The solar panels are operating at optimal parameters when they are at the perfect right angle to the

sun. Unfortunately
this is accomplished only if solar panels are rotated by the sun. This is the purpose of this diy solar tracker system. The
solar tracker circuit uses a window comparator to maintain the motor in a idle state as long as the two LDRs are under
the same illumination level. In this case, half the voltage is applied to the noninverting input of A1 and to the inverting
input of A1. solar tracking components T1, T3 = BD239, BD139 T2, T4 = BD240, BD140 A1, A2 = 1/2 of LM324 Diodes
= 1N4001 When the sun position is changing so does the illumination level on the LDRs and the input voltage for the
window comparator is no longer half of the supply voltage thereby the output of the comparator generates informations
for the motor that rotates the panels for tracking the sun. P1 and P2 are adjusted in such way that the motor stands still
when the LDRs get the same amount of solar light. If less light reaches LDR2 than LDR1, the voltage in point A increases
to more than half of the power supply voltage. As a result the output of A1 is HIGH and T1 and T4 transistors conduct. In
this situation the motor is starting. If the angle of the solar light is changing again and the voltage in point A decreases
at less than power supply voltage, the output of A2 goes HIGH and T3 and T2 transistors conduct. As a result the motor
is rotating in opposite direction. For solar panels control is best to use small motors with a suitable voltage and a
maximum working current of 300 mA. This solar tracker system is used for tracking the sun only in one plane, the
horizontal one. If you want to track the solar light in the vertical plane you need to build a separate sun tracker circuit.
This is a simple and practical analog solar panel tracker circuit. Using four LDR (light dependent resistor) as a sensor in
detecting the light source arranged as illustrated. When the light hit the LDR in a certain position, it will activate the
circuit and trigger the relay to turn the slewing motor in the right direction until the sensor is fully shaded under its cover
stopping the motor to its rest condition.

Hard water has a high concentration of minerals, and of these calcium

salts are the most troublesome. But there is a solution coming in form of
a cheap diy water softener system built with the well-known 555 IC.
Actually the price of this diy system is so low that even if this doesnt
work you wont be upset. The working principle of the water softener is
based on a theory from 1930 which states that an electromagnetic or
electric field causes small crystals of calcium carbonate in the water to
join together to form larger crystals. One of the methods to obtain a
strong magnetic field is to put a powerful magnet (2.5 gauss) near the
water pipe. The second method is the electronic one. Studying a water
filter purchased from stores we found that it produces a frequency of
about 15 kHz at an amplitude of 15V. The values of the coils are not
known, but my guess is L1 has 9 turns and L2 has 7 turns. Actually you
should consider this circuit as a theoretical one. Therefore this water

softener system uses one 555 IC to obtain a rectangular signal that is

applied to the water pipe by wrapping two coils with one open ending
around it. The coils must have good isolation. Make sure to power the
water softener from a isolated power supply because in some areas the
water pipes are connected to ground.

If the 78XX regulator and T1 are mounted on the same heat sink then
the transistor is thermally protected. The output voltage is dependent
only on the type of the voltage regulator used in the circuit. With the
components presented in the schematic the maximum output current is 2
A. T1 is BD242 but for different values of the output current you need to
replace some components (download the table at the end). If higher
values are necessary, some components must be changed according to
the table presented in the excel file. For currents above 7 A then T1 must
be replaced with 2 transistors (T1 and T1*) connected in parallel, each of
them having a resistor in emitter, R1 and R1* respectively. Also the
bridge rectifier is different.

RC Servos basically come in three different sizes (micro, standard, and giant) to accommodate the type of RC models
they are being used in. All RC servos have a three wire connector. One wire supplies positive DC voltage (usually 5 V) .
The second wire is for voltage ground (0V), and the third wire is the signal (control) wire. The servo motor can be moved
to a desired angular position by sending PWM (pulse width modulated) signals on the signal (control) wire.Usually, a
pulse of width varying from 1 millisecond to 2 milliseconds in a repeated time frame is sent to the servo for around 50
times in a second. The width of the pulse determines the angular position. For example, a pulse of 1 millisecond moves
the servo towards 0, while a 2 milliseconds wide pulse would take it to 180. The pulse width for in between angular
positions can be interpolated accordingly. Thus a pulse of width 1.5 milliseconds will shift the servo to 90. It must be
noted that these values are only the estimations. The practical range of pulse width is 0.2ms to 2.5ms, and frequency is
20Hz to 60Hz. Notes Prototype was tested with a Tower Pro Micro Servo. Servo test socket J1 in the circuit is a
standard 3-pin male header. In case of any difficulty, you can use 3 flying leads with alligator clips as test probes S1 is a
Push-To-On switch works as a Test Switch LED 1 is added to indicate the output status of the tester Try to use a
precision 4K7 trimpot as P1 Note that, here the control pulses have a maximum voltage near-equal to the input voltage
(5V) of the tester circuit. This can be a problem if your servo expects a 3V control signal It is good to add a 100F/16V
capacitor, as a buffer, across the 5V DC supply (VCC & Ground) Change the values of R1, P1, R3 and C2 if
necessary/when demanded by the RC Servo under test. Before testing an RC servo, carefully refer its technical
datasheet

Described here is a simple, inexpensive and useful circuit for electronics hobbyists. The circuit is nothing but a PCB drill
speed controller, which can be used to control the speed of any 12VDC small pcb drilling units. Such portable units are
now widely available, and even a hobbyist can make it without too much difficulty. In this circuit, the renowned timer
chip LM555 (IC1) is used as a PWM circuit. The whole circuit can be powered from a standard 12VDC supply, capable of
sourcing ample current to the PCB drill motor. As you may noted, power supply for the PWM circuit is down-converted
and regulated with the help of a 3-pin fixed regulator chip LM7805 (IC2). This will improve the circuit stability. Precision
50K trimpot P1 is the variable drill speed controller. Finally, a logic-level power Mosfet IRL 530N (T1) is used as the
output drive element. This IRL530N mosfet (available in TO-220 package) can handle current upto 27A! Fast switching
and Low on-resistance RDS (on) are other attracting features. IRL 530N is universally preferred for all commercialindustrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. Drill Speed Controller Notes PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) is an efficient way to vary the speed and power of electric DC motors. The described circuit can be
used to vary the speed of small electric PCB drill.The circuits can quite easily be built on a standard prototyping board.
The power component (IRL510N) must be connected to the power rails and the drill motor with quite thick wires and
cables.As used here, a Power MOSFET motor driver is better than the traditional driver because it is working at a higher
switch frequency, and this also avoids the unnecessary voltage drop and power loss Electrically a DC motor can be
viewed as a series RL network with a voltage generator. The generator represents the back electromotive force (BEMF)
generated by the motors rotation and which opposes the electromotive force of the supply. Diode D3 (1N4007) is added
to protect the electronics from BEMF. Diode MBR 1645 is a better alternative STP22NE10L (100V/<0.085R/22A) can be
used in lieu IRL510N (100V/0.10R/17A) 12VDC /2A powered prototype tested with a 12V (1A) Small PCB Drill Press

This circuit can be used to manually turn a servo clockwise and anti-clockwise. By pushing the forward or reverse button
for a short period of time you can control the rotation of the servo. It will also test a servo. Here is a photo of a kit from
Cana Kit for $10.00 plus postage (it is a slightly different circuit) and a motor and gearbox, commonly called a servo. The
output shaft has a disk or wheel containing holes. A linkage or push-rod is fitted to a hole and when the disk rotates, the
shaft is pushed and pulled. The shaft only rotates about 180 to actuate flaps or ailerons etc. A pot can be used to
control the position of the servo by using the following circuit. It produces a positive pulse between about 0.9
milliseconds and 2.1 milliseconds. The off period between pulses is about 40 milliseconds. This can be shortened by
reducing the value of the 3M3 resistor.

The acoustic spectrum is extended by very low frequencies 20Iz and reaches as the 20000Iz in high frequencies. In the
low frequencies is degraded the sense of direction. This reason us leads to the utilization speaker for the attribution of
very low frequencies. The manufacture that to you we propose distinguishes these frequencies, in order to him we lead
to the corresponding amplifier. The acoustic filters are met in various points in the sound systems. The knownest
application they are the filters baxandal for regulating tone low and high frequencies and filters crossover where the
acoustic region is separated in subareas, in order to it leads the corresponding loudspeakers. The application that to you
we propose is a simple filter of region that limits the acoustic region (20-20000Hz) in the region 20-100Hz. With the
manufacture that to you we propose you can make a active filter in order to you lead a loudspeaker of very low
frequencies. With this you will place one bigger speaker between the HIFI speakers of you. In order to you have a
complete picture of sound you will need also the corresponding amplifier. In the entry of circuit you will connect the two
exits of preamplifier or the exit of line of some preamplifier. The circuit of manufacture allocates a exit in order to is led
means of circuit of force subwoofer. If for some reason you do not have space in order to you place the third speaker in
space of hearing, then you can select smaller speaker. The output will depend from the type of music that you hear. If in
deed you have space, then after you make a filter and remain thanked, you can him recommend in your friends or still
make other same for your friends. In the form it appears the theoretical circuit of filter. In first glance we see three
different circuits that are mainly manufactured round two operational amplifiers. This circuits constitute mixed, amplifier
with variable aid and a variable filter. The manufacture end needs a circuit of catering with operational tendency of
catering equal with 12. the operational amplifiers that constitute the active elements for this circuits of are double
operational type as the TL082 and NE5532. The operational these amplifiers belong in a family provided with transistor of
effect of field IFET in their entries. Each member of family allocates in their circuit bipolar transistor and effect of field.
This circuits can function in his high tendency, because that they use transistor of high tendency. Also they have high
honor of rhythm of elevation (slew rate), low current of polarization for the entries and are influenced little by the
temperature. The operational these amplifiers have breadth of area unity gain bandwidth 3MHz. A other important
element for their choice is the big reject of noise, when this exists in the line of catering. The price of reject is bigger
than 80dB, their consumption is small, from 11 until 3 mA. They are internally sold in nutshell with eight pins and
allocate two operational amplifiers, In the same line in nutshell 14 pins they incorporate four operational, In the trade
they are sold with code TL074, TL084 and TL064, In nutshell with eight pins they are sold operational amplifiers TL061
TL071 kajTL081. In the manufacture we used the TL082 that has two operational. First operational from the TL082 it
works as amplifier and mixed for the two channels, In his negative entry he exists one small mixed with two resistances.
A potentiometer in this rung determines the aid of circuit. In the point this left winger and the right channel of
preamplifier they are added means of two resistances. En continuity the operational strengthens signal with aid made
dependent from the price that has the potentiometer. The place of runner is proportional with the aid of circuit. The
second operational amplifier is the filter of manufacture. The filter of is acoustic frequency of second class and he is
made with the materials that are round the operational amplifier. The filter of is low passage with variable frequency of
cutting off. This frequency can be altered and take prices from very low frequency the 30Hz or still exceed 150Hz. The

frequency of cutting off of filter depends from the prices that have the elements of circuit. Altering the values of
elements we can have frequency of cutting off 150Iz, 130Iz, J00Iz, 7z, 6z even 3z, this prices they can be
achieved with the simple rotation of double potentiometer. The circuit of filter has been made around one operational'
that it has completed TL082 that is double operational amplifier. In the exit of filter we will link the plug of expense
where is connected the amplifier. In the exit of circuit is presented, the limited as for the breadth of frequencies, signal
that we apply in the entry of circuit.

Fish Caller

Electro-Static Air Filters

Published:2013-5-7 21:46:00 Author:muriel | Keyword: Electro-Static Air Filters | From:SeekIC

POINT-CONTACT OSCILLATORS
Published:2013-5-7 21:24:00 Author:muriel | Keyword: POINT-CONTACT OSCILLATORS | From:SeekIC

The principle of operation of a car hooter has been applied to both a ceramic sounder and a loudspeaker. A break in the
supply current is caused by the vibration of the ceramic sounder plate or the speaker membrane. You could implement
similar circuits even without a transformer but the voltage range will be limited, there will be too much sparking at the
contact point and pressure and position of the contact become critical. The transformer introduces a feedback
mechanism thus eliminating or drastically reducing all mentioned negative effects. An output transformer is used in both
circuits: one of the winding is normally 4 or 8 while the other is at a higher impedance. The larger plate of the
piezomechanic oscillator goes to positive through the contact, typically an adjustable screw, and the transformer low
impedance winding. To get the correct phase relationship you may need to reverse one of the windings. A similar
transformer is used for the electromechanic oscillator with the low impedance winding connected to the speaker. Also in
this case you may need to reverse one of the windings but first you must make sure that the speaker cone goes forward
when the voltage is applied: reverse the speaker connections if necessary. A small copper strip is glued on the back of
the speaker membrane with a screw placed in the speaker casing so that it just touches the copper strip. Frequency of
operation is from 1 to 1.5 KHz for both oscillators. The frequency for the electromechanic oscillator depends mainly on
the speaker damping factor: best results are obtained with the speaker laid against a flat surface or sealing the front side
with a wooden panel. Operation below 0.4-0.6V depends on the careful adjustment of the screw and mechanical
precision of the assembly.

PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMER
Published:2013-5-7 21:23:00 Author:muriel | Keyword: PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMER | From:SeekIC

If there is a need to feed very low power devices you may resort to infrared optocouplers, solar cells, batteries or low
power transformers although the latter might be rather oversized for the intended purpose. Eventually, with the
exception of solar cells, all of them draw power from the mains so it might be convenient to use a piezoelectric
transformer if the power required is in the range 0.1 to 0.3 mW. The schematic shows an easy implementation of such a
transformer. Two piezoceramic sounders are glued back-to-back so that the mechanical movement of the first, the
primary, is transferred to the second, the secondary. The ac output voltage can be used as it is or rectified in order to
feed micropower electronic equipment or trickle charge small backup batteries. The actual implementation requires two
ceramic sounders with high intrinsic capacitance: sounders with 80 to 110nF are readily available and usually come as
50mm discs. Two of these discs are cut down to 35mm in order to have a more compact unit and a lower stray
capacitance between primary and secondary. A layer of double-sided adhesive tape is laid on the larger plate of each
sounder in order to assure proper electrical insulation between primary and secondary. The sides of the sounders are
then pressed against each other and the transformer is ready to operate. R Load VAC VDC 100 K 5.1 4.67 47 K 4.22
3.29 22 K 2.77 2.06 10 K 1.41 1.1 4.7 K 0.68 0.56 The table shows the measured output under several loading
conditions: the ac output was measured with the load directly across the output terminals while the dc output was
measured with a full wave rectifier in place. The measured dc voltage refers to a schottky bridge rectifier but the use of
standard 1N4004 diodes will only show a modest 6-8% voltage decrease. Measurements were taken with the
transformer operating in free air, without any holder, but a proper mechanical layout would require the transformer to be
firmly held by the edge of the disc. The use of a plastic box is mandatory for safety reason and improves the transfer of
mechanical energy to the secondary thus obtaining a 15-20% voltage increase.

TILT SWITCH Circuit

Published:2013-3-5 20:53:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: TILT SWITCH | From:SeekIC

The output is LOW at start-up due to the capacitor on pin 4. When the mercury switch closes, the output goes HIGH and
remains HIGH until the reset button is pressed. This circuit is called a LATCH.

STUN GUN Circuit

Published:2013-3-5 20:52:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: STUN GUN | From:SeekIC

This circuit produces a very high voltage and care must be used to prevent getting a nasty shock.The transformer can
produce over 1,000v and the 8-stage multiplier can produce up to 20,000v.

Spark Transmitter Circuit

Published:2012-10-11 21:10:00 Author:muriel | Keyword: Spark Transmitter | From:SeekIC

In 1896, Marconi successfully covered a distance of about 3 km

using electromagnetic waves. A little later, he established radio
contact across water between Lavernock Point, South Wales and
Flat Holm Island. The transmitter consisted of a spark inductor
coupled to a dipole antenna.At the receiver side, he used
another dipole and a glass tube filled with silver and nickel
filings, the so-called coherer. The filings enabled the coherer to
act as a defined bad contact with the RF pulse energy rattling
the contact and thus driving the audio amplifiers connected to
the output. The circuit shown here operates on he same
principle. Admittedly it does not cover the same distance as
Marconis extensive radio equipment, but then you do not need
to start filing away on the familys silver cutlery! The transmitter
consists of an empty (!) disposable cigarette lighter with a piezo
spark mechanism. On the gas nozzle of the empty lighter you
solder a 30-cm long, 1-mm diameter (20 SWG) solid brass wire
which acts as an antenna. When the spark button is pressed,
the antenna briefly radiates electromagnetic energy in the VHF
FM frequency band. The effect is easy to verify by holding the
transmitter close to an FM radio and firing it! Spark transmitter
circuit diagram Compared with the primitive transmitter, our
receiver is a more up to date design realised in all solid-state
electronics. A telescopic antenna picks up the transmitters RF
energy and applies it to a resonant circuit consisting of an
inductor and a capacitor. The electrical signal is rectified by a
Germanium diode (AAxxx or OAxx) and amplified by a
darlington stage. The collector of the second transistor causes
voltage changes at pin 4 of the bistable (flip-flop) IC type 4013.
The receiver sensitivity can be adjusted using preset P1. Each
time the transmitter sparks away, the flip-flop toggles and
switches the LED on or off. As a circuit variation, you may want
to use a relay instead of a LED to allow lamps, a TV set, motors

or actuators to be switched on and off using your primitive

spark transmitter. Your friends will be impressed.

Free heater circuit by Rosemary Ainslie

Published:2012-9-16 21:51:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Free heater, Rosemary Ainslie | From:SeekIC

Rosemary's original test circuit is shown in the article she tried to have published in a refereed scientific journal, but the
submission was always rejected. In the last 5 months, I have had extensive email correspondence, and numerous
telephone conversations with Rosemary, who lives in South Africa. After studying her work, I was absolutely thrilled with
her discovery of the super-efficient heating effect. In mid-February of this year, I proposed to her an idealized schematic
of her DC resonance circuit to produce the effects she had discovered.

Water Flowing in Pipe Indicator

Published:2012-9-5 20:43:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Water Flowing , in Pipe , Indicator | From:SeekIC

The vibrations associated with water flowing through a pipe are

picked up by an inexpensive piezoelectric wafer. The signal from
the wafer is first boosted by a micropower transistor amplifier
and then fed to an ultra low power voltage comparator. When
the vibration signal has sufficient amplitude, a FET transistor
switch is activated. Drawing only 6uA, the whole circuit is
powered by a lithium coin battery, which should power the

circuit
Reprinted

for

many
Url

years.
Of

Source:

discovercircuits

This

Article:

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LC9301/9305 infrared remote control emmitting and receiving

integrated circuit diagram
Published:2011-9-27 22:52:00 Author:Rebekka | Keyword: infrared remote control , emmitting and receiving integrated
circuit | From:SeekIC

LC9301/9305 IC is an oscillator within encoder and infrared

remote control special driver device. It can transimit 4 single
codes, each single code will transimit 3 group of coding pulse
train signal each time continuously. It improves the reliability of
launch information. The power supply range of LC9301/9305
infrared remote control transmitter/receiver is 4.5~5.5V. The
typical value is 5V. External crystal frequency is 4555kHz.
Carrier frequency is 38kHz. Their current consumption level is
only A. Transmitter circuit output current is greater than 5mA.
It can drive infrared transmitting tube to work directly. The
working distance is not less than 8m. Typical application infrared
remote control transmitter circuit composed of LC9301. Typical
application infrared remote control receiver circuit composed of
LC9305. DC motor forward and reverse remote control receiver
circuit composed of LC9305. Remote relay control bistable
trigger
circuit
composed
of
LC9305.
Reprinted
Url
Of
This
Article:
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305_infrared_remote_control_emmitting_and_receiving_integra
ted_circuit_diagram.html

Electronic transformer with dependable performance

Published:2011-4-14 6:52:00 Author:may | Keyword: Electronic transformer, dependable performance | From:SeekIC

The circuit can steady work to consult the circuit diagram with
no changes. Output voltage is 11V-13V, output current is 6A,
working frequency is 60kHz. It can change working frequency
by changing the numerical value of C3, C4, R1, R2. Its no-load
current
is
very
small.

Reprinted
Url
Of
This
Article:
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_transformer_with_dependable_performance.html

TA7344P Typical application circuit diagram

Published:2011-9-2 1:44:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Typical application | From:SeekIC

Tr1 is the high or low level output;Tr2 is the amplifier output.

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Optical isolation circuit diagram using as scanner

Published:2011-9-15 21:21:00 Author:Rebekka | Keyword: Optical isolation , scanner | From:SeekIC

The circuit includes a TIL139 source / detector assembly and the 75140 line receiver. It can be used to makeresponse to
reflected light or interruption light. With 5V power supply, the output is standard TTL level.Itinserts the 500
potentiometer between R1 and R2 to make the sensitivity be adjusted, then75140's pin(7)is connected to (3) and itgets
the output from (1). You can reverse the output polarity.

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Automatic switching infrared water-saving faucet diagram

Published:2011-10-14 2:48:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Automatic switching, infrared water-saving faucet | From:SeekIC

Reprinted Url Of This Article:

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Typical application circuit diagram of 14-6TDA2822M manifold

Published:2011-9-16 1:31:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Typical application , manifold | From:SeekIC

Figure shows the TDA2822M internal manifold block diagram (Table 16). Table 14-6 is the TDA2822M IC's pin functions
and data. 2. The typical application circuit of TDA2822M manifold is the same with TDA2822M, and it is shown in Figure
6.

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tml

Four-tube astable circuit

Published:2011-8-23 2:17:00 Author:Ecco | Keyword: Four-tube astable circuit | From:SeekIC

Reprinted Url Of This Article:

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drive power circuit of LED energy saving lamp

Published:2011-7-27 8:32:00 Author:Fiona | Keyword: energy saving, drive power | From:SeekIC

LED power supply circuit mostly is composed of switching power supply circuit and feedback circuit,the feedback circuit
takes sample from load place,then adjusts the pulse duty cycle or frequency for the switch circuit to achieve the purpose
of controlling the switching circuit's output.

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Digital sine wave generator circuit

Published:2011-8-7 8:45:00 Author:nelly | Keyword: Digital, sine wave, generator | From:SeekIC

The picture shows the digital sine wave generator. It is composed of analog-digital converter (4018B) and a fixed filter
(MAX29X). One part of the clock pulse, which inputs the CP, drives the filter MAX29X. The other part of the clock pulse is
divided by the 10-digit counter (4018B), and then it is divided by the second counter. The output step wave will change
to the smooth sine wave by R5 and C1, and then it is output by the filter. The output frequency of the circuit will change
with the clock input, the relationship is fout=fin/l00

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STEPPED_TRIANGLE_WAVEFORM_GENERATOR
Published:2009-7-14 23:51:00 Author:Jessie | From:SeekIC

An astable multivibrator (made up of U1-a and U1-b) drives a 1-of-10 counter. A resistor matrix acts as a rough D-A
converter and produces the stepped triangle waveform shown. The waveform can be tailored to suit by adjusting
R3,through R8

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250_W_50_KC_INVERTER
Published:2009-7-15 1:35:00 Author:Jessie | From:SeekIC

Silicon power transistors in high-speed inverter circuit give con version efficiency up to 90% in changing 28 v d-c to 50
kc at primary of output transformer.-H. T. Breece, Boosting D-C Voltage With Sillcon Transistors, Electronics, 37:29, p 5666

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