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IS 9678 (1980): Methods of measuring temperature rise of

electrical equipment [ETD 1: Basic Electrotechnical
Standards]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

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Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

Is t 9678- 19s0

(~ed
( Reaffirmed 2004 )
1987)

Indian Standard

Reaffirmed 1999)

&fBTHODS OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE-RISE

OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
( First Reprint APRIL 1992)

UDc

622.31

:621.317

@CO&mg&

BUREAU

OF INDIAN

.39[536.5]

1981

STANDARDS

&fANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADIJR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

N8WDELH111LXXZ
Gr 2

@ii1981

IS : 9678 -

1980

Indian Standard
METHODS OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE-RISE
OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Electrotechnical

Standards Sectional Committee;

Chainnan
SH~I J. S.

ETDC

RCptWltiltg
Bharat Bijlee Ltd,

ZAVERI

Bombay

Members
SH~I V. K. BATRA

Nati;ozii

SHFKIT. L. BEATIA

Indian
Posts
and
Telegraphs
( Ministry of Communications

SHRI J. M. NEOQY ( AJhwuzfs)

SHRI V. S. BHATIA
BRIQ N. DAYAL
COL K. V. KUDVA ( Ahnatr
DIRECTOR
STANDARDS
( ELECTRICAL)
D~EOTOB ( TED )
S-1

DEPUTY D~ECTOB ( TED )

M. L. Do~+~RE

Physical

Laboratory

( CSIR),

New

Department
), New Delhi

Low

Voltage
Switchgear
and Controlgear
Sectional Committee, ETDC 57, IS1
Ministry of Defence ( DC1 )

Research,
Designs & Standards Organization,
Lucknow
Central Electricity
Authority
( Department of
Power ) ( Ministry of Energy ), New Delhi

~ltcmuta )

Power Cables Sectional Committee. ETDC 59.

ISI
Conducton
and Accessories for Overhead Lines
Sectional Committee, ETDC 66, IS1
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal

SERI R. D. JAIN

SEBI S. K. KASIJWAL
SH~I P~AKASE SIN& ( Alternate )
SHF.I S. K. MTJKHEKJ~ZE
National Test House, Calcutta
SH~I B. MUKEOPADHYAY ( Alternate )
SEBI D. V. NARKE
Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC 16, IS1
Srtm N. NATE
Relays Sectional Committee, ETDC 35, IS1
SRRI H. M. PA1
High
Voltage
Switchgear
and Controlgear
Sectional Committee, ETDC 58, IS1
SHSI D. N. PURANDARE
Electrical
Wiring Accessories
Sectional
Committee, ETDC 44, IS1
Committee,
SEBI S. G. RAMAOEANDRA
Machinery
Sectional
Rotatin
ET d C 15, IS1
SERI V. L. SAS~RY
Electronics and Radar Development
Ettabliihm&t ( Ministry of Defence ), Bangalore
Srxn~ K. V. BEAT ( Altmzatc )
( Continuedon pcrgs2

BUREAU

IX publicationis protected

afiyright

1981

OF INDIAN STANDARDS

under the Indian CopyIight Act ( XIV

of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publiiha shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

IS I 9678- 1980
( Continuedfrom p~gr 1 )

iuembers

R9prescnting

DE S. M. Slnr
DB H. V. K. UDUPA
S-1

H. n. V~KOS~

RAO

Smx Y. MAIUDEVA IY~

+%a%~
M. P. WAGE

( Alternate)
Indian
Electrical
Bombay

S~BI S. D. M~GDXEKAR( Ahmate)

SEBI s. P. SAOEDXV,
Director

Institution of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta

Secondary
Cells and Batteries
Sectional
Committee, ETDC Ii, IS1
Central
Electrochemical
Raearch
Institute
( CSIR ), Karaikudi

Director

( Elec tech j ( SecWqy )

General,

Manufacturers
IS1 ( Ex-&io

Association,

Member )

I81!#678-1986

Indian Standard
METHODSOFMEASURINGTEMPERATURE-RISE
OFELE~TRI~ALBQUIPMI~NT
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted~ by the Indian
Standards
Institution on 18 December 1980, after the draft finalized by the
Electrotechnical Standards Sectional Committee had been approved by
the Electrotechnical Division Council.
0.2 The safe and reliable operation of an electrical
equipment is
achieved
by ensuring
amongst other things that under normal
conditions of operation, the steady state temperature of the equipment is
maintained within limits for which the electrical insulation is designed.
This factor ultimately decides the safe current (rated current) which can
pass through the equipment without the temperature of the insulation
exceeding the safe limits.
0.3 Indian Standards on the various electrical equipment specify the
permissible limits of temperature-rise of the parts of equipment and the
precise method to ensure that the temperature is within the safe limits.
This standard has been brought out with a view to provide detailed
guidelines on the methodology to be adopted while carrying out the
temperature-rise test. This would also avoid the necessity of repeating
the details of test method in individual standards.
0.4 While this standard covers all the three recognized methods, the
choice of a particular method depends on several factors, individual
specifications hence would stipulate the most appropriate method(s) for
the equipment under test as well as guidelines on the application of the
limits of temperature-rise specified for the same.
0.5 While employing the methods described in this specification, it is
emphasized that the precautions mentioned therein shall be adhered to in
view of the accuracy desired as well as the safety of the measuring device.
Additional precaution shall have to be observed as indicated in individual specifications, depending on the specific nature of the equipment.
0.6 It is not intended to imply that measurements by more than one
method shall he required for a single check of the temperature and the
3

IS : 9678 - 1980
results obtained by one method are to be used as a check against those
by another. However, if the.purchaser wishes to have readings taken by
more than one method, it shall be noted that the methods are reliable
and accurate in the order given below:
a) Embedded

temperature

b) Resistance

method, and

c) Thermometer

detector method,

method.

0.7 This standard does not provide guidelines

on the method
measuring the ambient temperature
which are covered separately
IS : 3599-1966*.
0.8 This standard shall be read in conjunction

of
in

with IS : 9677-19807.

0.9 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

standard is complied with, -the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded offin accordance with
IS : 2-1960:.
The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the methods ofmeasurement of temperaturerise in electrical equipment. . This standard also specifies the different
precautions to be observed while adopting these methods.
2. METHODS

OF MEASUREMENT

OF TEMPERATURES

2.0 General-The
following
three
methods of determining
temperature of windings and other parts are recognized:

a) Thermometer
b) Resistance

the

method,

method, and

c) Embedded temperature detector ( E.T.D. ) method.

N~rs 1 -The term thermometrr also includes non-embeddedthermocouples

and resistance-thermometers,
usual bulb-thermomctcrs.

provided they are applied to the points accessible to the

*Method of measurement of cooling medium temperature for electrical apparattls.

TGuidefor limits of temperature-rise of the windings of electrical eqrtipmentwhen
tested by different methods.
:;li~rlcsfor roundingoff rumerical valoes (re&d).

ISt9678-1980

Norm2 -~Reristaace methodis also known= self-resistancemethod.

NOTE3 --Embedded temperature detectora are resistance thermometera or
tkermocoupla builtinto the part of the electrical equipmentduring construction at
points which are inacceuibleafter completion.
2.1 Thermometer

Method

21.1 Three types of thermometers are normally employed, namely,

bulb thermometer
containing mercury or alcohol and
resistance
thermometers.
2.1.2 When bulb, thermometers are employed in places where there is
strong varying or moving magnetic field, alcohol thermometers should
be used in preference to mercury thermometers.
21.3 When a thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a
surface, such as that of a coil, the bulb shall be surrounded by a single
wrapping of tin-foil having a thickness of not less than 0.095 mm. The
foil shall be turned up at the end to form a complete covering for the
bulb and shall then be secured in contact with the surface under test.
The exposed part of the wrapped bulb shall be completely covered with
a pad of heat-insulating material without unduly shielding the test
surface from normal cooling.

21.4 When a thermometer is used to measure the temperature

resistor, the bulb shall not be wrapped with tin-foil.

of a

2.1.5 For the purpose of determining the temperature of windings by

the thermometer method, reference shall be made to the following
standards regarding accuracy of instruments, further precautions in
use if any, etc:

a) IS : 2gO6- 1964 Methods of temperature

electrical resistance thermometers ;
b) IS : 4825-l 968 Laboratory

by

and reference thermometers ; and

c) IS : 8787-1977 Principles of design,

liquid-in-glass thermometers .
2.2 Resistance

measurement

construction

and use of

Method

2.2.1 In this method the temperature-rise of the windings is determined

by the increase in the resistance of the windings.
5

X8:9678-1980

2.2.2 D&&nation of Ttmpcrature-R&e of Co#wr Windings from Increase in

Resistance - The final temperature of the winding ( t; ) at the end of the

test and hence the temperature-rise

( ts ratio of the resistance by the formula:

ta ) may be obtained

from

the

te+ 235
Rn
tl+ 235 =-%wht?re
in degrees centigrade
ta = temperature
end of the test,
R s = resistance of the winding at,the end
tI = temperature in degrees centigrade
the moment of the initial. resistance

of the winding at the

of the test,
of the winding ( cold)
measurement,

and

RI = initial resistance of the winding ( cold).

For practical
found convenient:

purposes,

4 - to =

the following

Ra-RI
Rl

simplified

(235+t,)+t,

formula

may be

-t*

where
ta = temperature
test.

( C ) of cooling

medium

at the end of the

When the temperature of a winding is to be determined

by
resistance, the temperature of the winding before the test, measured by
thermometer, shall be practically that of the coolitig medium.
NOTE 1 - For materials other than copper, replace the figure 235 in the above
formulae with the reciprocal of the temperature
coefficient of resistance at 0% for
the material.
simplified formula is based on the assumption that every 0.4
NOTE 2 -The
Strictly speaking,
percent increase in resistance amounts to 1C rise in temperature.
such aq assumption is correct only, if the cold resistance &is measured approximately at + 16C. However, the inaccuracy
will not be much as long as the
correspondingtemperature
lies within + 10C and + 40C.

2.2.3 Unlike the other methods, the method

depending
on selfresistance measures the average temperature-rise of the whole winding as
contrasted with the temperature at the surface or other isolated point.
2.3 Embedded Temperature

Detector

( E.T.D. ) Method

2.3.1 This method employs requisite number of detectors suitably

distributed in the part of the electrical equipment built into it while I
construction.
All reasonable efforts, consistent with safety shall be made
G

Is : 9678 - 1966
to place the detectors at the various points at which the highest
temperatures are likely to occur in such a manner that they are effectively
protected from contact with the cooling medium.
2.3.2 The exact location of the detectors and their number shall be as
dictated by the size and specific details of the e uipment or part under
measurement.
Specific guidelines on these sh& be as specified in the
relevant standards.
2.23

Ilrermocou~le as Embedded Detector

23.3.1 The two conductors between which the thermoelectric effect

is produced shall be soldered or welded at both the hot and the cold
junctions.
2.3.3.2 When applied to the surface of the live conductors, the hot
junction is covered with insulation, and shall be wrapped with tin-foil as
described for bulb thermometers.
The thermocouple circuit should be
earthed to minimize the possibility of capacity currents.
2.3.3.3 The protecting pad of heat insulating material specified
in 23.3.2 shall be employed whether the junction is insulated or not.
23.3.4 The cold junction shall be immersed in oil, preferably
contained in a vacuum flask; the temperature of which is measured by
means of a thermometer.
23.3.5 When the thermocouple is used to measure the temperature
of a resistor, both the tin-foil wrapping and the pad shall be omitted.
23.3.6 For the puposes of determining the temperature of windin
using thermocouple as embedded detector, reference shall also be ma Be
to IS: 7356-1974* regarding selection of the proper thermocouple,
accuracy desired, etc.
23.4

Resistance Thermometer as Embed&d Detector

2.3.4.1 The precautions applicable for thermocouples are generally

applicable for resistance thermometers also. Special, precautions to
be observed, if any, shall be as indicated in the relevant standards (see
&o 21.5 ).

Soon

for themlocouples.

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