University of Tehran, ECE

Wireless Communication, spring 2015

Due Date: Tuesday, Esfand 5th, 1393

Assignment Set 1

Path loss and Shadowing

Problem 1
In a communication system the transmitter broadcasts a streaming video at fc = 1GHz using QPSK
modulation with a raw data rate of 1 Mbps. The transmitted power is PT = 0 dBW. The users experience a
free-space propagation and AWGN noise with a PSD of N0/2 = -174 dBm/Hz. The acceptable error rate is
BER = 10-5.
(a) What is the minimum SNR (at the detector) for an acceptable reception?
(b) What is the minimum received power for a good reception at distance d?
(c) Determine the coverage area.
(d) What is the coverage area if the receiver noise figure is 6 dB and the implementation loss is 2 dB.
Problem 2
In a wireless communication system working at fc = 1GHz, the transmitted power is 0 dBm. The path-loss
follows the simplified model of () = 10 + 40 10 (), where d is the distance in meter. We also
have a Log-Normal shadowing with a standard deviation of 6 dB. The acceptable RX power is Pr,min= -90
dBm.
(a) Determine the outage probability (Pout) for users with a distance of d from the transmitter. Find the
distance (r50) where Pout becomes 50%?
(b) Determine the total expected coverage area? Find the expected coverage radius.
(c) Find the needed transmitted power such that the outage probability for a user located at a distance
of 100m becomes Pout. Sketch Pout (from 0% up to 100%) vs. needed TX power (in dBm).
Problem 3
Estimating path loss parameters (Problem 2-18): Table 1 lists a set of empirical path loss measurements.
(a) Find the parameters of a simplified path-loss model plus log-normal shadowing that best fit this
data.
(b) Find the path loss at 2 km based on this model.
(c) Find the outage probability at a distance d assuming the received power at d due to path loss alone
is 10 dB above the required power for non-outage.
Table 1: Empirical measurements

Distance from transmitter (m)

5
25
65
110
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(in dB)
-60
-80
-105
-115

400
1000

-135
-150

Problem 4
In Fig.1, the node RX receives signal form transmitter TX1 and also receives interference from TX2. The
path loss and shadowing between ith transmitter and receiver are modeled as:

= + 10 10 ( ) + () , = 1,2
0

Fig.1

Where di is the distance between the receiver and transmitter i in meters, and n is the path loss exponent,
The terms Xi are zero-mean Gaussian random variables with standard deviation , in dB, that model the
variation of the received signals due to shadowing. Assume that the random variables Xi are independent
of each other and also suppose that 0 is the received power at distance 0 from each of transmitters.
SINR min is the minimum required SINR at receiver for non-outage.
(a) Using the parameters in Table.2, find the maximum radius R from TX 1, that if the receiver is in
that circle, then the outage probability at each point be less than 0.05.
(b) Suppose that n is parameter, find the maximum radius R as a function of n, and plot R versus n
and explain the behavior of R.
(c) Suppose that there is an additive white Gaussian noise at RX with 0 = 1012 , find the
maximum radius R, for n=4 and also plot R versus n and compare the results with part b.
Table 2

Parameter
n

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Value
4
5 dB
0 dBW
1m
1000 m
10 dB

Problem 5
Suppose that a mobile station is moving along a straight line between base stations BS1 and BS2, as
shown below. The distance between the base stations is D = 1600 m. The received power (in dBm) at
base station i, from the mobile station, is modeled as (reverse link):
( ) = 0 10 10 (

) + [] , = 1,2
0

Where is the distance between the mobile and base station i, in meters, 0 is the received power at

distance 0 from the mobile antenna, and n is the path loss exponent. The term 0 10 10 ( ) is
0

usually called local area mean power. The terms are zero-mean Gaussian random variables with
standard deviation , in dB, that model the variation of the received signals due to shadowing. Assume X1
and X2 are independent of each other.
The minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality at the base station receiver is Pr,min and the
threshold level for handoff initiation is Pr,HO, both given in dBm. Assume that the mobile station is
currently connected to BS1. A handoff occurs when the received signal at the base station BS1 from the
mobile, drops below a Threshold Pr,HO, and the signal received at candidate base station BS2 is greater
than the minimum acceptable level Pr,min.
Using the following numerical values,
D = 1600 m, n = 4, = 6 dB, 0 = 0 dBm, 0 = 1m Pr,min = 118 dBm, , = 112 dBm
(a) Find the probability that a handoff occurs Pr[handoff] as a function of the distance between the
mobile and its serving base station. Show your result in a plot Pr[handoff] vs. distance. 1
(0,1600).
(b) Find the distance dho between base station BS1 and the mobile such that the probability that a
handoff occurs is equal to 80%.
(c) Find the average uncovered area on this line. (The locations with no good signal from both BSs)

Fig.2

Problem 6
There are two antennas, A1 and A2, which are fed by a single transmit signal. The distance between the 2
antennas is D = N , where N is a large integer. The transmitted power of each antenna is PT/2 and the
minimum acceptable power at the receiver is Pmin. The users are located along the antennas base-line (the
line connecting two antennas) and experience free-space propagation from both antennas.
(a) Find the received signal power as function of distance from one antenna. Determine the average
received power in the distance interval of [n- /2, n+ /2] from one antenna.

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(b) Find the D that maximizes the coverage area along the line. Compare this coverage with the
coverage of a single antenna with transmit power of PT.

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