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M.SC. I
The examination shall consist of six theory papers of 50 marks each and a practical of 150
marks. The minimum pass mark in both theory and practicals will be 36% of the aggregate separately.
The details of theory and practicals courses are given below:-
THEORY
Paper I :
Paper II :
Paper III:
Paper IV:
Paper V:
Paper VI:
Mathematical Physics
Electromagnetic Theory and Plasma Physics
Quantum Mechanics
Group Theory and Molecular Spectroscopy
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
Electronics
50
50
50
50
50
50
marks
marks
marks
marks
marks
marks
PRACTICALS
A candidate has to perform at least seven experiments from group A and seven from group B.
The candidate has to do one experiment from each group in the examination. Time alloted for
performing each experiment shall be five hours. The distribution of marks in examination shall be as
following:
Regular Candidate
40
40
40
30
Experiment I
Experiment II
Viva
Record
Total
150
Ex- Candidate
50
50
50
--150
Paper I
Mathematical Physics
(a) Tensor Analysis and Green function
(i) Tensor Analysis: Covariant and contravariant tensors, addition, multiplication, Contraction of
tensors, Tensor density, Levi-cevita tensor density, Pseudo-tensors, Symmetry properties, Differentiation,
Connection and covariant differentiations, Metric tensor.
(ii) Green Function: Green function properties, Integral-differential equation, Application to linear
oscillator (vibrating string), Eigen function, Eigen value equation, Green function for two and three
dimensions, Expansion in spherical and cylindrical coordinates, Structural Green function.
(b) Complex Variables and Fourier Transform:
(i) Complex variables: General function of complex variable, Cauchy-Riemann differential equation and
analyticity, conformal mapping(translation, rotation, inversion), Cauchy's integral formula, Taylor's and
Laurent's series, singularity poles, Residue theorem. Evalution of definite integrals (around unit circle,
infinite semi-circle using Jordan's lemma with poles lying on real axis and integration involving multiple
valued function-branch point).
(ii) Fourier Transform: Definition, Sine and Cosine transform, properties: linearity, change of scale,
translation. Modulation, simple applications.
(c) Numerical Analysis: Interpolation: methods of interpolation, least square curve fitting, Methods of
equal intervals, unequal intervals, central differences. Inverse interpolation: Iteration of successive
approximation, exchange of dependent and independent variables and reversion of series. Numerical
differentiation: Method based on interpolation, on finite differences. operator and on undetermined
coefficients. Numerical integration: Simpson's one-third and one-eighth rule, Euler-Maclaurin formula,
Quadrature formulae, Numerical Solution to ordinary differential equation by Euler's and Runge-Kutta
methods. Solution of algebraic and transcedental equations: Newton-Raphson method, Iterative
methods.
References:
1. Matrices and Tensors in Physics by A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi).
2. Mathematics for Physics by P. Dennery and A. Krzynicki (Harper and Row, New York).
3. Numerical Analysis by Balguruswamy.
4. Numerical Analysis by Harper.
5. Text book of Numerical Analysis by H.S. Sharma, G.C. Sharma and S.S. Choudhary
(Ratna Prakashan Mandir, Agra).
2
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper II
Electromagnetic Theory and Plasma Physics
(a) Electromagnetic theory:
(i) Maxwell Equations : Microscopic and Macroscopic fields,Macroscopic Maxwell equations,Fields D
and H , Dielectric tensor,Principal dielectric axes.
(ii) Potential and Guages : Scalar and vector potentials, Guage transformation,Lorentz guage and
Transverse gauge, Maxwell equations in terms of electromagnetic potentials.
(iii) Four Dimensional Formulation: Minkowski space, Intervals,Proper time, Lorentz
transformation,Transformation of velocities,addition of velocities,relativistic Doppler effect, Four vectors,
Four Tensor, Principle of least action, Four-momentum of a free particle.
(iv) Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space,
conducting and non-conducting medium, Reflection and refraction at a plane interface between
dielectrics, Polarisation by reflection, dispersion: Normal
and anomalous,metallic reflection.;
Electromagnetic waves propagation in bound media.
3
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper III
Quantum Mechanics
(a) Bra and Ket Notation:
Dirac's bra and ket notations, vector representation of states, bra and ket vectors, projection and
projection operators, linear operators; eigenvalue equation, orthonormality and completness relation,
relation between kets and wave function, concept of Hilbert space.
(b) Identical Particles:
The identity, symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions and their construction; exchange
degeneracy; particle exchange operator; Distinguishability of identical particles; Paulis exclusion
principle and Slaters determinant; Electron spin hypothesis and spin matrices for electron; Paulis eigen
values and eigen function; density operator and density matrices; symmetric and antisymmetric function
for hydrogen molecule.
(c) Matrix Mechanics:
Heisenberg matrix mechanics and its application to harmonic oscillator; Equivalence of wave
mechanics and matrix mechanics; Angular momentum; infinitesimal rotation operator; orbital and spin
momentum operators; commutation relation; Ladder operators (J+ and J-) and their commutation relation
with themselves; J and J2, Eigen values of J, J2, J+ and J-; Explicit forms of angular momentum
matrices; Eigen functions of J2 and J; coupling of two angular momenta and Clebsch-Gordon
coefficients; Addition of orbital and spin angular momentum and p-states of an electron; recursion
relation of Clebsh-Gordon coefficients; Selection rules in electromagnetic transition.
(d) Approximate Methods and Their Applications:
Stationary perturbation method: Nondegenerate and degenerate case; its application to
anharmonic oscillator, normal Zeeman and Stark effects. Variational method and its application to ground
and excited states of Helium atom and Vander Waals interaction; Exchange degeneracy. Time
dependent perturbation: harmonic perturbation and transition probability, semi-classical treatment of
radiation, Einstein coefficient; Complex Atoms; Central field approximation and Thomos-Fermi model of
Atoms; Hartree-Fock method of self consistent field and Energy state.
References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory by B.K.Agrawal (Lok Bharti Publication Allahabad)
4
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper IV
Group Theory and Molecular Spectroscopy
(a) Group Theory: Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, Point group and their representation,
Mathematical group, Matrix represntation, Orthogonality theorem (statements and interpretation only),
Reducible and irreducible representations, Direct product group, normal modes, symmetry
characterization of electronic states and vibrational modes of polyatomic molecules, character tables
(C2v, D3h and D6h).
(b) Molecular Structure: H2+ ion, Born-Oppenheimer approximation and its application, H2 molecule.
Heitler-London theory, Valence bond theory of diatomic molecules, exchange energy; Simple valence
bond treatment of H2O and C6H6 molecules; LCAO approximation, application to H2 and other molecules,
hybridization, Huckel approximation and its application to butadiene and benzene molecules.
(c) Molecular Spectroscopy :
(i) Rotation and Vibration Spectra : IR and Raman spectra of rigid rotator and harmonic oscillator, IR
and Raman spectra of non-rigid rotator, anharmonic oscillator and vibrating rotator, Intensities in rotation
- vibration spectra, Isotope effects in rotation and vibration spectra.
(ii) Electronic Spectra : Electronic energy and total energy, vibration structure of electronic transitions,
progressions and sequences, rotational structure of electronic bands, band head formation and band
origin. Intensity distribution in vibrational structure, Frank-Condon principle and its quantum mechanical
formulation, intensity alternation in rotational lines.
References :
1. Elements of Group theory for Physicists by A.W.Joshi (Wiley Eastern. Ltd. New Delhi).
2. Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics by M Tinkham (Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi).
3. Chemical Applications of Group Theory by F.A.Cotton (Wiley Eastern. Ltd. New Delhi ).
4. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure by G.Herzberg (Dover Publication, London).
5. Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids Vol.-I by J.C.Slater (Mc-Graw Hill, New York).
6. Valence by C.A.Coulson.
5
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper V
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
(a) Thermodynamics:
Entropy and probability; Thermodynamic potentials - Helmholtz, Gibbs, Enthalpy and Internal
energy; Equilibrium conditions for an isolated system; Third law of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics of first and second order phase transistion, Clausius - Clapeyron and
Ehrenfest's equations; Chemical potential and phase equilibria. Thermodynamic properties of liquid
Helium II, The lambda - transition, London's theory, Quantum liquid, Tisza two fluid model, Landau
structure, superfluidity, second sound.
(b) Statistical Mechanics:
Ensembles, Canonical, microcanonical and grand ensemles and their partition function, Partition
function for monoatomic and diatomic gases, Gibb's paradox, Sackur -Tetrode equation, Maxwell Boltzman, Bose - Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics; Degenerate bosons and Bose - Einstein
condensation, Black body radiation, electron gas and its thermodynamic properties. White dwarfs and
their limiting mass, statistical ( Thomas - Fermi) model of atom.
(c) Fluctuations and Cooperative Phenomena:
(i) Fluctuations: Mean square deviation, Fluctuation in ensembles; Concentration fluctuation in quantum
statistics, one dimensional random walk; Random walk and Brownian motion, Fourier analysis of random
function, Wiener-Khintchine theorem; The Nyquist theorem.
(ii)Cooperative Phenomena: Phase transitions of second kind, Ising model, Bragg-Willams
approximation, Kirkwood Method, Order-disorder in alloys, Structural phase change
References:
1. A Treatise on Heat by M.N.Saha and B.N.Srivastava ( Indian Press Limited, Allahabad)
2. Thermodynamics for Chemistis by S.Glasstone ( John Wiley, New York)
3. Thermal Physics by C.Kittel (John Wiley, New York 1969)
4. Statistical Mechanics by B.K.Agarwal and Melvin Eisner (Wiley Est. Ltd., Delhi)
5. Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter by E.S.R. Gopal ( Macmillan Ltd., Delhi)
6. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics by B.B.Laud ( Macmillan Ltd., Delhi)
6
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper - VI
Electronics
Regulator Circuits: Load and Line Regulation, Stabilization ratio, Internal impedance and
Number System and Codes: Binary, octal and hexadecimal system and their inter conversion,
Binary arithmetic, 1s, 2s and 9s compliments, addition and substraction, BCD and Gray codes, Signed
Numbers.
(ii) Boolean Algebra and Gates: Boolean variables, Boolean algebra, composite function and their
algebraic simplification, Precedance rule, De-Morgans theorem, Duality in Boolean Algebra, Logic gates,
Universality of NAND and NOR gates.
(iii) Logic Circuit Design: Standard representation of Logic function, SOP and POS terms and design of
Logic circuits using these terms, Karnaugh map, Simplification of Boolean expression, Half adder and
Full adder, Parallel adder, look ahead carry.
(iv) Elements of Logic Family: Transistor as a switch, FAN IN, FAN OUT, Noise immunity, Propagation
delay, RTL, DTL, TTL logic, sourcing and sinking logic, ECL logic.
7
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
References:
(1) Principle of electronics by V.K.Mehta ( S.Chand & Company, New Delhi).
(2) Switch Mode Power Conversion Basic Theory and Design by Kitsum ( Marcel Deknar Inc, New York).
(3) Power Electronics by PC Sen ( Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi).
(4) Pulse, Digital and Switching Wave Forms by J.Milman and H.Tab ( Mc graw Hill Kogakusha Ltd .
Tokyo)
(5) Modern Digital Electronics by R.P.Jain (Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi).
(6) Digital Principle and Application by A.P.Malvino and D.P.Leach ( Mc Graw Hill, New York).
8
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
PRACTICAL
Students will be required to perform at least seven experiments from course A as well as from
course B. They will have to maintain record books of experiments done for each course separately.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
COURSE A : Electronics
1. Study of regulator circuits
2. Study of switch mode power supply (SMPS)
3. Study of characteristic of SCR and controlled rectification by SCR.
4. Study of RC coupled amplifier
5. Study of emitter follower
6. Study of phase shift oscillator
7. Study of multivibrator : Use of 555
8. Study of saw tooth wave generation by UJT
9. Study of characteristics of operational amplifier
10. Study of TTL gates
11. Study of combinational logic circuits
12. Study of super heterodyne receiver
13. Study of linear and square wave detector
14. Microwave measurement : Mode analysis and standing wave ratio
COURSE B : Optical and General
1. Use of constant deviation spectrograph
2. Use of Fabry-Perot interferrometer
3. Use of concave grating
4. He-Ne Laser
5. e/m by Zeeman effect
6. EPR of free radicals
7. Programming on PC
8. Velocity of ultrasonic wave
9. Hall effect
10. Magnetic Susceptibility
11. Measurement of dipole moment
12. Use of scintillation counter
13. Determination of Dielectric Constant
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
There will be a practical examination of 150 marks. The candidate has to do one experiment
form each group. Duration of each experiment will be five hours. Distribution of marks shall be as follows
:
Students
Regular
Experiment
Experiment
Viva-Voce
Record
I
II
:
:
:
:
Total
Appearing as
Ex-student
40
40
40
30
50
50
50
--
150
150
9
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
M.Sc.II
The examination shall consists of six theory papers and a practical. Four theory papers namely
papers VII,VIII,IX and X shall be compulsory and papers XI and XII will be optional. Both optional papers
will be selected from the same group. The Minimum pass marks in both theory and practical will be 36
percent of aggregrate separately.There shall be a practical course for each optional group.The
distribution of marks shall be as following:
COMPULSORY THEORY PAPERS
Paper
VII
50 Marks
VIII
50 Marks
Paper
IX
Nuclear Physics
50 Marks
Paper
50 Marks
Astrophysics
Biophysics
Electronics
Solid State Physics
Spectroscopy and Lasers
X-rays
PRACTICALS
A candidate has to perform at least five experiments from Group A and five from Group B. In the
examination a candidate has to do two experiments one from each group. Time allotted for each
experiment shall be five hours. The distribution of marks shall be as follows :
Regular Candidate
40
40
40
30
Experiment I
Experiment II
Viva
Record
Total
150
Ex-Candidate
50
50
50
--150
10
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper VII
Classical Electrodynamics and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
(a) Classical Electrodynamics
(i) Charges in Electromagnetic Fields : Four Potential, Minimal coupling prescription, action of a
charged particle, generalised momentum and Hamilton equation of motion, Motion in constant uniform
magnetic field
(ii) Electromagntic Field Equations : Four dimensional formulation of equation of motion,
Electromagnetic field tensor, Transformation properties of electric and magnetic fields, Invariants of
Electromagnetic field, Four dimensional formulation of first and second pair of Maxwell equations, The
equation of continuity, Energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetic field
(iii) The Field of Moving Charges : Retarded potentials, The Lienard-Wiechert potentials, Field due to
system of charges at large distances, Dipole radiation,Quadrupole and magnetic dipole radiation; Field at
near distances, Radiation from a rapidly moving charge, Synchrotron radiation (magnetic
bremsstrahlung), Radiation damping
References:
1. The Classical theory of Fields by L. D. Landau and E.M.Lifshitz (Pergmon Press, Oxford)
2. Classical Electrodynamics by J.D. Jackson (Wiley East. Ltd.,Delhi)
3. Quantum Field Theory by B.K.Agrawal (Lok Bharti, Allahabad)
4. An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Field Theory by S.S. Schweber ( Harper and Row, New
York)
11
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper VIII
Solid State Physics
(a) Crystal Binding and Structure: Inert gas, Ionic, covalent, metallic and hydrogen bondings, space
lattice and basis, Lattice types, Miller indices, Important crystal structures(NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, graphite
and diamonds) ; Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Zone, Elementary idea of crystal structure analysis and
dislocations.
(b) Lattice Dynamics and Thermal Properties: Lattice vibrations of mono and diatomic chains;Infrared
absorption of ionic crystals;quantization of lattice vibration and phonon ; Einstein and Debye theories of
specific heat; Lattice thermal conductivity; Anharmonicity and Thermal expansion.
(c) Free Energy and Energy Band Theories: Sommerfield model, Density of states, Fermi and Mean
energies at zero and finite temperatures, specfic heat and Pauli paramagnetism; origin of
energy
bands; Bloch Theorem ; Kronig Penny model; Concepts of electron dynamics in crystalline lattice;Tight
binding approximation.
(d) Magnetic Properties: Magnetic ions and magnetic excited states,paramagnetism of non-interacting
magnetic ions and its application to rare-earth and transition metal ions in solids;
Ferromagnetism :
Magnetic domains and Landau theory of their origin; Basic features and their explanation by molecular
field theory; Heisenberg explanation of internal magnetic field; spin wave theory and magnons; Basic
features and Neels two sublattice models of antiferro and ferrimagnetic materials.
(e) Ferroelectricity and Superconductivity : Basic features and classification of ferroelectric materials,
Occurrence of ferroelectricity due to polarization catastrophe and very low frequency transverse optical
mode; Devonshire theory of ferroelectric phase transition; Elementary idea of Cocharans theory of
ferroelectric phase transition; Basic properties and types of superconductors; Thermodynamics of
superconducting transition , London equation, Coherence length, Basic idea of BCS Theory, Elementary
discussion of high Tc superconductors.
(f) Optical Properties: Optical reflectance,Kramers-Kronig relations; Conductivity and dielectric function
of collision electron gas ; Basic Theories and models of luminescence,phosphorescence,
thermoluminescence, electroluminescence and photo-conductivity; Exciton in ionic and Molecular
crystals, EHD(Electron-hole drops) and colour centres.
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper IX
Nuclear Physics
(a) Nuclear Models : Liquid drop model; Bethe-Weisacker formulae and its application to a and b decay
stabilities; Fermi Gas Model; Evidence of Nuclear Cell Structure; Nuclear Potential and sequence of
energy levels of nucleons, spin orbit potential and explanation of magic numbers, Prediction and
limitations of single particle cell model; individual particle model; collective model; concept of nuclear
core, Nilson unified model for deformed potential; elementary discussion of superfluid and optical
models.
(b) Nuclear Reaction : General features and concept of cross section; partial wave analysis of cross
section, optical theorem and shadow scattering, compound nucleas hypothesis; Breit-Wigner one level
formula, Effect of Barrier penetration; overlapping levels and statistical model, Ghoshal experiment,
evaporation model, Direct Reaction; peripheral scattering process, pickup and stripping reactions, optical
model in nuclear reaction, elementary discussion of nuclear reaction mechanism at different stages,
Nuclear fission: Bohr-Wheeler theory and its improvement using quantum effects, Nuclear fusion.
(c) Nuclear Reactors : Fission Reactor : Neutron multiplication factor in fission chain reaction; Fermis
four factor formula, resonance escape probability and thermal utilization factor; Basic reactor theory;
critical size of reactor, Reactor materials; Reactor control by delayed neutrons; Basic ideas of breeding
and fast neutron reactors.
Fusion Reactor: Fusion reaction, its cross section, reaction rate and critical temperature; Lawsons
criteria; Different methods of satisfying Lawsons criteria, magnetic confinement techniques, Tokamak and
magnetic mirror devices, Pellet fusion.
(d) Nuclear decay : Electromagnetic (Gamma) decay, Electric and Magnetic dipole (and multipole)
transitions and selection rules, Internal Conversion and O-O transition in Gamma decay, Mossbauer
effect and its application(brief) ;Beta()decay, Energy (linear and angular) momentum crisis in -decay,
Paulis neutrino hypothesis, Fermi four point theory of -decay, Fermi-Curie Plot and comparative half
lives,selection rules and classification of transitions.Parity non-conservation: Theoretical prediction and
confirmation by Wus experiment; Alpha ( ) decay and Gamows quantum theory of a-decay.
(e) Nuclear Forces: Investigation of nature of nuclear forces from simple two body problems; Deutron
(np) bound state and nucleon-nucleon(n-p and p-p) scattering, deuteron problem low energy (n-p) and (pp)scattering, scattering length, effective range theory, Study of Spin-dependece of n-p interaction and
noncentral and exchange forces from deuteron bound and (n-p) and (p-p) scattering data.
(f) Elementary particles : Concept of elementary particles, Basic idea of fundamental interactions in
nature, Classifications of elementary particles(with motivation), Continuous and discrete symmetry
transformations, External and Internal symmetries and conservation, Isotropic spin, Strangeness and
other quantum nos in strong interaction physics.Quark model of Hadrons,Gell-Mann-Nishijima Electric
charge formula for Hadrons, Gauge transformation and Introductory gauge theory of different basic
interactions.
References:
1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Vol II by S.N.Ghoshal (S. Chand and Company Ltd., New
Delhi 1994).
2. Nuclear Physics Vol I by Y M Shirikov and N P Yudin, (Mir Publisher, Moscow 1982).
3. Theory of Nuclear structure by M K Pal (Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi 1982).
4. Nuclear and Particle Physics by E.B. Paul (North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
1969).
5. Nuclear Physics (Theory and Experiment) by R.R.Roy and B.P.Nigam (Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi 1993 ).
6. Quams and Leptons by F.Halzen and A.D.Martin (John Wiley and sons 1984).
7. The second creations by R.P.Crease and C.C.Mann (Affiliated East West Private Limited,
1986).
13
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper X
Laser and Modern Optics
(a) Laser: Interaction of radiation with matter, Einstein coefficients, Light amplification; Population
inversion; pumping processes; rate equation for three and four level systems; Semi-classical theory of
lasers, Cavity modes, polarization of cavity media, first order theory. Quality factor of cavity and ultimate
line width laser. Directionality and mono chromaticity of laser and coherence properties. Principles of
Ruby, He-Ne, CO2 Dye and Semi-conductor Lasers.
(b) Quantum Optics: Spatial and temporal coherence, classical coherence correlation function; Basic
idea of quantum coherence correlation function, coherent states and its properties.
(c) Non-Linear Optics: Non-linear polarizability tensors, coupled amplitude equation,optical pumping of
active media; Manely-Rowe'r relationship; Parametric amplification and parametric oscillation, Phase
matching, Second harmonic generation.
(d) Holography: Basic principle of holography and holograms, method of hologram recording,
reconstruction of object waveform by hologram; Basic theory of plane hologram; Typical arrangement for
hologram reconstruction, practical consideration of holography and its application.
(e) Fibre Optics: Types of fibres, Single mode and multi-mode fibres; dispersion and loss in fibre;
Principles of optical communication.
References:
1. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics by B.B.laud (Wiley East. Ltd., New Delhi)
2. Quantum Optics by S.H.Kay and A.Maitland ( Academic Press, London )
3. Non-Linear Optics by P.G.Harper and B.S.Wherrett (Academic Press, London)
4. Laser and holographic Data processing by N.G.Bosov (Mir Publisher, Moscow)
14
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI (A)
Astrophysics -I
Elements of Optical and Radio Astronomy
The celestial sphere: Spherical triangle, Co-ordinate systems : Altazimuth, Equatorial, Ecliptic
and Galactic
Time: Sidereal time, ephemerise and universal time
Properties of Stars : Distance, Luminosity, Temperature, Colour of stars and their
determination, Spectral types, H-R diagram, Boltzmann excitation equation, Sahas theory of
thermal ionisation and its application, The MKK spectral classification
Star Clusters: Open and globular clusters, Cluster parallax, Colour-magnitude diagram, Stellar
populations
The Sun: Surface features; granules, sunspots, plages, faculae and spicules. Evershed effect,
Rotaion, Magnetic field, Prominences, Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona, Solar activity,
Radio emission from the sun, Solar terrestrial relations
Planets and Satellites: Periods, Orbits and phases of planets, Physical properties of planets
and their satellites, Planetary rings, Atmospheres and interior of planets,Results from space
probes, Asteriods, Comets and meteors, Interplanetary medium, Origin of the solar system
Stellar Variability: Binary stars; visual, eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries, Determination of
elements of a true orbit. Stellar masses and radii, Mass-luminosity relation, Stellar pulsation,
Classical cepheids and R R Lyrae stars, Period-luminosity relation, Novae and supernovae.
15
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI (B)
Biophysics-I
1. The Living Cell: Structure and function of Cell organelles; The Cell membrane and the osmotic
environment, Cell division - mitosis and meosis, concept of gene and heridity; The central dogma, DNA
replication, RNA transcription and protein biosysthesis, reverse transcription, mutation and regulation of
genes.
2. Nucleic Acids: Nucleosides and nucleotides, primary, secondary and tertiary structure of
DNA, Watson - Crick model,
backbone conformation, sugar puckering, different forms of
DNA, Z-DNA, structure of RNA, different forms of RNA and their biological functions.
Hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions in nucleic acids, significance of ion concentration and
histones.
3.
Proteins:
Amino
acids,
peptide
bond,
disulphide
( - helix and - sheet), tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
Protein conformation, torsion
haemoglobin and myoglobin.
and
dihedral
angles,
bridge,
Ramachandran
Primary,
map,
secondary,
structure
of
4. Helix - Coil Transition: Theory of helix - coil transition,kineties of unwinding of the double
helix, thermodynamics of melting of the double helix and DNA replication.
5. Membranes: Cell membrane, Micelle. bilayer and liposome; structure of membrane,
conformational properties of membranes, passive membrane transport; Donnan equilibrium,
Hodgkin - Katz formula, Active membrane transport and transport of charged particles through
membranes.
Simple idea of molecular reception - smell reception and taste reception.
6. Nerve Impulse: The neuron and Axon and Action potential, recording of action potential,
Chronaxie and rheobase; depolarization and reporalization of axon membrane, mechanism
of propagation of nerve impluse; Ionic channels, Elementary idea of synaptic transmission.
16
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI (C)
Electronics - I
ANALOG ELECTRONICS: Analog computation, time and amplitude scaling, PLL, Analog to digital and
digital to analog convertor.
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS:
(a) Basic definition, finite state model, SR, JK, T, D, Edge Triggered flip-flop, Race condition, Master
Slave flip-flop, Clocked flip-flop, Characteristic table and characteristic equation, Sequential logic design,
state table, state diagram, state equation.
(b) Registers and Counters: Register, Shift register, Universal shift register, Ring counter, Twisted ring
or Johnson counter, synchronous and asynchronous counters, UP/DOWN and scale of 2n counters.
MEMORY: Basic idea of magnetic memory, Ferrite core memory, Semi-conductor memory viz., RAM,
ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.
PROGRAMMING IN C:
(a)
problem solving by computers, problem definition, problems solving strategies, programme and
algorithm, construction of loops, basic programming constructs, programming language classification,
machine language, assembly language, high level language, assemblers, compilers, interpretors.
(b) An overview of C: The origin of C language, middle level language, structure of C language,
storage class specifiers and data types, constructs and variables, declaration of variables, operators and
expression.
Programme Control Statements: True and false in C, C statements, conditional statements: if, switch,
for, while, do-while, break, exit (), continue, levels and goto.
17
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI (D)
Solid State Physics I
1. Symmetry Properties of Crystal Lattice and Crystal Field Theory: Concepts, examples and
properties of groups; The crystalline structure; Trasformation of crystal lattice; Symmetries in Bravis
lattice; Point groups; Classes, transformation and construction; The representation of groups and
their application, Double valued representation.
2. Electron States in Crystalline Solids : Free electron theory : Properties of degenerate fermi gas at
finite temperature; Mean energy, Specific heat, Pauli paramagnetism and Landau dimagnetism; Self
consistent Field Approximations: Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations, Koopmans theorm and
crystal potential ; Methods of Energy Band Calculation: Concept of electron dynamics in periodic
lattice, Wigner-Seitz method and cohesive energy of metals, Nearly free electron approximation,
Orthogonalized plane wave (OPW), Pseudo potential, Augmented plane wave (APW) and Green
function methods, Transition metal Pseudo potential and transition metal bands ; Insular Bands :
Tight binding approximation, Band and binding in ionic crystal, Polarons and Excitons, Metal
insulator transition.
3. Fermi Surfaces : Construction of fermi surfaces, Electron, hole and open orbits, Fermi surface
studies using cyclotron resonance, Anomalous skin effect, Azbel-Kaner resonance and de Haas Van
Alphen effect.
4. Lattice Vibration, Phonons and Thermal Properties : Quantization of lattice vibration, Phonons,
phonon momentum Inelastic scatterings of photon by phonon and neutron by phonon, Local phonon
modes, Phonon dispersion relation, Debye model of lattice heat capacity, Anharmonicity and thermal
expansion, Lattice thermal resistivity and Umklapp process
5. Disordered materials : Stucture, short range order and dangling bond; Random network model;
Amorphous semiconductor: Density of states and mobility gap; electrical transport, optical and
switching properties.
Reference :
1.Principle of the theory of solids by J.M. Ziman (Oxford University Press, London)
2.Theoretical Solid State Physics Vol. 1 and Vol. 11 by W. Jones And N.H. March (John Wiley and Sons,
London)
3.Quantum theory of solid by C. Kittel (John Wiley and Sons, London)
4.Solids: Elementry Theory for advanced students by G. Weinreich (John Wiley and Sons, London)
5.Elementry Solid State Physics : Principle and Application by Omar Ali (Addison Wesley, London)
18
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI ( E)
Spectroscopy and Lasers-I
I Atomic Spectroscopy
(a) Breadth of spectral lines, Intensity of spectral lines, Nuclear spin, Isotope effect and Hyperfine
structure, Lamb shift.
(b) Vector model for three or more valence electrons, Lande internal rule, Inverted terms and Hunds
rule, Magnetic energy and Landeg factor, spectral terms by magnetic quantum numbers.
II Molecular Spectroscopy
(a) Rotational spectra of linear molecules like CO2 and HCN, Rotational Raman spectra, Microwave
spectra of ammonia.
(b) Normal vibrations and normal coordinates, classical and quantum mechanical treatment of normal
vibrations, interaction of vibrations, vibrational seletion rules, Vibrational and electronic spectra of
benzene.
(c) Rotational structure of vibrational bands, Parallel and perpendicular bands of linear molecules like
CO2 and HCN and symmetric top molecules like NH3, Coriolis interaction.
(d) Classification of electronic states, interaction of vibration and electronic motion, Renner-Teller effect,
Coupling of rotation with vibration and electronic motion for linear molecules.
(e) Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions, Vibrational structure of electronic transitions, Isotope
effect, Teller and Redlich product rule.
References:
(i) Atomic spectra : H.E. White
(ii) Molecular spectra and Molecular structure vol. I, II, III : G. Herzberg
19
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XI(F)
X-Rays-I
(a) Production of X-Rays,types of X-Ray tubes and auxiliary equipments.General features of continuous
and characeristic spectra.Theories of the continuous spectrum :Stoke-Thompson pulse theory and
Kramers Wentzel theory of production of X-Rays by thin and thick targets. Polarisation of X-Rays
scattering of X-Rays by atoms and simple molecules. Atomic scattering factors and test of various
theories. Scattering by gases and liquids.Compton scattering-Wave mechanical treatment.Klein-Nishina
formula (no-derivation).Dispersion theory and reflection of X-Rays. Experimental methods of measuring
refractive index. Anomalous scattering. Photoelectrons and their spatial distribution.Fluovescence yield.
(b) X-Ray emission spectra : X-Ray energy level diagrams,spin and creeming doublet laws,multiple
radiation and transition probabilities.Absorption spectra,Crictical absorption edges.Theory of fine
structure of absorption edges and absorption discontinuty. Soft X-Ray
spectroscopy and its applications to band structure of solids.Effects of chemical combination on emission
and absorption spectra.Forbidden lines.Relative intensities of X-Ray lines.Augey effect and satellite
lines.X-Ray spectrographs-plane and bent crystal.
20
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
21
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
22
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XII(C)
Electronics - II
Signal Representation:
Time domain & frequency domain representation of signals. Fourier transform and its
properties, delta function and some of its applications to communication.
Noise:
Shot Noise, White Noise, thermal Noise, Noise spectrum, Noise
communication systems, S/N ratio in an analog Communication systems.
figure,
Noise
in
lnformation Theory:
Information content of message, average information content, rate of information
transmission, discrete communication channels, rate of information transmission over a
discrete channel,Shannon-Hartley Theorem and its implications.
Pulse Modulation:
Sampling of Analog signals, Sampling theorem, PAM, PPM, PWM and its generation
detection and S/N ratio.
Coded Transmission of Signal:
(a) Quantization of Analog Signals: Uniform
A- law and -law computing.
(b) Pulse Code And Digital Modulation:
PCM band width, DPCM, DM and ADM.
Pulse
Code
Modulation,Binary
Coding
and
(c) Digital Modulation techniques: ASK, FSK, PSK system, Transmission and detection
of binary system. and subroutines, code-conversion, stack and subroutine.
(d) Microwave: Propagation of EM wave in cavity, microwave generation, Gunn oscillator, tunnel
diode, IMPATT, BARITT, TRAPATT.
(e) Microwave Components: Isolators, attenuator, Magiet, Tuners,directional couplers.
(f) Antenna : Current and voltage distribution in antenna, short electric dipole, linear and ground
antenna, distribution of field around vertical antenna, half and full wave antenna, Folded dipole,
Antenna arrays, Matching of antenna.
23
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
24
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XII(E)
Spectroscopy and Lasers-II
(a) Laser Physics: Einstien coefficients and light amplification, Population inversion, two and three level
systems, Resonant modes of optical cavities, Mode size and cavity stability, Q factor and resonance line
width, Q switching, Techniques of Q switching, Pockels effect and mode locking.
(b) Holography: Basic description of holography, recording of plane and volume holograms, Holographic
interferometry.
(c) Raman and Brillouin Scattering
(d) Non Linear Optics: Induced polarization, Parametric amplification, second and third harmonic
generation, Parametric light oscillator and Frequency upconversion.
(e) Laser expositions: Pulsed crystal lasers, Rare earth ions, Actinide ions and Transition metal ion
lasers, Effects of crystal imperfections on laser behaviour, GA As injection laser and other injection
lasers, Tunable dye lasers and colour centre lasers.
(f) Laser spectroscopy: Laser Raman spectroscopy, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, High
Resolution spectroscopy, Laser investigations in atmosphere and pollution monitoring and Picosecond
spectroscopy.
References:
(i) Atomic and Laser spectroscopy: Alan corney
(ii) Lasers vol I and vol II: Edited by A.K.Levine
(iii) Principles of Holography: Howard m. Smith
(iv) Advances in Laser spectroscopy: Edited by F.T.Arecchi
(v) Laser Applications: Monte Ross
(vi) Laser spectroscopy: Edited by J.L.Hall
(vii) Lasers and Non-linear optics: B.B.Laud
25
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
Paper XII(F)
X-Rays - II
(a) Crystal syolumo,Bravais lattices. Symmetries in crystals. Point groups. Space lattices,Unit cells, Lave
graphs,space groups.Concept of reciprocal space and reciprocal lattice.Theory of diffraction of X-Ray by
crystals. Lave equations and their interpration by Bragg.Interpretation of Braggs law in terms of
reciprocal lattice-Ewalds construction. Atomic scattering factors and structure factors. Systematic
abstnces and absolute intensity.Theory of reflection of X-Rays from mosiac and perfect crystals. Effect
of
thermal
agitation.Diffuse
reflections.
Various
types
of
X-Ray
photographs
Lave,
(b)Elementry idea of electron and neutron diffractions methods and their comparison with X-Ray
diffraction methods. Alloys: order-disorder phenomenons and phase transformations superlattice.
26
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of Experiments
ASTROPHYSICS
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
2.
3.
Prism spectrograph
4.
5.
6.
7.
Astronomical Project
Familiarity with the night sky using Celestial globe and star maps
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lunar Photography
7.
Stellar Photometry
27
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of Experiments
BIOPHYSICS
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
GroupA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
GroupB
1.
2.
Fibre photograph
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
28
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of experiments
ELECTRONICS
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
GroupA
Analog Electronics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
GroupB
Digital Electronics:
1.
Combinational circuits
2.
Sequential circuits
3.
4.
5.
6.
D / A and A / D converters
7.
8.
9.
Programming in 'C'
29
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of Experiments
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
GroupA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ionic conductivity
GroupB
1.
Thermoelectric power
2.
E. P. R.
3.
Magnetic susceptibility
4.
Electro-Luminescence
5.
6.
Hall effect
30
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of Experiments
Spectroscopy and Lasers
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
GroupA
Spectroscopy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GroupB
Lasers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
31
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus
List of Experiments
X-rays
Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.
GroupA
1.
Determination of wave length of X-ray source using plane crystal spectrograph for
Copper target
2.
Determination of wave length of X-ray source using plane crystal spectrograph for
Molybdenum target
3.
4.
5.
6.
Group B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
32
2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus