective that negates or limits a noun. For instance,
ne...aucun(e)canchange J'aiunerobe("Ihaveadress")toJen'aiaucunerobe("I
havenodress").
negative adverb An adverb that negates or restricts a verb. For instance, the
negativeadverbne...pascanbeusedtoturnjemange("Ieat")tojenemangepas("I
donoteat").
negativepronounApronounthatnegatesorlimitsthenounthatitreplaces.For
instance,personneneinPersonnen'estici("Nobodyishere").
nounApartofspeechthatrepresentsaperson,place,thing,idea,etc.
number (grammatical) A grammatical classification system that indicates how
manyindividualthingsarebeingdescribedbyasubjectorobjectinaclause.
objectpronounApronounusedtorefertoadirectorindirectobject.
Differenttypesofobjectpronouns
participleA formofaverbthatcanbeusedas anadjectiveorattheendof
compoundverbs.
partitivearticleAnarticleusedforunspecifiedamountsofuncountablenouns.Its
formsaredu,dela,anddel'.
Lesordes?
passivevoiceAtypeofgrammaticalvoiceusedwhenthesubjectisnottheagent,
butratherthethingbeingactedupon.Forinstance,"TheballisthrownbyBob"is
passivebecauseBobisnotthesubject.InbothEnglishandFrench,thecopula("is",
"am",est,suis,etc.)usuallysignalsthepassivevoiceandapreposition("by",par,de)
introducestheagent.Forinstance,inFrench,theaforementionedexamplesentence
wouldbeLaballeestlanceparBob.
pastparticipleApasttenseparticiple,usuallyusedincompoundpasttenseslike
thepasscompos.
Pastparticipleagreement
pastsubjunctiveThesubjunctivetensethatshouldbeusedwhenthesubjunctive
actionoccurredbeforetheintroductoryaction.
pasttenseAnyofanumberofverbtensesthatdescribeactionsthatoccurredinthe
past.
periodApunctuationmarkthatendsasentence.
person(grammatical)Thequalityofasubjectandverbinasentencethatindicates
therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthesubject.Forinstance,infirstperson,the
speakeristhesubject.
personalpronounApronounthatchangesbasedonthegrammaticalperson.For
instance,je("I").
PersonalpronounsinFrench

C'estvs
Ilest
pluperfecttense[plusqueparfait]Averbtensethatdescribesactionsfromthefar
past that occurred before some other action. The pluperfect is formed using the
imperfectconjugationoftheauxiliaryverbandthepastparticipleofthemainverb.
pluralAgrammaticalnumberthatreferstomorethanonething.Forinstance,des
pommes("someapples")isplural.
Regularandirregularplurals
possessive A word that describes ownership or association. For instance, mon
("my").
possessive adjective An adjective that indicates possession for a noun. For
instance,mainmasoupe("mysoup").
possessivepronounApronounthatreplacesapossessiveadjective+noun.For
instance, C'estmasoupe ("It'smysoup")canbereplacedby C'estlamienne ("It's
mine").
predicateThepartofaclausethatdescribeswhatthesubjectisorwhatthesubject
is doing.Essentially,thisis everythinginasentencethatis notasubject.Inthe
sentence"Iamaman","amaman"isthepredicate.
prepositionAwordthatdescribestherelationshipofanounwithanotherwordin
thesentence.Someprepositions aretemporalanddescriberelationshipsinvolving
time (e.g. aprs, "after"). Others are spatial and describe relationships involving
location(e.g.sous,"under").
Aguidetoen
presentparticiple[legrondif]Apresenttenseparticiple,commonlyusedasan
adjectiveorgerund.Forexample,Ilparleenmangeant("Hespeakswhileeating").
present subjunctive The subjunctive tense that should be used when the two
actions described in a subjunctive sentence occur in the same time framefor
instance,whentheyarebothinthepast.
presenttenseAverbtensethatdescribesactionsthatarestilloccurring.
pronominalverbAtypeofverbthatcanonlybeformedusingareflexivepronoun.
Forinstance,selever("togetup").
pronominalvoiceAtypeofgrammaticalvoiceusedwhentheagentisthesubject
andisperformingtheactiononitself.Forinstance, Jemerase literallymeans"I
shavemyself",thoughitcanbesimplifiedto"Ishave".
pronounApartofspeechthatreplacesorreferstoanoun.Forinstance,il("he")or
je("I").
propernounAusuallycapitalizednounthatisonlyusedtorefertoaspecific(and
potentiallyunique)thing.Forinstance,Paris.Becareful,becausecapitalizationrules
arenotconsistentbetweenEnglishandFrench.Forinstance,namesofmonthsare
capitalizedinEnglishbutnotinFrench.
punctuationAsymbolusedtoaidinthereadingofasentencebymodifyingthe
grammatical properties of parts of the sentence. The most common type of
punctuationisthespace,whichusuallymarkstheendofaword.
questionAsentencethatrequestsinformation.
questionmarkApunctuationmarkthatendsasentence.Perhapsitindicatesthat
thatsentenceisaquestion?InFrench,itmustbesurroundedbyaspaceoneachside.
realsubjectAsubjectthatreferstoanactualperson,place,thing,oridea.
reflexive pronoun A pronoun that refers back to the subject of a clause. For
instance,seinIlserase("Heshaves[himself]").

reflexiveverbAverbthatactsreflexivelyuponthesubject.Manyverbscanbe
bothreflexiveandnonreflexive.Forinstance,demander("toask")canbereflexive
whenusedwithareflexivepronoun:Jemedemande("Iwonder",orliterally,"Iask
myself").
registerAnyofanumberoflevelsofformalityinFrenchcommunication.Register
candependonwordchoice,grammar,pronunciation,andmore.Higherregistersare
moreformal.Lower,morecasualregistersshouldonlybeusedwithclosefriendsand
family.
Tutoyerand
vuvoyer
regular verb A verb whose conjugations follow one of a number of common
patterns.Forinstance,80%ofFrenchverbsareregularGroup1verbsthatsharea
conjugationpattern.
relativeadjectiveAnadjectivethatreferencesanantecedentwhenusedwithalater
noun.Itisusuallyonlyusedinveryformalwriting.
relative clause [adjective clause] A subordinate clause that provides more
informationaboutapreviouslymentionednoun(theantecedent).Forinstance,C'est
l'hommequejeconnais("He'sthemanthatIknow").
relativepronounApronounthatintroducesarelativeclause.Therearetwoin
French:quiandque.
semiauxiliaryverbAverbthatcanbeusedinfrontofanotherverbtoaffectits
meaning.Forinstance,devoirinJedoitmangerdelasoupe("Imusteatthesoup").
ThesearetheequivalentofmodalverbsinEnglish.
semicolonApunctuationmarkthatseparatestwoindependentclausesthatare
related;often,aperiodcanbeusedinstead.Theycanalsobeusedinseriallists
insteadofcommas.InFrench,itmustbesurroundedbyaspaceoneachside.
singularAgrammaticalnumberthatreferstoasinglething.Forinstance, une
pomme("anapple")issingular.
spellingchanging verb A slightly irregular er verb whose endings change in
certainforms.
statementAsentencethatstatesafactorbelief.
stativeverb[noncontinuousverb]Averbthatdescribesastateofbeing,suchas
"toknow".StativeverbsusuallycannotbeusedincontinuoustensesinEnglish.
stem(verb)[root]Thepartofaninfinitivethatcomesbeforetheending.Thestem
appearsinalmostallconjugationsoftheverb.Forinstance,for aimer, aim isthe
stem.
stemchangingverbAslightlyirregular er verbwhosestemchangesincertain
forms.
subjectThepersonorthingthatperformsanactionorisbeingdescribedina
sentence.
subjectcomplementAwordorphrasethatfollowsacopula.Forinstance,inthe
sentence"Iamaman","aman"isthesubjectcomplement.
subjectverbagreementTheagreementofaverbwiththesubjectofaclause.
subjunctive mood A grammatical mood used to express wishes, emotions, or
uncertainty.Thesubjunctivealwaysappearsinthesubordinateclauseofacompound
sentence.Itneverappearsasaloneverbinasimplesentence.Thesubjunctiveisused
moreofteninFrenchthaninEnglish.
subordinating conjunction A conjunction that joins a subordinate clause to an
independent clause. One of the most common subordinating conjunctions is que

("that").Forinstance,Jepensequej'aimelasoupe("IthinkthatIlikesoup").
superlativeAwordthatindicatesthatsomethinghasamaximalorminimalquality.
Forinstance,leplusinleplusgros("thebiggest").
tense(verb)Apartofagrammaticalsystemforprovidingtimereferenceusing
verbs.Manylanguageshaveatleastthreetenses:present,past,andfuture.
transitiveverbAverbthatcantakeadirectobject.Forinstance,manger("toeat").
voice (grammatical) [diathesis] A grammatical property that describes the
relationshipbetweenthesubjectandtheagentofasentence.
vowelAsoundorletterthatispronouncedwithanopenvocaltract.Thevowel
lettersinFrenchareA,E,I,O,U,Y,andthemuteH(e.g.homme).InFrench,vowel
soundscantriggerelision,laision,andanumberofothereuphonichabits.