1.

2.
3.
4.

Exerciseproblem4.5(Tanenbaumsbook)
Exerciseproblem4.6(Tanenbaumsbook)
Exerciseproblem6.5(LeonGarciasbook)
Exerciseproblem6.8(LeonGarciasbook)
(Theproblemstatementsweregivenintheclassandsolutionsdiscussedindetail)

(ThefollowingproblemsarefromthenotesofProf.SKB)

5.

ConsiderthesimplesystemshownwhereastreamofdataistobesentfromAtoBusingpackets.For
eachpacket,anoverheadofhbitswillberequiredandthesewillbeaddedtotheLbitsofdatainthe
packet.Thelinksuffersfromabiterrorprobabilityofpandapacketwillbeconsideredtobeinerrorif
anyofitsdatabitsoroverheadbitsisinerror.Apacketinerrorisimmediatelyretransmittedandwillbe
retransmittedagainuntilitreachesBwithouterrors.

(a) Given L, h and p, what is the efficiency with which the link is being used? [You can define
efficiencyasL/(Averagetotalnumberofbitsthathavetobesentforeachpacket).Rememberto
takeintoaccountboththeoverheadbitsandtheaveragenumberoftimesapackethastobe
retransmittedbecauseoferrors.]
(b) WhatwillbetheoptimumchoiceofLgivenhandp?Assumethatp<<1tosimplifyyouranalysis.

Solution

(a)PS=P{packettransmissionissuccessful,i.e.occurswithoutanybiterrors}=(1p)L+h

Averagenumberoftimespacketwillhavetobetransmitted=

i (1 P )

i 1

i =1

PS =

PS

L
L+h
Efficiency= =

=
(1 p )
1
L
+
h

( L + h)
PS
(b)Givenhandp,wecanfindtheoptimumvalueofLbyfindingthemaximumofasafunctionofL.
L

L
Ifp<<1,thenwecansimplifyas =
(1 ( L + h) p ) .Differentiatingthiswillgiveustherequired
L+h
optimumvalueofLtobe Lopt =

h
h
p

AlternateSolutionfor3(b)Directlymaximizebysolving
h
h
1
h2 + 4
ln
p
1 p
h
h

+
Lopt = +
2
2
2
2
Thisisprobablyabetterapproximation

d
= 0 toget
dL

h2 + 4

p << 1,

1
1 + p, ln(1 + p) p
1 p

Notethatthetwosolutionsdifferbutthatbothconvergeto Lopt =

h
whenp<<1.
p

6. Suppose GoBackN ARQ is used overa 1.5Mbps geostationary satellite link between an earth
stationandthesatellite,wherethedistancebetweenthesatelliteand theearthis36000km.
Assumethat250byteframesareusedinthedatalinkcontrol.
(a) Whatisthemaximumrateatwhichinformationcanbetransmittedoverthelinkifa7
bit sequence number field is used? (Note that one node is the earth station and the
otheristhesatellite.)
(b) Redo (a) assuming that the satellite link is used between two earth stations with the
satelliteactingasarepeaterwithan8bitdelay.
(c) Redo (a) assuming that the satellite link is used between two earth stations with the
satelliteactingasarepeaterwithan8bitdelaybutwheretheGoBackNARQprotocol
isonewhichusesan11bitsequencenumberfield.
Solution
(a)R=1.5Mbps
FrameSizenf=250bytes=2000bits
FrameDurationtf=2000/(1.5x106)=1.33ms
PropagationDelaybetweenearthandsatellite=tprop=36x106/(3x108)=120ms
Themaximuminformationrateisachievedwhenthereisnoerror,andhencenoretransmission
Witha7bitsequencenumberfield,thenumberofframesinacycleN=271=127
Forthis,
tcycle=minimumtimetotransmitagroupofNpackets

=tf+2tprop=241.33ms

n=No.ofbitstransmittedinacycle=N*nf=127*2000=254000bits
Therefore Rmax=N*nf/tcycle=254000/(241.33x103)=1.052Mbps

(b)R=1.5Mbps
BitDuration=0.00067ms
FrameSizenf=250bytes=2000bits
FrameDurationtf=2000/(1.5x106)=1.33ms
EffectiveProp.Delaybetweenthetwoearthstations=tprop=2x120+8x(0.00067)ms240ms
Themaximuminformationrateisachievedwhenthereisnoerror,andhencenoretransmission
Witha7bitsequencenumberfield,thenumberofframesinacycleN=271=127
Forthis, tcycle=minimumtimetotransmitagroupofNpackets

=tf+2tprop=481.33ms

n=No.ofbitstransmittedinacycle=N*nf=127*2000=254000bits
Therefore Rmax=N*nf/tcycle=254000/(481.33x103)=0.5277Mbps

(c)R=1.5MbpsBitDuration=0.00067ms
FrameSizenf=250bytes=2000bits
FrameDurationtf=2000/(1.5x106)=1.33ms
EffectiveProp.Delaybetweenthetwoearthstations=tprop=2x120+8x(0.00067)ms240ms
Themaximuminformationrateisachievedwhenthereisnoerror,andhencenoretransmission
Witha11bitwindow,thenumberofframesinacycleN=2111=2047

Timetakentotransmit2047frameswouldbe2047x2/1.5ms=2729ms
Sincethisismorethantcycle=tf+2tprop=481.33ms,thechannelwouldbeusedwith100%
efficiencyandRmaxwillbe1.5Mbps(sameasthebitrateofthechannel)

3. NodesAandBareonthesame10MbpsEthernetsegmentandthepropagationdelaybetween
them is 225 bit times. Suppose node A begins transmission and that before A finishes, B also
starts transmitting a frame. As per the Ethernet specifications, the minimum frame size is
512+64bittimes(64bytesframewith64bitpreambleandstartofframeindicator).

(a)WouldAfinishtransmissionbeforeitdetectsthatBhastransmitted?
(b)WhatistheslottimeofthissystemassumingthatAandBareattheextremeendsofasingle
repeaterlessEthernetsegment?

(c) For the case of (b), what would be the physical cable length between A and B assuming
thatthevelocityofsignalpropagationinthecabletobe2x108m/s?

Solution

(a)SupposeAstartstransmittingattimet=0andconsiderthatwearemeasuringtimeinunitsofbittimes.We
considertheworstcasewhenAistransmittingaminimumsizedframe.Itwillthenfinishitstransmissionat
timet=576.

ForB,theworstcasescenariowouldbethatitstartstransmittingattimet=224(i.e.justbeforeithearsAs
transmission).BstransmissionwillreachAattimet=224+225=449.Since449<576,Awouldabortbeforeit
completesitstransmissionasitissupposedtodo.

(b)Slottimeofthesystem=2x225=450bittimes=45s
(c)DistancebetweenAandB= 225 10 7 2 108 = 4500 m