Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment
P4- discuss the effects of loading structural materials
Concrete
Behavior of concrete under compression:Concrete is good in compression and weak in tension and the
compressive strength of concrete is 20 - 40 MPa (3000 - 6000
psi). if the compressive force applied on concrete upto certain
extant it will found some cracks on concrete and after yield point
the concrete may deform.
Stress-strain curve

Under compressive force in concrete after reaches to peak point

stress is decrese and strain is increase this means the concrete
will not come into original length when unloading due to creep.

Ashok joshi

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment
Behavior of concrete under tension:Concrete is weak in tension so if we applied tensile force in
concrete member as a result of flexure and shrinkage. Normally
cracking in concrete occurs when tensile strength exceeds its
limiting value. The tensile strength is only 7 to 15 percent of
compressive strength.
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete in Tension

Concrete has a low failure strain in uniaxial tension. It is found to

be in the range of 0.0001 to 0.0002. The stress-strain curve in
tension is generally approximated as a straight line from the
origin to the failure point.

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment
Behavior of concrete under bending:-

In a concrete beam supported at is ends and load is applied at

mid point after cracks starts to form in lower edge of beam
because the top is in compression and bottom is in tension. So
therefore the mild steel incorporating in concrete beam.

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment

Behavior of concrete under shear:Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body
in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite
direction. due to shear force the crack may be generated in
concrete in a 45 angle.Shear strength : 6 - 17 MPa.

http://www.arch.virginia.edu/~km6e/tti/ttisummary/full/concrete1-2-08-noted-3.jpeg

Ashok joshi

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment

steel
Behavior of steel under compression:Steel is good in tension and week in compression. In compression,
steel can still behave plastically. the steel may suffer a shear
failure before reaching an ultimate compressive strength.the
compressive strength of steel is 310mpa.
Behavior of steel under tension:When a tensile force applied in a steel it will begin to stretch and
transition from elastic to plastic behavior. When applied a more
force in steel upto ultimate tensile strength of steel it will break.
Stress strain curve of steel

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment

timber
behavior of timber under tension:Wood exhibits its greatest strength in tension parallel to the grain,
and it is very uncommon in practice for a specimen to be pulled in
two lengthwise. This is due to the difficulty of making the end
fastenings secure enough for the full tensile strength to be
brought into play before the fastenings shear off longitudinally.
This is not the case with metals, and as a result they are used in
almost all places where tensile strength is particularly needed,
even though the remainder of the structure, such as sills, beams,
joists, posts, and flooring, may be of wood. Thus in a wooden
truss bridge the tension members are steel rods.
The tensile strength of wood parallel to the grain depends upon
the strength of the fibres and is affected not only by the nature
and dimensions of the wood elements but also by their
arrangement. It is greatest in straight-grained specimens with
thick-walled fibres. Cross grain of any kind materially reduces the
tensile strength of wood, since the tensile strength at right angles
to the grain is only a small fraction of that parallel to the grain.

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment

http://structure.kes.ne.jp/KesTechnicalArchitecture/architecture/in
dex.html

behavior of timber under compression:When wood is used for columns, props, posts, and spokes, the
weight of the load tends to shorten the material endwise. This
is endwise compression, or compression parallel to the grain. In
the case of long columns, that is, pieces in which the length is very
great compared with their diameter, the failure is by sidewise
bending or flexure, instead of by crushing or splitting. A familiar
instance of this action is afforded by a flexible walking-stick. If
downward pressure is exerted with the hand on the upper end of the
stick placed vertically on the floor, it will be noted that a definite
amount of force must be applied in each instance before decided
flexure takes place. After this point is reached a very slight increase
of pressure very largely increases the deflection, thus obtaining so
great a leverage about the middle section as to cause rupture.

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Unit 2: Science and Materials for Construction and the

Built Environment

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