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Physics
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The study of
matter
Chapter 1:
Waves

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Physics: Chapter
Objectives:
1
(what you will learn)

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1)

understanding Waves

2)

reflection of waves

3)

refraction of waves

4)

diffraction of waves

5)

interference of waves

6)

analysing sound waves

7)

analysing electromagnetic

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Physics
Understanding Waves:

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1. A wave is a traveling disturbance

from a vibrating or oscillating
source.
2. A wave carries energy along with it
in the direction of its propagation.
3. A wave is a mean of energy
transfer through vibration.

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Waves
Transverse Wave
Particles in the medium vibrate in a
direction perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation.

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Perpendicular
= 90o to the
line of direction.
Examples:
wave in a rope
water waves
light waves

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Waves
Longitudinal Wave
Particles in the medium vibrate in a
direction parallel (0o to line of
direction) to the direction of wave
propagation.

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Examples:
wave in a slinky spring
sound wave

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Waves
Surface Waves
This is both transverse waves &
longitudinal waves mixed in one
medium.

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Examples:
earthquake or seismic wave
shear wave in a slinky spring

Wavefront

A surface on the wave where all particles

vibrate in phase (coming together to the
same level).

Oscillations
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Vibration or oscillation of particles in a

medium is like oscillation of simple pendulum

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Waves
Complete Oscillation

Complete cycle;
e.g. motion from A to B & back to A.

Amplitude, a

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Maximum displacement from equilibrium

position that is halfway between crest (high)
& trough (low).

Period, T

Time taken for a complete oscillation.

Frequency, f

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Number of complete oscillation in one

second;
f = 1/T

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Waves
Speed of wave, v

Distance traveled by wave per second, v =

f

Free Oscillation

Occurs when a system oscillates without any

external force acting on it.

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Natural Frequency, fn
Frequency of a free oscillation.

Simple pendulum
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l = length, g =

Loaded vertical
spring

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Waves
Damped Oscillation

An oscillation whose amplitude decreases

due to energy loss from the system (as heat
to air resistance).
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Forced Oscillation

An oscillation produced when a system is

forced into oscillation by an external
periodic force.

Resonance

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Occurs when a system which is forced into

oscillation oscillates with large amplitude;
the condition being that the frequencies of
both systems are equal to each other.

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Reflection of
Angle ofWaves
reflection = angle of
incidence

Reflected wave has same speed, frequency,

& wavelength as the incident wave.
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Angle of reflection, r = Angle of incidence, i

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Refraction of
Refraction
of wave
Waves
The change in velocity of wave when it
travels from one medium to another.

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Water & light waves are refracted towards

Normal when moving into shallower or denser
region (frequency unchanged, speed &
wavelength decrease), and away from
Normal the other way round.
But sound waves behave
in the opposite way.

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(Try relate it to the

resistances of medium)

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Diffraction of
Diffraction is Waves
the spreading of waves after
passing a narrow slit or an obstacle.
Waves are diffracted more if:
a. the slit is narrower
b. the wavelength is longer

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Light has very short

wavelengths, diffraction
occurs only for slits with
width of 10-4 m or less.

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Sound has long wavelengths, diffraction of

sound waves enable sound to go around

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Interference of
Principle ofWaves
superposition of

Displacement y, produced by 2 waves at a

waves

point is the vector sum of displacements y1 &

y2 produced by each of the waves.
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y = y1 + y2
Interference = effect produced by
superposition of waves from 2 coherent
sources.

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Coherent sources = if they oscillate in

phase, or antiphase, or with same phase

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Interference of
Waves
antinode:

constructive superposition from 2 crests or

troughs

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node:
destructive superposition from crest & trough
antinodal
line
Separation
nodal
between 2
line x
consecutive
antinodal or nodal
lines at distance D D
from
the 2 sources:
D

x=

Youngs double-slit

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Sound Waves
Sound waves are produced by vibrating
sources. They are longitudinal waves
requiring a medium for propagation. It
cannot travel in vacuum.
Applications of reflection of sound wave:
a. sonar or high frequency sound waves
used to determine depth of ocean
b. Ultrasonography uses ultrasound waves
to examine condition of fetus, the
reflected waves used to form an image on
monitor. is also used to detect
c. a
Ultrasound

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tumour in the body

d. Reflection of ultrasound from rocks used in
geological survey.

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Electromagnetic
Common properties:
Waves

a.
b.

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Need no medium, can travel in vacuum.

Travels at constant speed of light,
c = 3 x 108 m s-1 in vacuum.

c. Transverse waves.
d. Wave properties like reflection, refraction,
diffraction & interference.
Name

Sources

Applications

Radio waves, microwaves

Inductor-capacitor circuit

Radio, radar

Infra-red

Hot objects, Sun

Heating, remote control, night vision

Visible light

Sun, lamps

Photography, fibre optics

Ultraviolet

Very hot bodies, Sun, tubes

Fluorescent lamp, sterilizer, sun bed

X-rays

X-ray tube

X-ray photography, radiotherapy,

detection of cracks

Gamma rays

Radioactive nuclei

Radiotherapy, sterilizer

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Summary

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What you have learned:

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1.

Understanding Waves

2.

Reflection of waves

3.

Refraction of waves

4.

Diffraction of waves

5.

Interference of waves

6.

Sound & electromagnetic waves

Thank You