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THE THEORY AND PERFORMCE

OF

A. C. AXIAL FLUX MACHINES

by
Be=ard

A thesis

submitted

University
for

the

degree

Capaldi

to the

of Warwick

of Doctor

of

Philosophy

October, 1973---

" Enough is Enough 11

Anon.

Acknowledgements
I would like
To my wife
for

their

for

to express

into

To k:. AX Corbett

and my children

heights

of research

and swiam-Ling.

who magically-changedt

on occasion,

my

black.

his assistance,

for

giving

me a free

hand and for

the manuscript.

To Mr. F Holloway

for
for

the manufacture

watch and his

discussions.

the quiet
his

great

building

fictitious

cups of tea and Mr. H Fowkes for

and testing
"for

friend

to do" and to all

Jan, Bert,

of thi! -.-machirie

Sid,

the underworked

Workshop,

and overpaid

-i-

breaking

my-

for

Ron,

particularly

Tom and'Les. fok their

the Science Research Council

for

helping

King and Country".

Department

members of theEngineering

Jim 1, Jim 2,. Mike,

Finally

football

of playing

a beautiful

for

To Mr. P campbell

To all

and encouragement

and father-in-law

red bank account

.-in

support

me down from the 'dizzy'

to bring

to the more mundane matters

reading

to the following:

her continual

ability

To my parents

my thanks

advice

on "what

members of the D. O.

Fi#ancial

assistance.

PAG

NUlVI

AS

RIN-G

ORIGINAL

Abstract
The work
testing

and manufacture

to weight

ratio
the

machine

the useful

while

current

The airgap

flux

obtained

airgap

m. m. f.

and the

permeance

wave concept

using

and harmonic

permeance

techniques.
the

reluctance

of

is

twice

motor

for

the

shown that
of

the

of
the

parameters

both

the

radial

in

range
have
For

machine.

a frame

prototype

obtained.

airgap

that

motor

of

machines
performance

of
are

of

flux

airgap

obtained

transformation

polearc/pole

the

the

waveform

conformal

a potential

the

by comparing

for

calculating

can be synchronised
of

Both

the

using

motor

can be used

1260 watts

size

positioned

covered.

in

the

power

former

shaft.

involved

from

the

product

in

machines

maximum outputs

reluctance
is

practical

the

reluctance

that

In

are

the

determined

compaxe its

rotor

for

obtained

ma imum inertia

respectively

limitations
between

is

the

design,

radially

motor

The errors

the

motor

obtained

that

waves with

are

from

directly

assessed

to

machines.

to

parallel

the

with

order

conductors

of

that

reluctance

(radial)

components

An equation

magnitude

It

is

in

and reluctance

motor
is

permeance

fundamental

is

concerned

machine

carrying

flux

airgap

cage induction

squirrel

a disc

of

is

thesis

conventional

with

active

this

in

reported

by the

pitch

ratios.

power/weight

induction

motor

and 1100 watts

ratio

and
were

220 mm O/D and 110 mm long.

discussed
and the

and the

principal

relationship
machine

The

Id. st

of SyrtOls

B -= flux

(Bavep B
etc)
peak

density

Cl= induction

motor constant

D27 outer

principbil

diameter

D1= inner

princigol

diareter

induced

e. m. f

mechanical

airgap

E, eg-

airgap

gl= effective

of the rotor

thickness

h-

half

the axial

I=

peak fundamental

i=

current

current

in phase 1

ib= bar curre#

A
j=

maximum inertia

K
611'
K

of pitch

product

fundamental

p, k=

harmonic

m.. thickness
N=

winding

turns/pole-per
bars

n=

turns

ratio

p=

pole pairs

resistance

r27 r referred

phase

of induction

motor

to primary

-t

winding

impedance

of bar load

v=

conponent

of sipply

X=
e

effective

reactance

xj=

stator

leakage

Xq
dp? -- direct-

harm onic

yoke

of the equivalent

circuit

slip

6k:tl

factor

R= effective
resistance
e
R, = phase resistance
of stator
r=

for

number

of stator

nb= rotor

factors

and distribution

voltage

reactance

and quadrature

opposing

per phase
axis

reactance

x=

of bar load

reactance

to the primary

X2*2 x referred
z

bo

impedance
of the equivalent

bar load impedance

impedance

effective

eo
Z= phase impedance
distance

oc = angular
= pole

arc/pole

around airgap

pitch

ratio

= constant
= load

angle

power factor

angle

total

fluy, /pole

c4 = airgap

airgap
flux

efficiency
permability
instantaneous

of free

space

rotor

position

load
impedance
bar
phase
angle
=
691,
w=

frequency

Additional

symbols used in the text,

are defined where necessary

-iv-

circuit

Acknowledgements
Abstract.
List

of symbols

Contents
CCNTENTS
Chapter

Axial

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Historical

1.3

Axial

Flux Machine

Background

Flux Machine

length

1.3.1

Active

1.3.2

Operational

1.3.3

Optimisation

1.4

7
Modes

1.1

13
14

Conclusion
Theory of Axial Machine

Chapter II

16

2.1

Introduction

2.2

Assessment of Analytical

2.3

Airgap Flux

26

2.4

Induction Motor Performance

30

Errors

16

2.4.1

Airgap Flux

30

2
2.14,.

Torque/SpeedRelationship

31

2.4.3

Magnetising Reactance

32

2.4.4

Turns Ratio of Squirrel Cage Motor

34

Synchronous Performance of Reluctance Motor

35

2.5

2.5.1

Phase Impedance

35

2.5.2

PerformanceEquations

36

2.5.2.1

2.6

2.7

-Pull-out
Asynchronous Performance
2.6.1

Equiva2ent Circuit

2.6.2

Pull-in

Conclusion

Criteria

s -*. 1

38
39
40
42
49

Chapter

III

Machine

Experimental

51

3.1

Introduction

3.2

Choice

3.3

Axial

Machine Stator

54

3.4

Axial

Machine Rotor

56

ed

59

52

Material

of Lamination

3.5

Stator

3.6

Skewed Slots

62

3.7

Torque Measurement

67

3.8

Coupled Inertia

Winding

Effective

3.10

Conclusi on

Chapter

IV

67

length

Airgap

3.9

67

Motor

for Reluctance

71

re

Results

Experimental

74

Introduction

4.1

Pre1iminary

4.2

74

Tests

4.2.1

Classification

4.2.2

Comparison

74

oflosses
and Stator

of Rotor

Iron

Losses

76
78

of Torque Unit

4.2.3

Calibration

4.2.4

Measurement of Load Angle

78

Inertia

80

44.2.5
4.2.6

D-C Resistance

4.2.7

Temperature

Performiance

4.3

4.3.1

Iron

of Stator

'80

Winding

82

Rise

of the Induction

Loss as a Function

Motor

82,

of Speed

82

d.
the
Windage
c machine
of
and

83

Parameters

86

4.3.2

Friction

4.3.3

Equivalent

4.3.4

Torque/Speed

4-3.5

Efficiency..

4 3.6
.

Starting

4.3.7

Discussion

Circuit

89

curves
Power Factor,

and input

Current

go

.
go

Torque
of Results

-vi-

go

lies

97

Performance of the Reluctance Motor

4-4

4.4.1

103

MaximumInertia

108

Conclusion

4.5

Chapter V

Optindsation

5.1

Introduction

110

5.2

Assumptions

ill

5.3

Performance Equations

112

5.3.1

5.3.2

112

Synchronous Operation
5.3-1.1

Phase Current

115

5.3-1.2

Power Factor

118

5.3-1-3

Output Power

120

5.3-1.4

Efficiency

123

5.3-1.5

Copper Loss

125

5.3-1.6

Summary

126
126

MaximumInertia

130

Conclusion

5.4

Chapter VI

General Discussion

6.1

Introduction

132

6. Z

Aspects of the Machine Performance

132

6.3

Improvements to the Experimental

134

6.4

Comparison of Machine Performance

135

6.5

Suggestions for Further Work

136

6.5.1

Unbalanced Magnetic Pull

6.5.2

Variation

Machine

136

in Rotor Configuration

6.5.2.1

Induction

Motor (Ironless

6.5.2.2

Induction

Motor (Iron

6.5-2.3

Reluctance Motor

137
rotor)

rotor)

137
137
139

6.6

Type of Market

139

6.7

Conclusion

140
-vii-

Apperidix

I
Airgap

Appendix

Per=ance

142

II
Bar Load Impedance

Appendix

144

III
Calculation

of Squirrel

Bar Impedance

150

AppendJ-x. IV
Impedance of Squirrel
Appendix

Cage Endring

155

V
Rotor

Inertia

163

Refetences

164

-viii-

Cha-pter
Flux

Axial

1.1.

Introduction
It

that
not

is a necessary

lie

along
if

are a limited

the

electromagnetic

and that

optlimirn
are

and conductors

energy

mutually

number of ways in which this

conversion

conductors

should

conversion

is
There

perpendicular.

optlimun can be achieved,

the

major ways being,

1)

The use of a radial

combine together
to asaradial

2)

3)

to produce

rotary

movement.

This

field

and radial

conductors

magnetic

combine to produce

to as an"axial

Mutually

perpendicular
linear

o Produce

rotary

field

motion
into

2) and'3) are the Printed

(2)
Motor

machine generally
Next to the tips
particular

and designers

known is

tooth.

though
1)
category
well
Circuit

Motor(')

machines have certain

which have been accepted by successive generations

limitations

Of machine engineers

the rotor

is

arranqed iA parallel

and conductors

Because of the, geometry, modern-radial

the most well

which

is referred

This

movement.

categories

and the Linear Induction

inherent

conductors

machine!

machines fall

of electrical:

known examples'of

and axial

machine.

referred

The majority

field

magnetic

The use of an axial

which again

this

energy

ent carrying

a=

and active

same axis

field

the

for

condition

field

the magnetic

obtained

three

Machines,

the flux

As a result,

as inevitable.

bottleneck
this

part

works at a much higher

of the teeth,
region

is

associated

with

of the magnetic
flux

or the pole

the first

Firstlyq

tips

density

the root

circuit

of

in the

than anywhere else.

in salient

to become saturated..

-1-

and probably

pole machinesq
It

is not

practice

noxmal engineering
does not

not

immediately

in the following

of these

a higher

with

by changing

achieved
from

a radial

also

leads

flux
to

opposed

to

greater

than

the

unity)

of

of

axial

of a. c. machines

in this

having

comparison

the

machines

i. e. where the rotor

matching

motor.

assisting

to

length
is

as

ratio,

typically

is

this

the

to allow

reluctance

a broader

accepted

to the latter.
a modified

of

Indeed

it

of two such machines

to compare the performance

is generally

knowledge

Inevitably$

to be obtained.

two machines can be made.

and it

motor

the former

that

Where in radial
induction

motor,

has been machined to Provide saliencyp

then the output

(J) that of the induction

(3)

More modern

equivalent

rotor

frame

is

machines

size

motor design

The arrangement

most basic

This

counterpart.

(which

ratio

motor is basically

e. g. the segmental

The reluctance

diameter

studied:

configuration

can be as low as one third

the

are

in many respects

machines the reluctance

flux

axial

by changing

is

machine.

Primarily

the same frame size

designsv

its

successfully

that

machine,

diameter

to

between these

inferior

the

is

to

leads

the second,
This

ratio.

has a high

radial

common practice

machine is

to

length

motor.

is a fairly

of

geometry

which

and the induction

courseq

more fully

is developed

point

particularly

toweight

configuration

normal

Two types

limitational

power

a machine

the

though

Secondlyp

sections.

The removal
a machine

latter

This

of the machine.

the framework

the

of the space within

the poor utilisation

is

apparentt

saturation

would necessitate

of the circuit..

of the remainder

loading

inefficient

as this

in these regionst

occur

the machine so that

to design

I
induction

form can be obtained.

"s
f.
themodified
m. m.

are supposedly

that

By employing
induction

-2-

capable

of

motor.

chosen, is basically

such, however,

motor.

a modified

a segmental

motor

two stators

with

motor is obtaineid .1 while

induction
in its
mutually
with

mutually
is

m. m. f's.

opposed

more fully

elaborated

It

the

is not

in

seCmental

performance

predictions
for

to account

is based on the theories

of radial

the special

used to improve

to the

into

the axial

the performance

employed in
are incorporated

Yodifications

machines.

shape of the axial

machine can be transposed

between the

on why one type is used in preference

The method of analysis

other.

This

obtained.

to draw comparisons

of the writer

two machines nor to co=ent

is

machine

1-3.2.

section

the intention

rotor

Finallyany

machine.

radial

form hence the modern techniques

f

of the former

can also be applied

to this

new machine,
1*2

Historical

Background

The development
and only

a brief

basically

axial

historical

life

period

Faraday's
nature

is given

outline
flux

recorded

(c. 1821) and this

of the electric
field,

employed an axial

motor was by an 'imerican Inventor,

was a radial

Radial

machine.

in a relatively

of an electric

about a year after

The first

machines were

in terms of the

machines,

was achieved

instance

and its

current

chronicled(49

Many of the earliest

maciiinesp

%be first

disc

here.

but the change to radial

of electrical

of time.

machines has been well

of electric

5)

short

motor was
discovered

lopere

the

to marmetism - Faraday

relationship

to be taken out on an electric

patent

Thomas Davenport(4),

machines developed

in 1837, and this

rapidly

with

becoming a topic of historical

interest.
(6)
of many patents
this,
would seem to contradict

axial

machines

even more rapidly

AlthouC: h the

existence

it

that

since

1837 axial

Two exceptions

machines have not received

to this

are the printed

and tho suporconductinE;

reason for
single

this

lack

rotor/stator

homopolar michine(7)

of attention
disc

rotor

usinC a double

as in the printed

there

in the rotor.

circuit

stator

motor.

motor(')
developed

lion

probably

confin, =ation

due to the presence of iron

overcome by either

circuit

any serious

attention.

already

mentioned

by I. R. D. C.

in the fact

exists

is a fct

that

a strong

This condition

The

in the

magnetic

pull

however can be

mac"hine or by usino

an ironless

rn t.

Figvwe IA
Exploded view of single
Both stator
a coiled

and rotor

spring.

stator

Field Machine.

are laminated in'the

(stator

winding3,

cage and casing not included)

Axial

-form of --

part of squirrel

1.2.

Axial

Kux

Machines

Work on d. c. axial
Warwick since

machines has Progressed

19670 and several

have been pursueausing

work on a. c. versions

view

of an induction
features

1)

The slots

2)

The slot

to tooth

diameter

(D ).
I

4)

5)

this

on the stator

is

axial

(and teeth)

over their

full

The effect

of skewing

while

interest

shows an exploded
In this

machine the

is

has with

diameter

conductorsq
conductor

is

in the -return

paths

circumferential.
in width

are constant

depth.

circle

length

the flux

at any diameter

to make the slots

The relationship

The overall

are radial.

and rotor)

that

to the first

order

and origin
D., and D2 and

1119 Section

(J(D27D1)),

Basically,

determined

673.6. P
on-the

the number of

determines

effectively

overhand at D2*

on the arc

machine is dependant

of this

this

the radius

in Chapter

of the conductors
since

lie

the number of slots,

the amount of skew is given

is

of this

from a maxicnim at the inner

varies

yoke of the stator

The slots

, active

1.1.

configuration.

and rotor

ratio

flux

of a circle.

6)

applications(819t1o)

is as a result
Figure

of

are of interest.

The air-gap

of this

It

was initiated.

motor using

following

(the

and industrial

these machines.

that

3)

domestic

at the University

D1, and the

the overall

by the electric

diameter
loading

of the machine.
7)

The overall
axial
(a)

length

length.
the electric

can be approximated

These two are determined

loading

represented

both members (t
t
and
1
2)*

-5-

to the rotor

and stator

byq
by the alot

depth

on

Figure 1 .2
Double Stator-kxial

The tw stators
form of a coiled

Field

and one rotor

spring.

-6-

MwhirA*

are lamInated in thd

(b)

the magnetic

loading

yokes or flux

return

by the thickness

represented

of the magnetic

paths

of

circuit

(m and h ).
This machine,
only

could not be expected

ratio

weight

does, however,

It

machines.

If

root.

interesting
1-3.1.

basic

form,

the

than that

for

on flux

levels

restriction

cross-sectional

radial

area of the

the machine shown in Figure

1.2.,

some

are obtained.

results

Length

This arrangement

length

to be any better

relieve-the

we now consider

Active

airgaps

In this

has

machinest

machine in terms of power to

machines by the reduced

imposed in radial
tooth

of the axial

capabilities

flux

of radial

and one airgap.

one rotor

one stator,

performance

the majority

as with

and one rotor

is given

machine having

shows an axial

In the single

member.

stator

two stators,

two

the overall

machinef

by,

apprdximately

Ls '-- Ial + +'l + t2 +g+

la2

leakage
b
zero
and
assuming
M2M

M,
hence

2m +t+t+9
12

For the double

Ld=
By axranging
ei', -;her stator

machine,

2m + 2t

2i

the dimension

2+

th'

however,
2g +h

m. m. f. 's to assist

cross both

will

the lamination

the grain

1+

the. two, stator

two identical

effect,

onlyq

stator

back to back.

can go to zero dnd as the flux

material

of the material

lying

the flux

from

This machine then becomes, in

airgaps.

machines placed

each other,

used in the rotor

in the axial

-7--

is

In such

a machine

in the one direction

can be anisotropic

direction.

with

o', ',

qomp0

FIG 1.3
P05SIBLE DOUBLE STATOR INDUCTION MACHINE
SQUIRREL CAGE END RINGS REMOVED

-8-

WITH

The other
opposed,

the same airgap

is

twice

of twice

capable

the particular

which is

case where the m.m. f. 1s are mutually

additivev

2t

in overall

of a 20% increase.
to obtain.

the outer

But for

a double

some of the good features

dis-similarity

into

the possible
still

input

layout
evident

characteristics

The active
the inner
It

available

circuit.
flux

machines

the double
Its

is not used

stator

is

operation

The rotor,
is

such

which is a thin
taken from the inner

inertia,

howeverv a number of disadvantages

a radial

machine in order

machines.

The first

motors.

Figure

stator

induction

of a double
and the inner

1-3-

to obtain
is

the

shows in cross

motor.

The flux

machine would inevitably

have

because: -

to inactive
stator

an output which is proportional

in axial

evident

ofthe

system in which the rotor

There are,
stator

of

ratio,,

used in radial

and an output

of the two identifiable

is

utilisation

stator.

in an overall

to a minimum.

the geometry

power to weight

ratio.

is used to obtain

to the speed of the rotor

in incorporating

however,

externally

This generator

2)

machine

example in the a. c. drag cup

the power to weight

aluminium. cup, is driven

must be kept

a higher

as for

instancep

fed into

is

a supply

By changing

machines are not generally

to improve

1)

stator

of

of the magnetic

working

In this

bottleneck

length

a more efficient

are exceptionsp

generator(").

different

2+

inertiat

in rotor

though there

section

cross

2g

an increase

is possible

Double stator

stator.

double

machine.

space and a more efficient

that

Either

will

1+t2

the machine it

directly

the single

the output-of

of the order

reduction

th'.

path

m. m. f.

stator

represents
(t

m.m. f. 's are mutually

by one stator

produced

the return

via

2m + 2t
1+

Ld=
and this

the flux

consequently

the stator

when

case exists

ratio

than for

wo,ild be impractical

of the winding

is greater

f or

the outer.
to use the saxae number of slots

-9-

Of

NS

(b)

CIRCUIT

DEVELOPED DIAGRAM MAGNETIC

I
Direct Axis Position
Additive Stator
f
1s.
Quadrature Axis
M.M.

FIG 1.4
(a)
(b)

a,

S
I

1iI!

II

lit

IIII

L(

-Jj JUJ

NS

NS
FIG 1.5. DEVELOPED DIAGRAM* MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
I Opposed Stator
(a) Direct Axis Position
f,
(b) Quadrature
M-m.
Axis Positionf

I.,

?
-to-

identical

in Figuxe

visually
slot

Modes of the Double Stator

further

than to the induction

the

rotor

(X, while
I)

system

crosses

the

and this

changed.

It

is

zero as suggested

motor

part

1-4-

of

is

clear

that

's

ap

will

are

pole

caset

the-rotor

potential

by the field

lines

The

rotating

of Figure
axis

assumes some value

shown.

S.

X9

etc.

m-LI-f - wave

relative
relative

by moving one stator

and quadrature

11-.

positions

axis

the stator'potentials

the situation

to

must lie

the main airg. ap flux

achieved

the direct

two

in

a maximum

machine

additive.

pair

that

is

be at zero potential

In changing
effectively

the

shows

In this

times.

and quadratL=e

in which the rotor

m. m. f.

stator

of a pole pitch,

Secondly,

that

and the rotor

to each other,

obtained.

to this

axis
the

of

reactance

Figure

windings.

at all

one half

the direct

to the stators

through

).

shown represents

both-airgaps

is

axis

(X

when

set up by the stator

in which the direct

to make the

lie

reactance

condition

A
demonstrated

is best

This

will

machine

is more pertinent

By definition

the quadratL=e

Taiminalm
the

arises

alters.
must

the

of

motor.

the situation

axes of the rotor

which

length

m. m. f. ts are in opposition.

machine and in fact

the reluctance

Firstly,

the

Machines

in the change in, performance.

is

effect

that

stated

or not the stator

depend on whether

pole

even for

to be cumbersome

tends

arrangement

has been previously

It

for

a smaller

would require

stator

conductor.

the bearing

Operational

1-3.2.

give

per slot

frame motors.

small

with

the inner

stators,

'diameter

Finallyp

is used.

same number of turns

to maintain'the

on both

example of

where an extreme

and number of slots

size

In order

1-3-

is demonstrated

This

on each slot.

size

This feature

1-5 is
have now interother

than

has been noted

(94

(6)
Figure 1.6
Stator with two extrem

values of D

in the segmental

by Lawrenson(3)
laminated

to the segmental

the resemblance

the machine dimensionsv

best

operating

conditions.

weight

which now acts

flux

be increased.

of the machine will

at a suitable

1-3-3-

Optimisation

one the cost,

for

while

certain

optimised

designsv

four

machine'these
defined

well

though it

however,
that

performance,
The design

down procedure

combined with

to the latter

in this

to produce

thesiov

it

the axial

the output
follows

that

the theoretical

knowledge

from the experimental

that

the pole

in this

experimental

arc to pole pitch

empirical

equation-.,

V similax

In'Chapter

In the type of work

or indeed always possible

and input

only

note

and/or

If

in any sense of the word toptimisedt.

produced using'not
obtained

etc.

a. c. or d. c. has now become

machine.

is not necessary

then it'naturally

phase angle,

power,

efficiency,

machines whether

a machine which is

the chosen machine size

predicted,

based on the required

initially

based on theoretical

for

is

It

machine.

on the enginee3?s part.

experience

are developed

equations
reported

radial

be

the term

that

be accepted

would generally

the required

method for

laid

a vrell

is

if

were to be kept below

Both machines could well

the designAs

that

certain

within

and weight ore unimportant

rise

parameters

limits.

would have more meaning in relation

evident,

design

his

machines are obtained

volume and temperature

the other

or within

to optimise

is

'Two radically'different

terms of reference.

for

the

to carry

circuito

magnetic

the rotor,

level.

working

The aim of the engineer

for

in'the

path

as a return

is, to enable

This

the

and the

of the rotor

the inertia

Finally,

and

ratio
to obtain

in order

be different

will

Thirdly,

are to pole pitch

the pole

form

In this

authors.

machine is-apparent.

rotor

notably

of the rotor

length

the axial

other

motor and several

anisotropic

in the axial

Cruickshank(12)

machine,

the optimum design

equations

can be

characteristics

but also

machine.

It

is

can

be

the additional
to

important

machine in which one of the variables

ratiog

it

is not possible

to optimise

all

is

aspects

for

do not occur

torque

is well

of pole

feature,

different

One of the most important

stator

ratio,

windings

(or rotor)

stator

In the first
large

or

of Dl. is

machines.

all

will

aspects

determine

weight

the

mass and inertia

1-4.

It

somewhere

between this
is developed

and all.

in Chapter

affected.

the efficiencyq

aspects

that

noting

of the rotor
radial

for

is
machines

to the airgap

in the experimental.

diameter

of slot,

size

is worthwhile

related

3) of

diameter

the airgap

of D1 whereas with

are intimately

of D1 is not a variable

performance

of 3)1 lies

are directly

and the inertia

of the value

relatively

relationship

the magnetic

length

the power of the machine,

of the performance.

independant

The value

numberl

of active

ratio

a small

the number of slotst

types

and the amount oficopper

machines the total

rotor

to a much higher

airgap

to altering

comparable

For both

of conductors

These in turn

D2.

and approaching

the best value

that

two extremes.

Variation

indeed

the same physical

are shown.

to overhang length

active

axea,

sectional

of the

number of slots,

can be increased

is apparent

It

is larger.

n=br

cross

airgap

copper and for

between these

a small

giving

For the second case D1 is large

is a smaller

to inactive

1.6 two stators

area and a high

the number of slots

Consequently

radial

small,

sectional

cross

the copper.

airgap

D1 is

the

machine is

diameters

and inner

In Figure

respectively.

instance

airgap

there

in the axial

parameters

the
D,
D2
outer
are
and
where

D2/D, ratio

axial

and maximum pull-out

cages could be-necessary.

squirrel

for

in

example,

are to pole pitch

the same value

to enhance either

in order

for

torque

the maximum pull-in

machines,

.. reluctance

yet

It

of the design.

(3)
Imown that,

diameter.

machine but

the

of the machine

V.

Conclusion
The experimental

factors.
desired

machine design

has been influenced

by several

between axial

machines and radial

machines was

A comparison
and since

there

are an abundance of the latter

under

5 h. p. for

figures'are

which performance
to place

on the output.

machines is
for

the axial

make suitable

machine is
comparisons

rotor
its

power to weight

is known.

the overall

were made the same.

principal

diameters
diameter

Th order

3) which in turn
2

to conform

machine for

to this

This limits

influenced

to

size. of the

to the segmental

which the performance

made

in order

ratio,

the physical

on performance

machine should be similar

experimental

of modern reluctance

Since one of the claims

version.

better

limitation

seemed a sensible

one of the best

Secondly,

the segmental

this

available,

requirement

the major

the number of stator

slots

and the type of winding.

Although
assisting
basic
that

rotor
only

the machine has two operational

m.m. f.

condition

typesq

modes, only
The cost

was considered.

the production

on the machine design

and the availability
ment an excellent
To complement this

was*the

necessity

of equipment.

was necessary

to obtain

machine.

relatively

d. c. machine was purchased.

torques

shaft

the experimental
small

required
The final

t-o use suitable

There already

method of measuring
it

fully.

Againp in order

the two

of producing

time and the testing

the one mode could be investigated

the mutually

existed

test

meant
limitation

procedures

in the depart-

up to about 50 Vm-

a d. c. machine for

loading

to keep down the costs9

Chapter,

II

"Axial
Theory. Of
2.1

Introduction
is based on the fact

The analysis

of the m. m. f acting

to the product

machines and an attempt

in using

concept.

this

and Tiawrenson(3)

The remarks made concerning

to the analysis

in chapter

aries

of the analysis

parts

motor.

of this

is made to determine

the iron

relevant

motor the perThis

airgap.

bound-

airgap

is

and rotors

stators
considered

losses

are.

to be infinite.
- these are

theoretically;

experimentally.
Assessment

The flux

crosses

2.1a.

the interpolar

wave is

the airgap

The airgap

a constant

In practice

errors

obtained by taldng. the product

I
This latter
and the permeance of the airgap,

the flux

by figure

of analytical

density

across

wave-for

method are only

of the slotted

only laminated

No attempt

that

machine.

coefficient.

of the iron

acting

the per-

have necessarily

by the average magnetic

apd the permeability

2.2

of Gupta(13)

For the induction

considered

obtained

involved

shape of the axial

where the effects

using Carters

are simulated
In all

III

in the analysis

to predict

Modifications

the accuracy

is represented

permeance.

that

closely

of the different

of the reluctance

meance of the airgap,

clarified

follows

machine.

to take account

and its

is made to assess the errors

who use the permeance wave concept

rotor

can be equated

common procedure

The analysis

formance of the segmental

been included

the airgap

across

of electrical

flux

the airgap

that

The use of permeance waves is a fairly

is

Machines".

and uniform

such a situation
region

flux

is

in

pOlrallel.

distribution

near the edges will

bend into

implies

as suggested

. then becomes a square

of airgap

never encuuntered.

concept

lines

'straight

and hence density

of the m. m. f

m. m. f.

(figure

Some of the flux

the airgap

2.1b).
in

under the

"Fole

F;-t`v-

0.4

(b)

AirSatpfieAcLposy,
rv%
f,,

Vafitatiovlt

SS
Witt% av%
al

1I
92

$24

2-2 ca) Air

(6)

-IT-

'jaf
Vacta+'iov%

vj

Vvt% avvAtAc

fosit'low

go to the sides

poles and some will

of lower

regions

distribution

and waveform is

2.2a and 2.2b.

shown in figures

of the analysis

which uses the permance

the differences

suggested

paths represent
flux

on the shape of the airgap

This effect

reluctance.

as these

of thepoles

depend therefore

wave will

by the situations

The accuracy

2.1 and

by figures

depicted

on

2.2.
A completely

accurate

to use conformal

transformation

A'Iarge

techniques.

density

flux

the airgap

method of obtaining

is

of airgap

variety

shapes and boundaries

have. been analysed using this method and these have

).
This method entails
nted(14,15,16,17..
mapping the actual

been we2-l doci,

airgap

which exists

equipotentials

in say the Z-plane

are not regular,

plane in which the field

two transformations

elliptic

This

regular.

incre, asing complexity

equation

will

into

and parallel

straight

is everywhere

and with

the transformation

and in which the lines

contain

of flux

Xa complex

invariably

requires

of the airgap

trigonometric,

and

boundary

hyperbolic

and/or

functions.

.. -fole

pita%

on

statair

F,Cptoc

-x

Stator
II

Developed Hagnetic
Figure
The developed
is

anrd), tjcc. LIjy

the airgap

magnetic
complex.

the analysis

diagram

(figure

2.3
2.3 above)

By making,, two valid

is greatly

simplified.

Diagram

of the axial

assumptions,
Firstly,

machine

howeverg about
because of the

(this
XX
the
machine about
of

symmtry

of the rotor)

only

ecause the poles

be considered.
figure

a region

remote from each other

that

the centre

a plane through

such as ABCEEF needs to be mapped.

are generally

The effect

represents

these two assumptions

only

Secondly#

one pole need

have is

shown in

2.4.

wo -00

7
7-11WA
777j/
C-'7

W!ely%
7 77.71

Section

the Schwartz-Christoffel

be mapped into

2.4

transformation

the complex W-plane

(figure

/777Wz+%>"

to be rapped

of airgap
Figure

By using

Z 1171

77177111

the region

abcdef

can

2.5).

11

bc

50-*
v

Je

f-

Complex W-plane
Figure

-19-

2.5

The relationship

hence

between these

is given

two planes

01)
by,

dZ = k(W-1 )
'90d-n)
cid

(2.1)

dZ =k

(2.2)

where

lk'

is

of proportionality.

a constant

Because of the common use of this

ti develop

unnecessary

or expand upon equation

to (17) deal more fully

I
Evaluation
of IkI
Crossing
parlied

with

the airgap

the mathematics

as x approaches

by movement around a large

of which

is given

transformation

infinity

(2.1).

technique

it

is felt

References

(13)

involved.

in the Z-plane

is

accon?.-t-

in the W-plane the equation

semicircle

by,

W= Reja
giving,,

JE)

cu = Pe

of W and 64 in equation

and substitution
k

fe

(R,

-"-

Ii. JRe

(2.2)

give,

;8ja

(ee5e-m)"'Ree
hence,

J =k
k=

and
Evaluation

of

The value
infinity.

jdCO

d1n
On'
of

This

In'

is found by crossing

therefore,

as x approaches

minus

is accompanied by movement in the W-plane as W approaches

zero around a smal I semicircle

W-

the airgap

re

ig

given

by,

jE)

10

ja
(fe

III

-0

ird

ie JE)

-2D-

giving

hence,

ig

sc
x1rx

d(n) 2

n-

(dyg)2

and,

Cil)

(2.2)

to equation

Returning

and using

the substitution,

(W-n)
p2 =

the new relationsbip

for Z becomes,
'P

z2

and performing

7-n)

the integration
ptl

P-1
It

will

be noticed

by parallel

straight

To obtain. a regular
W-plane

that

tb the 'k -plane

are regular

and parallel

givesq
-. rr%
-L

10,

the field

lines
field

W-

(2.3)

in the W-plane

lines

but rather
a further

of increasing

by semicircles
transformation

shown in figure

2.6.

are not represented

is

required

In thiis plane

radii.

from the

the field

lines

everywhere.

W%

-00

W=
Wz Co

X5i9wre-

plane
2.6

-21-

the X -plane

from the W-plane into

The transformation

by,

is given

dZ- =M
w
6VT

IMI
is evaluated
and

with

in the first

Int

used for

the same procedure

Hencel

transformation.
M=1/j

log (W

and

The flux
(2.1),

density

is

given

by the

(2-4)

of

product

and the

of

reciprocal

thus,

LY, - CT9
dW dZ
B=1

giving,

N(W-n)
W-1
W_j
kxc (w

(2-5)

l)

(2-3)

Equations
of the flux
This

(2-5)
and

density

wave in the airgap

is shown in figure

can be seen that

a flux

density

with

for

the substitution

2.7 for

in a region

that

is within

0.1% of its

The value

the permeance wave is simply

between the equipotentials

The maximun (100%) is proportional

proportional
lab'
to

density

each other for this

shown in

is greater

minimun distance will

of the

fipre

remote from

provided the minimum

than 10mmbetween the poles.

occur at the inner diameter

-22-

2-4-

(1/d).
to
ther
and
miniralm

machine is now seen to be valid

distance

density

to the reciprocal

and tedefl

(1/g)

is within

that

of the flux

In fact the second assumption that the poles are generally

machine this

It

of the machine gives

.
maximum,value and that 5mn move-

5% of the minimum of the permeance wave.

circunferential

edge.

0.5mm,
of
under the pole
movement
a

a flux

distance

a pole

d-1hmm.

gap, g=0.5mm, and

a physical

the variation

gives

surrounding

ment away from the edge of the pole gives

using

lp

21

For this
(D

when
1)

0.

loco

Jet
-.

-I

fcL
vis, tolv%ce

role

Figure

Comparison

of B9 along

pole edge using

transformation.

the stator

(dashed line)

-43-

2.7

surface

Fermeance wave (full

AcIne

line)

in the vicinity
and conformal

of a

the pole arc/pole

pitch

is equal

ratio,

A method of determining

the err ors involved

wave is to compare the magnitudes

wide range of pole
of this

value

arc/pole

to different

(lying

radii

Low values

pitch

(P)is

ratios

This is

which

to be eypected

the ma)drm2moccurs
differences

greatest
at higher

values

are themselves

harmonic

and in every

relative

is

is

The majority

investigated

of the axial

used and the effects

obtained

pole pitch

experimentally.
ratio

is

is confined

over
The

of the two waves occurs

the magnitudes

between the harmonics

In fact

felt

machine parametersl.
(pwh) divided
obtained

transformation
that

by the conformal
from the permeance
In view

harmonic.

where the effects

is only

of the harmonics
In the experimental

of high
justified.

the fundamental

component*

in the form of iron

losses

machine the pole arc to

to the range 0-6') F- 0 45.

.
e
,,

-24-

is

The % column

the permeance wave method is

machine it

there

of the two waveforms but this

of the harmonics

it

the angle

have been set to unity.

15% of the corresponding

magnitudes

both

transform-

the conformal

shows the comparison

any of the given

are not being

In the analysis
that

contents

of the permeance wave harmonic

wave are within

frequency

2.1)

for

content

than the fundamental.

between the fundamentals

(cth).

of their

(table

are analysed.

to the pole pitch.

such values

much smaller

table

never' more than 5% for

harmonic

However for

of

any given

corresponding

conditions

in proportion

case the fundamentals

is a difference

is the ratio

is small

using

these

between the harmonic

generally

The following

for

since

and for

diameters)

between the principal

both waveforms.

considered

A are seen to have the highest

of

ill

the permeance

of the airgap

regions

the permeance wave and the waveform obtained

ation.

by using

of the harmonies

different

parameter,

to 0.85-

-cth

pwh

cth

l'

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

0.7571' 0.751

1.009

0.712

0.660

0.509

0.421

0.366

11

1.000

cih
1 000
.

1 000

0.755

1.004

0.756

1.002

1.079

0.678

1.05

0.687

1.036

1.207

0.450

1.130

0.466

1.093

0.249

-1.465

0.285

1.283

0.305

1.201-

0.164

0.049

3.372

0.080

2.042

0.099

1.659

13

0.033
0.15

0.060
R

0.546 0.039
R
50mm

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

0.3'97

0.358

1.109

0.370

1.073

0.376

1.055

0.101

0.132

0.766

0.124

0.813

0.120

0.844

0.210.

0.181

1.158

0.192

1.096

0.197,

1.068

0.019

0.056

0.334

0. '046

0.400

0.041

0.456

11

0.127

0.108

1.183

0.116

1.096

0.120

1-059

13

0.030

oll

2.816

0.004

69.94

0.006

5.000

70mm

0.45

50=

0.833 0.025 11.289

1
R 90mm
70mm

gonm

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

0.263

0-277

0.949

0.274

0.961

0.968

0.083

0.106

0.781

0.100

0.827

0.27?0.097

0.006

0.023

0.264

0.015

0.405

0.010

0.584

0.054

0-024

2.221

0.033

1.625

0.038

1.415

11

0.074

0.048

1.526

0.057

1.29'8

0.061

1.202

13

0.073
1

0.056

1.299

0.063

1.161

0.066

1.102

pLn

0..85

R-

50mm

Table

R = 70=

2.1

-25-

0.858

R= go=

kirgap

2.3

Flux

The following

'goneral.

assurftptions,

(1) The current

in every

of the slot
(2) The effect
ignored.
The airgap

is

The stator

and rotor

III.
airgap"*

magnetic

hence the magnetic

permeability,

circuit

crosses t1he airgap in paraUel

in an

lines

straight

direction.

axial
The permeance,

as a function

of c,.c , of an elewntal

dR wide

strip

in Appendix I and is given by,

at a radius R is obtained fully

lbo
4K
siv%

lz d+K

can be

linear.

is considered

The flux

factor

are parallel.

surfaces

has infinite

The iron

surface.

in chapter

more fully
by the"average

represented

of the iron

on the winding

opening

is discussed

This

at the intersection

and the boundary

of the slot

are made.

analysis,

is concentrated

slot

line

centre

in-machine

(2.6)

cos 2AF

rA

AI
AZI

and therefore

the total

pernr-ance becomes,

airgap

D2/j

Pr JR

pt
'/2

giving,

110
%

(2.7)

co 52 vx

1%%

Both stators
m. m. f
current
since
acting

of the winding
and the, turns

is

the total

found by

Fourier

three

analysing
This

distribution0s).

the m.m. f of both

across

layer

double

accomodate standard

is

the product

a standard

stator

windings

are mutua3ly-additive

airgap

is given

by,

to

6NT
f
mom, =

phase windings.

K.COS(pot-wt) +

C-

Wzl

of the

procedure

and

the m. m. f

(f6e (Gk+
1) -W t)
Co S

lp
16k 4-1

Kca-I
61e-j

-26--

The

Ed
c.Ds(pj(&je-j)-W

(Z. 9)

In

e3cpression for

this

Cos(wt)

11=I
is

the magnetising

for

P g'
tv

is

the m.m. f,

the average mgnetic

The developed

one rotor.

line

is

airgap

length

model of the airgap

displacement

the instantaneous
pole centre

in phase 1.

component of current

In

the expression

between one stator

(figure

between the axis

2.8)

shows

and
that

of phase 1 and the nearest

equal to 0
pote

Zt%

l ei
AY-1:
5
? "Se.

iI

Developed diagram
Figure 2.8

Consequently for a rotor

moving at wr rner-K radsker-

e-wrt+
where
axis

is the angular

displacement

between the pole

centre, line

and the

of phase 1 at t=

But since

w
p

Multplying

a= iL--S)-Wt+ 6,
p
(2-7)
(2.8)
by
equation

the airgap

flux

then

as a function

of oe. . 'The angle c4 is defined

in the airgap

of the machine relative

flux

below in equation

is

given

and using the substitution

to the axis

(2.9)

"-27-

of phase 1.

for G, gives
as the position
The airgap

(h
to

Ccps2a%f,
K

00

",

I(-

CVS(Pbl-((P14f-4)-W6)

CO

b*

(--1)kvLh-i cos (Pt 0v--1)-t.%

(2.9)
let

(D2

Y-i

,? 7C63'(k*6')

3., k,

and D

(DJ'6 ") N t%Y-,

-0,
4)
ttI(
Lvf44

then,
bo

(P

ID

zos(f6-t-wv6)cos2nr

Z&

+
Zl-

(OIL"

C(,
Vz+l)
K

kzl

lc,

DO

1
(
Cw-%)
V
nzl 61

-28-

Rearranging

like

and combining

terms gives,

, :[cr-05(POL-tvt)+
=
u
110

ID

Loso; (P.C(2n+
(P4 (2n
-

VAZI

(2rt-2vls+

-w-b

I)

-2"p

(: Lvl
-2m
It -4

Co

6k-l
60
C

h(Gk

Z
This

harmonics.
rotor

It

a fundamental

can be seen how the harmonic

flux

The total

speed.

r6k

by the integral

4-1

Ok

(t, L U&%
1)
tos -,,
-2ins- t

2K-t

an +
00 00

p ICI

Cz
C"-E
Q
1)
%f
ii
+
os
-2Ks
'2&1+ 6k +I

+-I)

k-.A kM

(got
(ZK
2%
cos
s-4t
-2vi

da
.
-

Ij

kal
2.
. %

of

e,

1.1

00

4og

by the

is influenced

0"

10

content

of

series

hence,

it=(
D

and an infinite

per pole is given

/2p)
(N
and

(-W/2p)

between the limits

I
fZ
Z)
f
.2,

(tit -14

f1t
for
contains

expression

(2
2o
lb
w
vt - 9-1

((pk

bL=
Io

6)41

(2v%-US 4

[,
CC
C,a s(F-c(2v,.tGk+
(pA
vs

ZVS

(UK-21A+I)+2Afg)-

L
vl(16k-1)
k=l

C. 0S(tA(Z%%..

-ZkS-j)4,2kf

-241
+ Gk+

(2.11)
In

their

However,

present

form equations

they are easily

range to be analyzed

(2.10)

simplified

will

be

(2.11)
and

and depending

are extremely

on machine and speed

to
reduced
more easily
t,,,

- 'It

-29-

cumbersome.

manipulated relationships

2.4

Induction

2.4-1.

Airgap

Since

Flux

motor does not have a sallent

the induction
is

gap flux

Motor Performance

P
into
for
=1

by substituting

obtained

(bl-b?

t-)

NI

pole rotor

the air-

(2.10).

equation

hence,

I
x

VAS
t&I
wt- Wit) 4-

k
3

Kk4,,

(y-4

cos

A))

V,

k-.wl

cos
6k.

ki-I
)
K
Now K
6k+l
1:
6k+l

-I

6k-1

hence,
+=

therefore
(k

the average

the peak, of flux

) KlN
-D 128 7C9'

(r

density

density

per pole becomes,

z-D2
-A(D Parea
I
4P

becomes,

8IC
2
2
(D
21-D

peak

and the flux

Bt

flux

where Ap = pole

2IC
iTp

B=
ave

-where C3k.

flu); per pole is,

the total
"Wir
,
21C Cos -(-Vjt)Ct"Yp

Consequently

therefore

(p
Cos 4 -'Wt)

Ic

density
I

-11C

variation

as a function

ofo(

becomes,
and B
peak

(Poe-wt)
Cos
(2.12)

(D2 _D2
21
This

expression

for

B,, is used in obtaining

motor and the bar currents

in the squirrel

the turns
cage.

ratio

of the induction

2.4.2

Torque/Speed
Relative

relationship

to an iraginary

at a speed equal
dR at radius

to -sw rads/sec.
8

R of one of the squirrel

due to relative

element

stationary

motion

B.., wave, the rotor

By considering

moves backwards

an elemental

length

cage bars the e. m. f induced

between the bar and Bc

is

in the

de = -sw B RdR
04
RdR
swB,
*
-,
p
the e. m. f

therefore

E=I

induced

across

the whole bar is,

de

-sw(D221-D2B;.,
8p

for B,,, from equation (2.12) gives,

Substitution

E= -IG sw Cos (pac

p
E-E

or,
The current

(P,!
Cos
C)

in this

bar is

of the cage associated

and is
inner

with

equal to the e. m. f divided

the bar.

This

by

is determined

seen to be equal to the. sun of the bar inTedance

(r
Let
and outer end rings o
+ jsx)
I.
ib ' -IC Sw Cos(Poe - eb)

p(r
where eb - bar load
ib

22

be this

8
(p
`2 -IC wc os
cm(- E)b)

pr/s)

-31-

in Appendix
and part

Il

of the

bar load impedance,

then,
(2-13)

+(sx)

impedance, phase angle.

the impedance

Therefore,

The force

on the elewnt

dR is,

dF =
ib dR
te
and the torque

is,

dT =B
ib R dR
O-C
consequently

the torque

on the

bar beccmes,

'b R dR

Tf
D,/j

giving

(ICI)w

cos(pvc

9b)
cos(ptx)
-

PZb
((r/8)

Z2
b

where

+x

21

and r and x are the values

The average

( IC
2pz

T
ave
but

torque

at s-1

on the bar then becomes,

w Cos b
b
(r/s)

cosB,b

((r/s)

+x

Oerefore,
Tave =(61:
2Z25
Pb
For nb rotor
Tt =

bars the total

Ow12PZb

2.4.3

Pmb

torque

at the shaft

is,

Nm
-

2sw

Magnetising Reactance

The voltage

induced in phase 1 by the airgap flux

A/2 P

available

d
.
-2pNK,
phase
dt
= -2pNKId. r
dt

2F

is given by,

Equation

(2.11)

ignoring

all

gives

harmonics

-2pNK,,
phase

is

and this
as these

by putting

simplified

P=1

and

hence,

are negligible,

_A(2ICIcoswt)
dt
p

I
4NK Iw sinwt
1C
This

is the e. m. f induced

component of voltage

of the machine and is

reactance
hence

across

the magnetising

opposed. by a component of the supply,

vt

,
I
-4NK 1C Iw sinwt

But the magneising

di
dt

and

1- -WI sinwt

v=

I
OK C. di
1
a-t

in, which can be recognised

x=
M1.
Substitution

for

in

vC
Ixm

equation

IUI
t

and the total

pt

circuit

of the machine,

equation

gives,

prnb

2sw

the current
for

I is

the peak value

Im the r. m. s value

Prnb
x
in m
- NK1-12 sw

of the magnetising

current

gives,

Nm

power, as,

Ln x
Im
4PZbNK
ratio

(2-14)

substitution

The turns

reactance

(2.15)

pNK,

therefore

the magnetising

4NwKC'

Tt

In this

as,

= lcoswt

il
giving,

defined

curTeent was previously

r(1 -8) nb

of the wachine can now be obtained

by equating

the the effective

-33-

(2-17)

Watts

shaft

from the equivalent

power to'equation

(2-17)

2.4.4

Turns Ratio
The equivalent

this

equivalent

of Squirrel

Cage Motor
basis

on a perphase

circuit

the power developed

circuit

is

shown belaa

per phase is given

and using
by,

0-5)

=12r
p22
8

L
Y3.

But

12(r2+

therefore

ix2)

jlmxm
"s

12 in the expression

for

substitution

for

Pp gives,

2
P=I
P
Dividing

Ecm
r2s + jX2
(2-17)

equation

(l-s)
r,

(2.18)

by tl v-- number of phases q and equating

to (2.18)

givest
r2_=rnb
2

(r2+jx2)
The turns

ratio

(2.19)
(r/s

n. can be defined

+ jx)

(4pNK

1)2q

as,

rcL
4pNK
_SqL
rlv,
n
b
Substitution
parts

of

Int

into

gives,

equation

(2,19)

and equating

real

and imaginary

2
x2nx

(2.20)

2-5-1

Phase Impedance

The airgap

f1mc is

obtained

can be ignored

(2.10).

s-0 in equation

by putting

the m. m. f harmonics

more, since
these

Motor

of Reluctance

Perfor7rance

Synchronous

2.5

are very much smaller

Further-

than the fundamental

giving,

(pg4 W-O
5
C-CP!
-

-IC

60

(2.

(pv&(: 2n+4)
cob
-vit
F!
S6n rrLCoS(p,,
(2A-1)
t

n-4-1)-2vf
(2rt-')-7-Kf
(2.21)

in

induced

The voltage

phase 1 is

then given

by,

-2pNK, jT
dt
1XP
d

-2pNK,

C6

dt

x1t,

k. IC w5iv%
wt t ID
Extracting

the fundamental

only

the (2n - 1) factor

from this

expression

into

n-1

gives,

[2.1:
Cw
K,

)I
On
Z
(vvt
TIO
*,
Zfstn t%rt+
vvc,A
sl vL
--r

and the component of applied

which

voltage

( lcoswt

stcosvi-tsvtze
oos7f

) and its

The magnetising

current

present in this

volage equation and it

an impedance,

is

opposes this

21c wslviW-t

represent

by putting

differential

follows

-wIsinwt

) are

that the remaining term

hence,

Awsin2pS
fx
CW+
Dw
Da
J(4NK
2NK
sin
cos2p6)
sin
+
-(2NK Vr
11
The in phase canponent is an effective
and the power dissipated
resistance
Z=
eI

in this

is

equal

to the mechanical

output

-35-

of the machine.

The imaginary

is

ccoponent

an effective

of the machine.
pitch

If

ratio

the iron

is

clear.

Re=

S'
fA
Dw
sin2p
sin
-2NK 1

Xe-

2NK1
w(Z; +D sinfn

loss

component is

possible

reactance

(X

to express

the machine (X) is

X-

xi

given

when pr=
Xq-x,

both

+ 2NK,w(,T

axis

reactance

(2.22)

+D sinp-Acos2pg)
of the direct

(X

q) .

The reactance

axis
of

as,

fxcos2pr)
2NK,
w(20 +D sin
+

axis reactance is given as,

Xd =x, + Z)Kiw(X

Taking

+ J(xl

(2.22)

in

below as,,

the phase impedance becomeaq

the phase impedance in terms

thus when pS --0 the direct

and similarily

given

cos2pS7)

ignored

the quadrature
and
d)

reactance

terms on the pole arc/pole

aiameters'are

These effective

(r-2NK Dw sinWsin2p6)
1

ZIt

The dependance of both these

is

the magnetising

representing

reactance

+D sintn)

-A/2
(2.24)

)
sJnf7z

+ 2NK,w(2C -D

the sum and the difference

Xd-X

(2-23)

(2.23)
of

(2.24)
and

gives,,

2WNK
-K
Sia
1D

Xg. . x, + 4NK,uC

Xd+
2
hence,
Z=

2.5.2

(r

'(X
)sin2p9)
-X
1dqqdq

Performance
The equivalent

a series

comected

)+
j(21(Xd+X
+

-12(1-X

)cos2p&")

(2.25-)

Equations
circuit
resistance

as indicated

by the phase impedance is simply

and reactance

-36-

circuit

in which

the iron

loss

component has been ignored.

q z.-2Njbws? " -Kci ,, 2fs'

X, = 2WjW(Ic
a,

Approximate-. -,Equivalent
The accuracy

of computations
of the iron

the magnitude
alent

would be represented

Circuit

based on the approximate

losses.

and in keeping

circuit

I-ps)
V%
1D
cos
+ s 4%

with

For this

by a resistance

(r
0

this

notation

effective

resistance

indicates

that

for

Hence the rotor

(R
e)
motoring

lags

For a star

stator,

PO - 31

I-

where,

2 (X

sign

In the circuit

associated

the load angle

operation

behind

the rotating

comected

urinding

sin2p
-X
d q)
2

VLa
(Rz 2

(RZ)
(IZ)
and
and,

has a negative

component

) and would occupy a position

to the one shown dashed in the above circuit.

similar

in the equiv-

to be included

conventiona3-

depends cn

circuit

magnetic

( 5)

field

the power output

with

it

the

and this

is negative.
produced by the

becomes,

+ IZ

are the real

and imaginary

(2-25).
Z
components of

Thereforg,
p

VZ(Xd-X
2
2
2(RZ +IZ

and the power factor

Cos

(2.26)

is,

RZ
2
2
(RZ +1Z2)-y

(2.27)

-37-

Pun-out

2-5.2,1

The maximum.lodd

Xd and Xq into

of r.

substitution

is the angle

angle

at which pull-out

The

occurs,

RZ and IZ gives,

2V2( Xd-Xq)sin2pg

p0
(2r-(X

d-X q

)sin2pg

)2+

(Xd+X (X -X )cos2pS
q+ d q

But,
for

dpa-0
d5

Lm=
nmximum and n-&n:

Perforn-&ng the differentiation

shows that

the pull-out

angle

is

given

by.,
cos2p

Substitution

pull-out

of the pull-out

angle

into

the expression

for

power gives

the

power-as,
V2( d-x

ppo =

2r
If

(2.28)

d q.
22
'2
2r +X+X
q

the winding

222222

2(X

resistance

is

+x +X
q)

q)

_x )2 +4r(Xd7XQ)
d q)
ignored

and the dependence of the pull-out

made clear.

(2.29)

this

expression

power on the values

is greatly

simplified

of Xdqand X

is

Hence,

Po =V
0dq

(X

-r
xdxq

(2-30)

-38-

Asynchronous Perforrmnce

2.6

The airgap
ignoring

is again

flux

from equation

obtained

(2,10)

and, by

becomes,

the m'Vm.f harmonics,

to
=

Furthermore
the 3.iz&ts

the total
(- V2p)

per pole is

flux

to the integral

equal

of

tbetween

(;
C/2p) giving,
and

PE

2K4-I

l
1%=.
The voltage

induced

in phase. 1 by

is

by,

given

-2pNK, _Ar
dt
and the component of applied

voltage

which opposes this

becomes,

4NICctW

V=

m
.,

Clv%
(wt(2n-IK:
1.%-7.
5+t)
Ks+i

2NIC,IvT-D Svvlf

24-ri

AI

CIK
(w

to s

Kz. l

co
2-NVj W161i
Coc,

( 2.3 2)

Since
useful

only the fundamental

component alone.
conditions
for

namely

v is greatly

conditions

is

necessary

The remaining

sections

output

mechanical

it

simplified.

It

is

either

assumed that

mover.

-39-

is

with

condition
for

produce

the analysis

are concerned

motor performance

cage as the prim

and current

to confine

s-+9,1 and s--?O and for

the reluctance

of the squirrel

component of voltage

any

to this

two slip.
the expression

intermediate

slip

overshadowed by the action

2.6.1

Circuit

Equivalent

drop across

high

for

At startingand

branch

the magnetising

'10

the equation

of slip

values

of the equivalent

2"%

for

the voltage
becomes,

circuit

+ COS

2.

oosw'- C;v%2-L--f

SiK at cos

*'33)
hence,

The fundamental is obtained when n=1,

vf

Since
and

il
di

coswt

-I

sinwt
-WI
1=

dt
the effective
Re=

and reactance

resistance

are,

hNK vm sin pl, sin2pS

1

13

(2-34)
Xe= 4NK1w(C + 2D sinficcos2pS
3

The equivalent
and although
that

circuit
the iron
this

represents

In section

that

the reluctance

losses

are ignored

is included

(dashed)

2.4.4 the turns ratio

cage was obtained

impedance,

for

on the assumption
the inner

and outer

motor is shown in
in the analysis
in the sam

between a stator
that

all

end rings

the rotor

figure

2.9

the component

circuit.

phase and the squirrel

bars had the same

had a constant

impedance

length

per unit

and that

each bar e. m. f was loaded

In the reluctance

motor the same turns

three

are not true. aince

assumptions

interpolar

region

intrapolar

region.

have different

by the same impedance.

is used even though these

ratio

the bars and endring

iron

sections

,
in the

to the copper in the

boundaries

Circuit

Equivalent

Figure
In practice

for

and particularly

experimental. machine the resistance

is

the endrings
the rotor

poles.

On the other

copper than for

interpolar

shows the resistance

and an endring

in Appendix

III

section

and Appendix
R
bar

Interpolar

Rde

_-73067
73568
.
*73064

of its

copper.

per metre length

4= ncAm.

of the bars and-of

with

'

for

The following

table

for

'bar

endring

00549
.

54354
.

07371
.

01099
.

2.2

-41-

the

have
been
These
calculated
-

00785
.

Table

to

a copper bar 2.5mm

54349
.

514-348
.

respect

is much smaller

IV
R
endring

used in the

section

position

hand the reactance

and reactance

in diameter

Intrapolar

per unit length

the intrapolar

Motor

2.9

the copper cross

independant

relatively

of the Reluctance

The maximun variation

is seen to be less
of 2 for

the endring

it

is

and nearly

component is

resistive
felt

that

10 for

error

no serious

functions
power

In

output.

in

dissipated

Nm

must be remembered that

the starting

torque

Pull-in

2.6.2

this

feature

occur about

synchronous

Douglas

average

becomes,

(2-35)

in practice

value-and

value.

and quadrature
and leakage

Lipo

it

is

axis

of the pullin

reactance,

coupled

this

inertia.

-42-

to give

or necessary
is

treatec

speed is

in general)
generally

achieved.

The

by such machine parameters

motor voltage

the rotor

Each claim

problem.

is because speed oscillations

are affected

reactance,

and the total

The analysis
of this
(Z-Z)
Krause..
and EharAjo

not possible

speed, as synchronous
margin

speed is a

synchronous

to have approached

This

and stability

resistances

than this

duration

workthe

of instability.

resistance

by, the

torque

an average

of the machine performance.

as a period

direct

given

Xe are

cadslser-

motor to achieve

of success and while

of their

stability

Reand

or starting

stall

represents

of a synchronous

are among the many researchers

a resum'

power

is

W,

can be greater

is complex and Talaat

some degree

since

both

quantity

variable

Criteria

The ability
very important

and the

at the shaft

a continuously

shaft

ratio

motor.

is. available

angle.

average

(1-s)/s
r2

2
Ts n 31
2F2
w
8
It

the

However

of

load

instantaneous

on the

is

this

effect

even at s

by uding the turns

the induction

in Re and r(l-s)/s

The power dissipated

and depends

introduced

for

and bar load impedance calculated

as a mechanical

than the reactance

is

because the

Fortunate3yt

the bar.

always'greater

by a factor

differ

figures

the reactance

1% while

than

(Rdc)

-value
d.
the
Hz
from
50
c
at

in resistance

direct.

and frequency,

as

stator

and quadrature
axis
(IZ)
Cruickshank
classifies,

ternz, the paramters

in general

axis

quadrature

direct

resistance,
to lead

hand increases

resistance

rotor

inertia

the

under a stability

in the stator

and the reactance

winding
(X /X
are
d q)

ratio

This is not an isolated

to instability.

or anti-stabiUsing

and has been

opinion

by others.

confirmed

The method used to obtain theoretically

is

be synchronised
kinetic

i sing

the motor voltage,

reactance,

and the coupled

resistance
On the other

heading.

producing

said

rotor

have a stabil

leakage

the stator

He groups

effect.

which

energy

the one used by Douglas

of the rotor

and the coupled

of the reluctance

the variation

between the rotor

and the stator

of the reluctance

motor is

torque/speed

curve

the ma.
)cimum.inertia
(2b)

torque
poles.

hence the change in the

,.
inertia

by

must be supplied

due to an angular
In operation

misalignment

the squirrel

assumed to have a low resistance

to the one shown in full-in

sinilar

that can

cage,

giving

the following

a
curve.

6
Preferred

Torque/Speed

curve

(duririj
Reluctance
Motor
of
run-up)
Successful
synchronous
cage.
in.

synchronisation
speed attained

In general
The necessary

the lower
pull-in

relies,,

among other

by the rotor
this

slip

factors,

due to the action

the greater

power is equated

on the subof the squirrel

am the chances of pull-

to the rate

of change of kinetic

energy

The poweer needed to accelerate

of the rotor.

is given

an inertia

linearly

by,
Power =JW22ewl)
2t
and final

where w. and w, are the initial

time taken.

During

the process

accelerated

linearly,

but this

need for

a high
if

necessary
In this
w2 would
the

starts

Before
reaction

variation

For a given

this

obtaining
of the rotor

reduces

in

is assumed to be close
is

an equation

assumd
for

mLnim=

Initially

Ejid is

shown in

speed befom

power is a

as the

to synchronous

Figure

to the torque/load

-44-

speed when

. Reluctance

Torque

angle

is assumed

variation

2.10

2.10

speeds

the possible,

d Instantaneou,

rotor

to be negligible.

thereforethis
figure

and

induction-torque

the
-

magnitude

pull-in

T
get

Assu

the

upon and assisting

acting

the maximum inertia,

inertia

and coupled

is considered.

to be sinusoidal

inertia,

two components:

of

The former

canponent

to demonstrate

serves

'torejue

The

COnSiSt5

pullin'.

is not necessarily

and t are a minimum and mayimutn respectively.

speed.

the rotor

up but since

equation

w, you: Ld be the minimum rotor

torque*

and reluctance

simple

(22)
'; 'i

be synchronous
during

the rotor

of pull-in

speed.

the terms

instance

rotor

pul], -in

initial

speeds respectiv--3. y and t is the

is

on the rotor

The acceleration

by#

given

oC = T/J
the acceleration

consequently

speed is an integral

then wr never

to be synchronised

too great

2.11 would be a typical

figure

Because the

speed can vary in a variety

example the coupled

for

If

of

of the same form as T.

the rotor

of acceleration

of ways as a function
is

is

curve

inertia

rotor

'a'

reaches ws and curve

of

speed variatioa.

WOL

40

57
.4

w5 until
at
w
s

S-

inertia

a critical
(curve

x/2p

between the stator

(6'

is

deceleratdd

for

poles

/2p,
poles

as in curve tct.

etc mst

speed approaches
speed is

in the-rinertia

9
say

The angle
negative

Firstly,

the rachine

damp out any oscillations

-45-

-11ow

misalignwnt
until

then becomes positive

and the rotor

is

must be'satisfied

the rotor

must reach,

such as resistance,

parameters
about

reached

than increases.

rather

Two separate conditions

can be achieved.

wM.

and the angular

decreases

the torque

/2p and secondly

ws before

decrease

are coincident.

motoring)t

before synchronisation

inertia

the maximum rotor

reached when synchronous

Further

and rotor

and rotor

negative

is

Ibl).

to be reached before

the stator

in magnitude

decreases

4s the inertia

2.11

Figure

0.

It

is

assumed,

pull-in

although

and

likely

the critical

that

thereforc,

is

this

inertia

is

the limiting

speed oscillations
that

a condition

for

around synchronous
before

be satisfied

=st

factor

maximumt

jpeed are
is at all

pull-in

possible.
The equivalent
that

the slip

is

lies

The difference

used as s--A.

the same as the values

used for

resistance

the synchronous

in Re of figure.. '.2*.1,2 is

dissipated

in the values

zero the effective

approaching

motor as s-40 is

of the reluctance

circuit

of Re and Xe.
and reactance

Since
are

The power

performance.

the power available

to

similar

at the shaft

due

torque.

to the reluctance

R.
2/5

X.L

Equivalent

Circuit
2.12

Figure
Now the change in kinetic

acting

dKE =T

a small

shaft,
angle

and load

is

d6 which also

hence,

d6

povier'developed

at the shaft

of 'the rotor

through

to a change ds in the s:Lip,

corresponds

The total

energy.. dRE

on the shaft

due to the torque

per Phase

in Re is equal

to 3I2R
ee

and the apparent

(1-s)/s

ahd the resA&tant

torque

is,

Ta. - 33eR
:2
e/wr
The ratio

of rotor

speed to slip

speed is

-46-

torque

bears the saw

TI/T

(1
a=

hence,

torque,

to the apparent

ratio
-S)/s

giving,
3I2R
=
ree
sws
of the rotor

The kinetic

energy
2
KE = jv/2

therefore
But

load

and associated

is given

dKE - J. w dw
rr

w =W(1-3)
r8

.1

ds

and dw - -w
r3
giving

by,

,
A

dKE = -EE , 2(I-s)

ds

where

KE

= maximumkinetic

A2R
KE2(1-s)ds

then,

Now if

d5

dIS =Tr

and since-,,

= -3, e e
8 W5

S is the maximum sUp

MM.
to

corresponds

a change

in

dS

then the change in sUp

ds

powers of S higher
mm
Wif

Although
ignored

JO
I2R
ee

S23
ms

frcxa zero

to

W/2p,

to zero
hence,

S-

KE 2s(1-s)

A
16

angle

from S

7qzf,

SM
and ignoring

load

rotor

energy

the effect
the. equivalent

I2R dS
e 15
w
03
than S2 gives

dS

of the induction

of figure

circuit

Re

2NK Dw sinpr.. sin2pg

I

Xe

W1 w(2C +D

sinen

torque

-K

for. la4 values

-47

is

2.12 is used and Re and Xe are

sin2p&

)-X+K
cos2pS

of slip

cos2pg

The term I2R represents

Expressing
a power loss.
eee
the equivalent
circuit
parameters gives,
12R
ee

as a function

of

EV2 sin2pcT
2
(kX+Q)2+(BX+M)

where

+(AK) +(BK) +2K(AM-BQ)sin2p6

A-

22
(R ReRj+Xjx
1

B-

(R

'XhP
fo
iv%t=
I2R
ee

(Rg+X-2)

X (Rj+X2)

df

2+
2
2
2
F= (AX+Q) (BX+M) +(AK) +(BK)

ilett

G-

2K(AM-BQ)

H=

2K(B2X+BM+A2X+AQ)

and
,KI2.p
lnt= ja

2EV
dg
sin2pS.
.
Gsin2pi + Hcos2p9

F+
further

let
fG2--+H2
b=
y-

then,

V2

lAt

- sin7

s in2vS

F+bsin(2pg

df
+1()

the substitution

2
y
is
2p

1 (H/b)

EV
0

and using

(G/b)
cos-l

+2K(B2X+BM+A2X+AQ)cos2pt5

2+xi)

lX27RZI)
222222
K(Re2111
XM-R

E=
then,

2pS

+Y-x

gives

sin(x-Y)
F+b sinx

Ysinx
cos
F+b sinx

dx -

dx
sin)(cosx
F+b sinx

-48-

These are both

integrals

standard

on the relative

but the form of the solution

(2.4)
These, two factors
of F and b.

magnitudes

/s
(R2
S
for
and
and
r.
=
M
M)

of.

of S that
M.

m3drmim values

the complete

range of

would be encountered

it

is

depends
are functions

and the typical

seen that

F2>b2P

hence
, at .A

(7('COSY

2(r:
2

2pb

" (Ftani,

ta

(7C +Y)

tan7l LFFtati;.,L Y +b) )

CF 2-: 2-1
b

+b)

F2-bF
Flr=_b

Lj)
(logLF+bsi
+sin Y
b
.
(F-bsinY)

The maximum inertia

that

(2-38)

can be synchronised

is d6ternined

from the expression

6Tfi-t

(2-39)

SZ w3
m .-S

Conclusion

2.7

In chapter
both

IV the theoretical
In general

the machines.

further

discussion.

of the pull-in

curve

is

It

will

out angle
Since
ragnitude
load angle

torque

sinusoidal,

any

the analysis

is

curve but it

the expression

I2-R
ee

(for

0,<j

<N

bj

occur at angles
power it

depends also

-49-

2.10 and the

of this

Douglas(2-0

seen in chapters

/2p).

figure

The position

ratio.

represents

of the maAmum inertia

have on the maximun

The shape of the torque/angle

as suggested

arc to pole pitch

and hence maximm torque

curve

and phase voltage

5= 7CAp.
not occur at

on thepole

sinusoidal

and do not require

howevers summrising

(2-39).

from equation

is not necessarily

largely

fairly

equations-are

pull-inp

is worthwhile,

the ma3dralm slip

that

clear

peak torque

for

are compared for

criteria.

The effect
inertia

the performance

from the expression

apart

standard,

and measured results

peak depends

assums

IV and V that
greater

a
the pull-

than 7CAp.

is apparent

that

the

on the area under the power/

For the experimental

machine the

theoretical

0.23.

(for

A/4p)

This

curve until

to decrease.

starts

of equation

parameter

is

Iimited

because of the high

condition

for

(2-38)

current

peak puU-out

0.1 after

is

is

no reluctance
motor with

of the power

the increase

in

torque

and the matbru

a very large

the complete

airgap.

range of

machine to approximately

encountered.
be tested.,

-50-

further

the area of the curve

not checked for

power cannot

As 0 is

the slope

which

in the experimental
densities

curve..

This maintains

as an induction

would run sub-synchronously

The validity

angle

but initially

0 there

When

does not however coincide

condition

increases.
P&

(hence
power
maxim=

maximum pull-out

decreases

the peak torque

the area of this

This

gives

the maximum area under the power/load

decreased
curve

which

is approximately

torque)
with

of

value

It

follows

that

0.45
the

III

Chapter
Experimental

3-1-

--Introduction
From the outset it

order

was felt

Since it

shape.

and one firm

that

to the writers

Imowledge, has, proved

conventions
discarded.

Du-ring the manufacturing

a number of sub-assembly

the laminated
(sometimes

the winding

items

of the stators

SecondlY9 and equally

applications

should be suggested

ideally

suited.

similar

for

the casing.
and it

a different
both

point

motor rotor

is

is discussed

or

assembly
Naturally

is

domestic

an

in the
is

procedure

which the special

This latter

of

components

and the final

importantj

there

and then loaded

stages

that

be

possibly

machines

these

separately

into

and

practices

could

of

of the, production

for

is automated)

and rotors

suggested.

is

the windings

then in

two courses

of radial

consisting

the bearings

with

through
would
pass
machine

production

machines

is manufactured

the whole process

of the separate
axial

to engineers

process

stages

and rotor,

stator

alternatively

machine

this,

some of the normal

Firstlyq

should be pursued.

employed in the production'of

exist

of the axial

such machines could become a viable

to make the machine more attractive

action

with

in general was not geared to produce a machine of

was that industry

asset,

and confirmed from talks

was realized

disadvantage
that
the
main
engineers

practising

this

Machine,

and industrial

shape of' the motor

in

more fully

Chapter VI.
The reluctance
the rotor

machining
Successful
pointed

pull-in

to give
relies

out and discussed

The radial

obtained

saliency

upon several
fairly

from the induction

thus forming
factors

overall

comprehensively

dimensionst

-51-

the identifiable

poles.

and these have been

machine which is used as a comparative

machine had the following

motor by

in the previous
standard

not including

for

chapter
the axial

the shaft

extensions: (194'mm)

Outside diameter = 7.625"

length

3.2.

(216 mm)

8.5"
=.

Choice of Lamination Material

The laminated rotor

into a tightly

from a continuous strip

for the stator

steel

a non-oriented

it

form.

Mecause of

can be seen that

steel

the motor

for

would be ideal.

Howeverf

dimensions and with the

modifiable

be
the
both
obtained
and
not
consequently
could
growth
grain

correct

were made from non-oriented

and stators

rotor

spring

and an oriented

having suitably

material

such a rotor

coiled

direction

the
in
the
axial
growth
grain
with

for production

suited

in the magnetic circuit

of the flux

the direction

are ideally

and stator

In -radial
annealed
relief
coating
curr ents.
surfdce

to give

good inter-laminar
that

enquiries

such a coating
the question

precipitated
in a

fully

operation.

If

this

continuous

strip

obtained

temperature

coatins

producing

, would also be necessary.

would not be possible

to coat the surfaces.

which needed this

final

operation

after

Rather

than build

on the stators

-52-

give

extensive
This

steels.

which has been

would need the final

the stators

whose

and still

to oriented

was necessary,

operation

method for

only

to eddy

of material

temperature.

or not the steel

condition

annealed

been formed and machined it

annealing

was applied

as to whether

final

some grades

state.

resistance

was foundp however,

It

resistance.

a stress

only

good magnetic

good inter-laminar

the annealing

withstand

techniquesjneed

original

to obtain

is possible

will

coating

to its

the iron

can then be applied

Indeed it

punch and die

using

to return

anneal

that have been produced from fully

machines, stanpings

iron generally

steel.

stress

relieving

then in orde; r to use a

a high

and rotor,

Once the coil

to unwind

it

after

two machines,
and rotors,

has

for

one of
a

14-MM

-so

Figure 3 .1
Statcw
Materjal:

0-5mm thick

non-oriented

(Trade nan-a Urdsil)

iron

at least

method could not be employed,

strip

to anneal

to be able

In order
coating,

produced

were initially

of their

comparison

enabling

stators

it

was

and rotors

a more realistic

to be made when tested

states

magnetic

could have been

Thus both

treatments

similar

very

given

from its

would not be annealed,

in the same way as the stators.

manufactued

an inter-laminar

was separable

the rotor

because it

stripo

as a continuous

the continuous

on the stators.

the material

each layer
Although

would be a necessity.

neighbour

been said,

not

and give

that

then the requirement

to the two stators

anneal

in view of what has already

Furthermore,

only.

the stress

to give

was decided

it

compaxison

as an induction

motor.
fairly

There are two other

common methods of producing

these being

machine laminations

batch

are employed for

small

of the expertise

and specialised

3.3.

knowledge

that

that

and generally
because

considered

is required.

the lamination
(Fig-

was made in two halves

the stator

in strips

was obtained

in a cup jig

(Figure-3.2)

the required

diameters

measuring

layers

along

(Dl and Dd matched

slots

in the yoke,

The laminations

were annealed

easy step-then,

due to the fact

foxm,

retainin

a diameter

were milled,

the slotted

to re-assemble
.g

holes

through

the laminations
after

coating

which had been drilled

-54-

surface
and the

the bottom

and removed from the jig.

that

name

30 mm x 0-5 mm x 300 mm and placed

The radial

were drilled

(trade

The material

diameters

whose principil

should be separable

were machined to remove any irregularities

whole assembly was slit

semi-circular

3-1).

of the stators.

(radial)

holes

of the laminations

The radial

and etching

They were not

numbers.

To, meet the requirement

retaining

erosion

Machine Stator

Axial

Unisil)

spark

electrical

It

of a slot.
was a relatively

maintained

into

the stator

their
housing.

in the yoke were used

Sectiom

14AA!l

Figure 3.2
Lamination

-5f-

as3embly

jig

This

was done accurately-.

made to the stator-rotor

the slitting

that

was important

it

made in two halves

Because the stators

of the teeth.

in the re-alig=ent

to assist

mentioned

the contribution

that

ensured

were

that

above
the join

was negligible.

airgap

Axial Machine Rotor

3-4.

A similar

details.

procedure

the stator

as for

laminations

adhesive.

that

ensured

circular

fo=

after

ejection

together

with

eight

retaining

A variable

in the testing

resistance

of,

would be associated
rings

was felt

it

single
a single

the poles

of the rotor

is

the two cages were preferrable.

The design, of a

and it

that

shaft

apparent

With the double

easy job

cage-this
to alter

cage does unfortunately

would be big

To accommodate the copper bars.

2)

To ensure

sufficient

the first

requirement

provided the stators,

mechanical
is

same bolts.
is not

the cage resistance.

the axial

in practice.

length

For the single

enough to meet two requirements,

1)

The need for

in the plane

operation

mean that

than would be necessary

length

these

3-4 shows

used to fix

the bolts
have to lie

would necessarily

is a relatively

the axial

cage rotor

is

Figare

to change the cage resistance,

larger

that

cage bars and end

design

Flowevert the double

or the

to ease the problems

different.

-In order

in,

each stator.

of the squirrel

onto the rotor

and it

In order

one for

3-3),

semi-

cage bar holes

to be the amount of copper

cage.

would have to be removed.

necessary

(Figure
cages

to cure the

their

drilled.

were radially

would have been radically

cage rotor

of the cage.

and heated

The squirrel

the changing

with
that

cage rotor

in the jig

release

an araldite/acetone

from the Jig.

is

tLe squirrel

an araldite

maintained

has two squirrel

The rotor

with

the laminations

holes

of the rotor

changes in the assembly

were coated with

were then placed

The strips
This

treated

of lamination

agent and the strips

mixture.

a few minor

with

was initially

The cap-jig

the manufacture

for
employed
was

strength.

apparent.

For the second criterion,

airgaps and cages are identical

there will

be no

Gac.-L-ior AA
Figure

3.3

Double cage rotor

IT-

Sea-ti'Dn. Ak
Figure 3.4
Single cage rotor

magnetic

resultant

on the rotor

pull

such symmetry is

In practice

will

magrietic pull

and onto the fixing

bolts.

motor and/or

reluctance

end of the rotor

The drive
taper.

produced

magnetic

by the various

(Figure

shaft,

machine and the load.

direction)

an axial

Firstlyp
pull.

3-5)

connecting

combinations

It

is

has a female morse

between the

shaft

on this

shaft

that

the torque

measurements are made.

3-5-

Stator Winding
The winding is a standard three-phase

coil

has two coils

Each phase per stator

slots.

and a coil
a total

giving

The m.m.f.

pitch

per pole with 20 turns per

are connected in series

(cold).
2.12
per machine-phase of
ohms

d. c. resistance

for the winding is

distribution

double layer winding in 24

The two stators

of 5/6.

(Chapter II

coo(p-4-tot) +&.)P

6NI
7V

kzi

Section 2-3)

-w-L)
6k #.I

CQ
JC- 1<1,,.,
i)
&k-i
k-I
The winding

factors

the product

of the coil

denoted by T and K (6k

pitch

and slot

pitch

are
normally
1)
factors

taken as

giving,

T11)
(PC
x
siv%j!
5iv%
.
2c
siv.,

ki

k 1: 1

Although

it

((4k
((6kt
I
[)PC-y)lz
1)
SivA
66%
pXY2-1)
((6k-t
Csi n
in not normally

given

component which can be introduced

factor

and is given

by,

Ln
-F

much prominence,
which is

there

is another

equal to the slot

(GLI
1)
t
SIVI
P
0-r

((Pkt

they

Secondly,

motor.

This accommodates the hollow

experimental

unbalanced

two purposes.

serve

of the unbalanced

the torque

they have to transmit

(in

to the bearings

part

one of the airgaps.

and the resulting

These bolts

must be able to withstand

the induction

impossile

be transferred

to reduce

tending

opening

of

11

N.T 5

Figure
Rotor

shaft

-6o-

3.5
and collar

G
is
where

the slot

width

since 4s 6 approaches

the fundamental

This

in radians.

has very little

as it

zero,

effect

would do in radial

on
machines

s n(prG)
p CIt

is nevertheless

though generally
pitch
varies

and slot

possible

pitch

In axial

factors.

can be quite

ratio

At the inner

but even under these adverse

not greatly

affect

gives
pitch

factor

(S

p)

up to and including

and the coil

due to the coil

ratio

diameter

(or slot

opening)

the slot

factor

opening

sp

(C
for
p)

cp

0.973

0.966

0.966

K5

0.454

0 258

0.258

T'-7

0.118

0.258
-

o. 258

K1,

-0,216

966
-o'.

0.966

K
13

-0.169

-0.966

0.966

is

opening does

The following

factor

K1

-61-

machine this
the slot

conditions

the thirteenth.

s0

to tooth

of the slot
pitch

order hamonics

machines the slot

of the fundamental.

the ragnitude
magnitudes

high

In the experimental

high.

about three

the relative

to suppress

are smal I in magnitude

such harmonics

between D, and D2*

to tooth

to use this

(S ).
0

table

the slot

the chosen winding,

3.6.

Skewed Slots
In radial

slot
equal

machines

and the number of slots

to one slot

to the length

the amount of skew is related

this

pitch

helix

by a constant
is

angle

of

For a slot

angle.

skew

by.,

given

CC = tan7l(2xR/nL)

R
I,

L
51

ClIts

M'IMCV%;v%e Q404-Or

Ske, JCC4 Rclv""'

For the more general

pitch

case of a slot

equal

to k times

obtained

by simply

a slot

pitch

(2xRj(/nL)
tan7l
o =

then,

and the developed

diagraM

the motor about the axis

is accurately
(Figure

3.6)

o :5kaweci

Dev-elopacl
slut

=I

Pilt. re
In the axial
related
and 3)2.
unrolling

S. G
is a curve which is

machine the shape of a skewed slot

to the amount of skew, the number of slots

However,

the developed

the stator

between consecui: ive

Iinrollingll

or rotor
slots.

diagram
about its

In order

-62-

(Figure
axis

and the diameters

3.6b)

that

has an angular

to achieve

the required

is

3)
1

obtained

by

relationship
shape of a

f&

LV)

Figure 3.6 (a) Plan view of stator

(b)'Deve-lopeddiagram
(6) 4eighted

developed

diagram

a "weighted"

skewed slot

which the slots

of radius.

Hence we arrive

developed

view of the radial

by taking

obtained

to give

are constrained

an equal pitch

at a diagram

that

is

The value

machine.

the slot

is used (Figure

diagram

developed

/2
3)
IL,
at
= 1

pitch

for

identical

3-6c)

in

any value
to the

(Figure
X
of

as a base valueg

31. 6c) is
hence

for n slotsp
X=2;
To retain

Rj/n
skew for

uniform

the axial

machine,

must be accompanied by unit

radial

direction

axis.

Consequently

Figure

3.6av atp

for

a skew of one slot

R,

E)

R, + R2 - R,
10

3.6o the slot

is

at x=0

by the straight

represented

movement -about the

angular
pitch

movement in the

and with

reference

to

e0

In figure

linear

unit

line

Ce.
10

etc.

skewed by an amount kX and is

OP.

The equation

of this

line

diagram

to the stator

is,

MX +C

or

since

y=

y=R
5r "

((R

2-

Rl)/MX)X

and X=
((R

2-

+ R,

2XR,/n

then

Rl)/2xRlk)nx

When the transposition

+ R,

from the weighted

is made then the trelationship

is used,

S =. (xs )IX whe:re Sx=

x
or

Rot

S/R , E)o = x/Rl

-64-

developed

Figure 3.7
Locus of skewed stator

slot

-65-

(skew equal-to

on* slot

pitch)

Substitution

(3.2)

in equation

and rearranging

gives,

k
9c = (R - RI)Z
(R
Rl)n
2This equation

of the curve with

the locus

gives

accompanied by unit
fitted

is at (a, b) relative

whose centre

figure

thereforep

to k and to find

on the skewed slot

are used,

as for

x=-I(ReRj)sin(lko4)
22

2) R-R2;

Y--R2 cos(kow-);

x=R2in(ko-f-)

3) R-Rj;

Y--R, ;

X--o

of these conditions

2.
r22

equations

Q(ReRj)sin(jkc4-a)

222 (R2in(k-,
r.
r2.

a2 +(R 1-b)

-)-a)
2

with

into
three

known

e2mmple,

I-(R2+Rl)cos(ikoc);
y..

simultaneous

3.7 on which the

a, b, and r any three

);
1) R=.I(R,
22
+R,

Substitution
three

of the curve can be accurately

b)

has a skew equal

conditions

movementiis

which,

a)

r2.
The slot

Consider,

of the machine.

shown and for

is

circle

radius

Irl

angular

unit

The locus

movement.

radial

to the arc of a circle

to the axis

that

the condition

of the machine and satisfies

to the the axis

respect

the equations

of the circle

gives

unknowns, hence,

2+ (I(R2+Rl)cos(ik

c-4)-b)

+(R2cos(kc-4)-b)

give .
2D2
2
(D +D
(D -D1)
-D
coso4-(D
cosoe.
+D
-4D2,. 2
1 2)
2
bm
1 2)
2
)(D
8D (D +D
+4(D
+D
-Deos2ae)-16DlD2cosoe121
2)COS '0/1
21
[!!
jD2
2
1
L
a . 244.
+(D, -D2os2oL)(b)
sin2ew-

which when solved

2 2
r2-D2 11-bD +a +b
7,
where D

2R and DM
12

-66-

41

3-7.

Torque Meas=ement
The torque

steady

and transient

state

on the fact

that

(via
machine

a morse taper)

is no torsional

is put under

are no longer

equal, giving

the, torque

bed with

3-8-

Coupled Tnertia
The pull-in

using

return

be increased

for

Reluctance

the maxim=

pole

ten(lo)

the rotor

of the experimental

of the axial
mode.

3-9.

Airgap

Mfective
The effective

determined

physical

e. m. f. 's,

was

3-8 shows the

was determined

could

the maximm rotor

pitch

ratio

of the d. c. motor was also

machine.
using

by

inertia
tested

in

approximately

The synchronous
the d. c. machine

Length

by the physical

airgap

unit

of the flywheel

machine was determined

or magnetic

b-ounded'by slotted

Figure

arc to pole

inertia

in the motoring

t2yo.

ten (10) times

The rotor

performance

coils

When the

cancel.

The torque

The inertia

the machine.
times

When there

and the two induced

of the reluctance-motor

to approximately
with

taken

Motor

flywheel.

inertia

which coincided

is

unit.

capability

a variable

of

as

both pick-off

coils

output.

a resultant

acts

The output

linking

to

fashion

in opposition.

distorted

is

rings

slip

coupling)

path.

in these

and found to have an accuracy

calibrated
test

induced

changes occur

the experimental

connects

a solid

the flux

the field

stress

(via

connected

on the shaft

stress

and the voltages

identical

shaft

coils

stress,

does not require

which

as a magnetic

pick-off

depends

operation

wound in a similar

coils

to the load

and consequently

from two identical

is

This unit

The shaft

machine.

Its

to torsional

subjected

of the shaft.

of a radial

the rotor

to bemade.

of one set of excited

and consists

measurement of both

accurate

enables

torque

in a shaft

in the permeability

a stator

unit

measuring

and/or

airgap

length

length

in electrical

and whether

smooth su2?faces.

must be multiplied

to obtain

-67-

or not

The factor

machines

the airgal>

is

is

by which the

the magnetic

airgap

is well

-68-

known as Carter's coefficient.

to tooth

slot

the active
ratio
at D2.

For a given radial

to gap ratio,

and slot

of the machine. '--In

of
is a functionfradius
and varies
leng-th

to ipelude

In order

the

in

at -I(D
221

+D)

Carters

coefficient

machinesg. howevert

from a maximum at D
airgap

into

t+s-

to a minimum

the equations

of the

is

machine,

Gibbs

used.

defines

and gf = Cg

sm

cr= 2((taZ-ls/2g),

(s/2g)2))
ZLOG(l +
The average

then given

the former

asq

c=t+s

is

over

which does not necessarily

occur
(2 ) '

value,
tal

exper

iskconstant

coefficient

axial

a magnetic

an average

machine performance

where

this

machine with a known

assumeei

magnetic

airgap

by,
Cg dR

gI

D2 - D,
for

The expression

lz

cr- is

independant

of Rv therefore

substitution

for

(t + s)
- 2xR/n
gives
gl =

2g
D2- 1)
1

0917.
Sul
2xR dR
2x R- am

hence,
gl = g(l

+ .-s.. nd'
(3)
Dj)
2-

For the experimental

r- =8m;
and the variation

(D
LOG 2(D
1-

srn)
s-o-n

machineg

D2 = 170 mm;

D, = 85 mm;

of gI as a function

of D is

-69-

n=

24

shown below in Figure

3-9-

t-04mm-

1.6
o WAr-A

iiiiiiiIi
qO

[to

L30

t7O MIA

ISO

Figure 3.9
Variation,

6f magnetic

4rgap,

azt. a, function

of diarrater,

5
Figure

Variation

3.10

(gl)
of average magnetic air: gjp

as a function

of

The average magnetic

length

airgap

is also

and it

given

is apparent

that

(1)

For the range of physical

machine, typically

experimental

0-5 Mmto 0-7 MmP

between gt and g is

the relationship

used in the

airgaps

seen to be quite

linear.
(2)

The effective
g'

is

fully

than unity.

This is a

open slots.

Conclusion

3-10-

The stators

machine.

Por the stator

necessary

in order

Coupled with

slot.

the semi-open
follows

slotg

that

closed

but the bridge

necessary

thare

The former

in radial

across

is

the slot

is

slot

the semi-open

the milling

a choice

operation.
on the rotor

of fully

can be discarded

open or fully
on the grounds
It

some means of retention.

machines to have closed
is generally

quite

the open

the shape of

of maintaining

not to be preferred

slot'is

cage requires

practice

semi-open,

at D1, during

particularly

as opposed to one for

the difficulty

is

the rotor.

the squirrel

occasional

this

slots

of the experimental

But to produce

operations

thereforep

for

slots

the production

to load the winding.

closed

because of the

an open, or at least

a semi-open

Initiallyg

either.

into

two machining

requires

open and fully

were preferred

they introduced

simplifications

version

have fully

and rotor

These features

respectively.

that

of using

result

used to obtain

coefficient

seen to be much greater

direct

It

of Carters

value

on the rotor

slots

thin.

is an

A compromise is

because,
1)

If

the bridge

the bridge

2)

is

itself

will

main flux

(Figure

flux

links

If

that

the bridge

of a relatively
form part

3-10).

too small

behaves as a semi-open

slot

-71-

cross

of the return

This will

the circuit
is

substantial

reduce

section,

path for

the

the amount of

on the rotor.
it

quickly

and the slot

saturates

in which the opening

is
-

of an

Figure 3. 11
Closed rotor

slots

in radial

mqphine.

Rotor

slot

return
indicated

bridge

acts

path for field

by dotted

a3

a3
Une

indete=3.
for

However,
limited
is

the axial.

by either

stator

m.m. f. 's.

bridge

is the slot

maching the cross

of the conditions

to-take

constrained

naLe- size.

an axial

The parameter
leakage

given

path

is not

above because the useful

due to the mutual

most likely-to

reactance

of the bridge

section

limit

of current

of the

effect

the size

ca=ying

flux

of the

conductors

on

the rotor.
The experimental
overall
approxim
designs

length
tely

machine has an overall

of 110 m.

This ratio

diameter

of diameter

two has been met consistently

with

to length
all

both a. c. --.and d. c. prod-aced at the University

-73-

of 230 mm and an

axial

equal to
machine

of Warwick.

Chapter

IV

Experimntal

4.1

Results

Introduction
The three

of this

main sections
Preliminar7

deal with: -

chapter

Tests: -

These are concerned

with

of the magnetic

comparison

(2) Performance

of the induction

The main variable

is the squirrel

different

are also

airgaps

The pull-in

possible

4.2

Prelirrdnar-r

4.2.1

Classification
The losses

in

are investigated

performance
pitch

to obtain

The procedure

ratio.

machine and the-presence

axial

reliable

figures

used to divide

components is extremely

fu3-ly in the following

categories:

shape ofthe

and the rotor.

or rotor

stator

is

it

of the two stators

motor: -

of the pole arc/pole

Because of the special

but

cage resistance

considered.

and synchronous

as. functions

into

and stator

motor: -

Performance of the reluctance

the stator

of the rotor

states

iron losses etc.

iron,

in

of the torductor,,

the calibration

simple

for

the losses

the iron

losses

and is discussed

more'

sections.

tests
of losses
electr-Ical

all

machines can be divided

into

three

main

(1)

Copper losses: These are relatively

of and the current
this

eas

a current

calculate, provided

in the winding

can be considered

although

! to

a fairly

in a windirig

-74-

are known.

the resistance
However,

even

intricate

subject

can often

be measured the

since

depends on the temperature

of the winding

resistance

and, the surrounding

the winding

be one of the major loss

is seen to

This

media.

of

components in the experimental

machine.
(2)

losses: -

Iron

There exists

in machines.

losses

of iron

is due to a rotational

the loss

of the presence
it

is

states

magnetic
Very often
in

the condition

grade of iron

icular

on the basis

obtained

can be compared.
is

steels

permeability
term

the

expressed
or the

however it

of the state

would

of a part-

by making a comparison

determined

after

the machine has been,

and are assuned to be constant

over the speed range.

is

testing

is

irons

losses

of power loss.

These are generally

This

indication

machine

and Windage: -

Friction

built

of laminated

In practical

a meaningful

Because

the axial

these

and stator

flux: density,

shape of. the B-H loop.

fItLx brings

the losses, intb.,, rotor

In determining

terms of saturation

seem that

in

stator

of the rotor

or not

perspective,

easy to divide

components.

and stator

into

of the.. double

comparatively

and on whether
or pulsating

of the subject

the complexity

loss

of the iron,

the resistivity

of the flux. density

the frequency

the computation

The dependance of this

density,

component on the flux

for

of formulae

a wide variety

seen to be true

for

of the experimental

-75-

the d. c., macbine used in the

machine.

Comparison

4.2.2

of the rotor

4.1 shows the developed

Figure
the induction

can be brought

airgap

length.

stator

can be obtained

is

replaced,

By measuring

this

that

is

as far

e=rcise

a meaningless

machine the removal

For either

error-in

the measurement of the losses.

motor is

On the other

configuration.

reluctance
the iron

losses

that

iron. is

The airgap

tion

sinusoidal
The iron

for
loss

The total
losses

224volts

from zero'to

rotor

current,

by a factor

are already'known
transpires

motor is

introduces

is)

con-

an inherent
' ;

of the

a smooth continuous

and the magnitude

of the flux

will

or the stator-rotor-

flux"An

of the

nature
the stator

of the condition

and

using

turn

a single

corresponding

as, a: function

of input

-76-

and for

coil
voltage

was seeh to remain

are seen to be much greater

three

search

to a supply

and stator-rotor-stator

of approximately

of the stator

motor.

(maximum) the flux

shown plotted
losses

loss

of the iron

But because the rotor

the induction

both stator-stator
is

of the rotor

the comparison

was monitore'd

the range of magonetising

the rotor

'If

as the reluctance

of harmonic

in the

produce would not be measured in a stator-stator

made using

flux

loss

hand, the discontinuous

the source

these

Consequently

arrangewnt.
and rotor

is

motor rotor

the rotor

H(x4ever it

the stator; Istator

for

different

not be substantially
stator

in the stator

flux

losses

by (and in practice

represented

the harmonic

surface

iron

can be determined.

figures

cerned.

induction

the new value

of

by any required

separated

the copper losses.

cage,

teeth,

By removing

power the iron

input

because the stator

loss

iron

of rotor

until

the total

the squirrel

without

the stator

machine.

together

by s ubtracting

can again be fomdj'and

a set

including

model,

machine and the reluctance

the two stators

iromloss

and stator

varia-

substantially

configurations.
current

in

than the total

times. The variation

figure

4.2.

stator

of the losses

(OL)
! Nis

4ck
Ole,

(6)

Pi_jt4mre,
+I

00 1)42,
qeio? e4

(6) ejatoraA

lv%Gl"Gk;ov% Motor

CAS&
3 cam

ReAL-LonxtAce

ov&jraj,

eq

Mot-or

for both stator

(IX)
=f

loss

where x is less
and i=
It

than two

mgnetising

current.

is not possible

divided

into

this

with

motor is

to the latter.

will

It

as it

simplified

The difference

be recalled

that

the rotor

figures

conclusive

such a decision

would inevitably

requirements

Calibration
A static

accuracy

and torque

of the rotor
4.2.4

shaft

this

these

two members could

annealing

a streds

whether

relief

was unnecessary,
in themselves
However,

anneal.

This in turn
domestic

would necessarily

or industrial,

for

unit
out on the tbtque

with

a milliammeer

The linear

accuracy

(up
to 60 Nm).
range

the experimental

to ddter-

be det ermined by cost, and the overall

1000ohm in series

full

'a final

n6t recei-ve

be if

was carried

was measured at 0.5 NrAA.

3% over its

did

be used.

of torque

calibration

was loaded with

15 Nm, for

for

by the type of market,

which such machines could

losses

type of machine could be

of the motor.

or specification

be affected

4.2.3

of this

to warrant

be sufficiently

iron

This was done specifically

would undoubtedly
in loss

are due mainly

these

or not the manufacture

mine whether

are

becomes apparent,

that

III).

how these losses

components but it

tested,

(Chapter

anneal

relief

to determine

test

and hysteresis

eddy current

when the induction

stress

by,

are seen to be given

and rotor

machine)

factor
extension.

hold

for

unit.

The output

and the torque

was found to be within

Over the working

range

up to

2%.
was reduced to

the error
clockwise

factor

and anti-clockwise

The

loading

Measurement of load angle

A dial

calibrated

and a pointer

in degrees was fitted

was attached

to the shaft

-78-

to the casing

to run concentrically

at the non-drive
against

the

end

Iron

Lo;,
1-2

Fpr 2 o-(. >2(= ,-C>AI%W%

44

0 mrK

17Z t-2vv%m

1-- 2. m
YAM

cat)

12

Cl

to

StApely
CKv-rer.

Comf mriso,
Gtorvj
lV.
SS
S+-abor- I IrOp

Cal 5+.
otorc6j
(l Si-a*or
W
(0-1

otol,

pLvs

WOO%

ro

t or

los's

ks)
-79-

A
ctv..
io-ov%

Less

+,

(Atvtf-e, )

face

of the

dial.

By using

the

pointer

is

seen to

the

machine

has synchronised.

a stroboscope

remain

switched

statioary,

for

except

is

This

to mains
load

a common method

calibration

changesp
of measuring

once
load

angle.
Under no load

for

constant

all

supply

zero load angle

reading

load

the

conditions

was seen to be approximately

angle

down to pull-out.

voltages

and was consistently

This was taken as the

repeatable.

4-02#5 Inertia
The inertia

as,
i

of

176
lb.
in
do =

The inertia

of

the

d. c.

the

machine

the

of

experimental

the expressiong
8-3( 6.87

ir=

0.00245(
=
4.2.6

6.87

D. C resistance

resistance

themanufacturer

machine

was calculated

Appendix

using

T2
M.
m
'a
windin

a Wheatstone bridge.

the experimental

To obtain

the value
at full

machine was operated

motor until

the temperature

became constant.

from the supply

to the bridge

and the resistance

as an induction
was switched

3.38)
-t-

of stator

This was measured using

operating

lb. in.

3.38)

from

was obtained

2
Kgm.m

2=0.052

rotor

rotor

of the
load

The motor
was measured-'

as,
Rcle - 2.6 ohm at 10 Amps (per phase)
For the computation
was taken as 2.4 ohm.
2.05 and 2.12 ohm.
resistance
(hot)

of the machine performance

The inherent

is negligible.

can be taken and will

difference

(cold)

The resistance

between the cold

It

error

will

be less
readings

-80-

the^winding

of the three

in this

phases was 2.1,

method of measuring

depend on how quickly

than 16%.

resistance

This figure

the

the measurment
is based on the

(minimum 2.05 ohm) and the hot value.

(0

TocAutvtoc
Ou.tpc, -t a for
,
lar

e
cLoc-X-vj;:

v
cLv%ot

o-S NrA per ctt*As;ov%c4j%t;

e. Lv&, kwiS,

&

to cxdtlA t

Tke. Uml-L tiv%e--,(AAsLacL) fav-es-c"

Kt1
ia
ti
var
0% ro AO%

eao'.t0

u* r Kt

t 1,14)
.

Temperature

4-P,. 7

The temperature

rise

.
thermo-markers

was measured using

of 650C vas measured on the stator

when the machine was being

on the rotor

These vmre only measurements of surface

Performance of the induction

4.3
4.3.1

Iron

losses

as a function

With the squirrel

basis..

circuit

close

to the shaft

For the reluctance.

motor.

0
60
C.
1OWer at

was slightly

temperatures.

motor
of speed

cage removed the equivalent

of the induction

connected

in a region

and rotor

run as an induction

motor the maxitmim temperature

and a maadmim rise

motor becomes a simple

on a per phase

circuit,

series

resistance-reactance

as shown below,

where,

r-

of the winding

resistance

Rs = equivalent

the stator

representing

resistance

R=
r
X,
Attention
the iron

I=

of the machine.

reactance

loss

component is

There is some justification

the series

loss

rotor

is drawn to the fact

convention.

iron

that

generally

shown in parallel
for

this

in the equivalent
with

but basically

the magnetising
it

However from the manner in which the iron

circuit

is

to be preferred.

-82-

circuit

is a matter
losses

reactance
of

are measured,

The experiinental
being

and run as a motor from standstill

energised

synchronous

With the axial

was repeated.

From the resultd

of the d. c motor did

indicated
torque

that

there

currents

alter

but it

in the rotor

and rotor

retaining C. ring

shaft

machine'represent
total

rotor

plus

stator

This is

the difference

in ipput

shown as a function
Si#ce

the input

range, the flux

in figure

effects,

the total

figure

losses

of the stator

latter

this

4.3.2

Friction

the

and the

winding

The total

This

in the axial.

component being
iron

by

given
losses

are

4.4.

did not vaz7 In the axial

from a linear

As indicated
relationship

machine over the speed

by the dotted line

is marginal.

This

is due mainlY, to

The losses at N=1500 rpm are losses in the stator

alone and these compare very favourably

on the stator-stator

caused by eddy

cage.

confirms that the cause of the iron loss in the rotor

hysteresis

machine to produeg

which would. behave as a squirrel.

is considered constant.

4.4 the deviation

This

test.

bolts..

power and copper loss.

current

any speed the decrease

retaining

loss,

of speed in

input

to deter=! Lne whether

or in the eight

the copper losses

iron

the test

the latter

cage.

change in power was ignored, consequently

purely

5% for

the axial

was not Possible

were in the laminations

eddy currents

for

for

a tendancy

was still

supply

of speed

the speed/power

though

slightly,

the copper squirrel

even without

to its

was noted that

machine was never more than

in power to this

up to and including

machine connected
it

the latter

to the d. c motor as'-a function

The power input

speed.

was measured.

curve

to the d. c machine,

machine was coupled

with those obtained from the tests

configuration.
and windage of the d. c machine

With the experimental

machine on no load a curve of power input against

speed was obtained by varying the supply voltage.

The axial

machine was

then coupled to the d. d machineand the test repeated, the difference

-83-

b6tween

120+"r

iAQ

vj

Q. Yfar;

eAa, &+W-A

61-a

LA,%&.%,
%', CaL

mockj,,

cfr*.ve. %

L-.
rKoe.
j'va

loW
lep,,
%

Fi3wre 4.,ft
lot&A iroA lose. a!: a

Ac.,,
t
--tAo.

al votor
ju%t%

Lt'%^.
eo,r

otaso.eA
61-. U4-

cralgii

to
tbNpt4-1tr
pov.

votor

4.
No

Lbo-ot

Ll
(1)
Over

-t"> -t

-t OA

1
0-ct%

cot. rieot iro J-c- v.%o-tcprro-to r

S;ezodt

k';

cut. p(Q4
fut, %30

11)00

-85-

5?. OCCk

the two input

losses-of

the d. c. motor as a fynction

show that

over the complete

Of all

the parameters

the stator

leakage

circuit

the iron

and the rotor

leakage

reactance

reactance

to compute.

and since

these are in general

in ignoring

The iron

them is

4.7 show how the stator

curve.

losses

have been determined

much smaller

reading

negligible.

leakage

reactance

the comparison

loss

component,

are the most.

experin-antally

than the copper losses

considered

and rotor

used for

The value

of the d. c.

to a power of 107 watts.

in the equivalent

difficult

introduced

losses

parameters

circuit

-Equivalent

4.5

of'figure

The torductor

of 0.68 Nm corresponding

at 1500 rpra gave a torque

4.3.3

n-achanical

at 100 watts.

constant

and windage

The curves

of speed.

speed range-the

machine were approximately

friction

the effective

giving

power. readings

with

Figures

the error

4.6 and

the torque/speed

effect

the measured results

were

taken as,

X, = 4.82 ohm
x2=o.

2-86 ohm

of R2 and X2 in

The value

4pNK
1

the equivalent

given

nb

x
b

where., 4pNK1

is

rc

Yon
4pNK

x 21

circuit

(P-34)
by,

turrm ratio

of the mqchine

'rb
The. terms r and :)% am defined

in Appendix

II

as the components of the

bar load impedance and these

are computed in Appendices

terms

impedance

of the bar and endring

r

rb
:a
c2e

ir

ix
XC'2: Xb +'e

-86-

III

and IV.

In

tA
j
f,

. 0-1

r1jure

loriae Is peeA. cAA

c%le cS
Statp, r
I
X2

teokcxac

mortor

fvr

var,

1,5

r-eaUcL,, (,e

.,
Leaka3e. caa-vta&ca per
k

re-err, ect tv

pL%ctse- of 5-tatvc
rator

pr*,,Aarl
-87-

sidLe al ajaivalewt cli-cul t

-rc,velV4

0 0,, Ir

Fis wee

TorI

VL

or

SP08CI

vaeyt*%,3

4.7

rLA'fVt

rotor

Orf

leak-xcle

4.92J1z

eta-tor
.

reac, -tav%ce

r44e-re-ack

Irotov.

-88-

-to

Equivalent
wherel

motor

rb and xb are the impedance components of the bar and re and xe are

the resistance
outer

of the induction

circuit

components per pole

and reactance
In Appendices

endrings.

III

of the inner

and IV the a. c resistance

1% of the d. c. -vslue. for

copper is writhin

pitch

the frequency

and

of the squirrel

range encountered

in the machine.

4.3.4

Torque/speed curve

The d. c machine,

to operate

which was connected

generator, was coupled to the experimental

for

curves

theoretical

values

of tbrque

approaching

below in tabular

4.3-3.

of section

circuit

maximum, torqw

was measured.

gl-l

g=O. 5m

Omn

g=0.6mm

91-1-123mm
g=Ot7m

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

4.8.

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

28.3

28.3

24.2

24.2

21.6

21.6

2.86

4.75

2.86

4.75

2.86

4.75

28
.

286
.

286
.

286
.

x2

_I
--

2-86

The

the parameters for which are shown

m
R2

shunt

manner using

form.

gl=0.855=m

excited

machine and the torque/speed

was computed in the usual

torqw, -/speed curve

the equivalent

as a self

z86

"Two cages were tested

of 0-5=,

airgaps

physical

The saw

increased.

Figure

Starting

in

given

favourable.

curves

shown in figure

reason, only the one

of supply

voltage

varies

between computed and measured

an airgap

(gl=0.855mm).
of 9=0.5mm
(rc

were'tested

of figure

curves

readings

curve'Was

4.12 help to complete

possible

were takento

The phase current,

figures

=0.00025,

OtOO0166

results

are seen to be quite

not measured but the starting

the picture

agree favourably

the motor was allowed

and show that,

with

to run for

thercomputed
several

Conditi On6.I
shown in figure
and efficiency

minutes

achieve steady ctabe

power factor

of the results

4-8,, 4.9 and 4.10 and

4.8a the results

torque/speed

the experimental

'.1herever

are shown in

in figure

The complete

are typical

A comparison

resistances

from. the disparity

before

For this

other

of Jesults

Six torque/speed

values.

for

ohm)

Discussion

in general,

the low cage

for

The results

as a function

4.12 for

figure

Three cages of different

and 0.0001

t6rque

starting

of the voltage.

as the square

torque

bars.

torque

The theoretical

apart

cages, the varying

to those

siziliar

of discrepancies.

is

have been reproduced.

of results

is

motor with

current

(g' -1 Omn).

are very

and airgaps

the same order

4.11 with

4.3.7

diameter'--age

of g=0.6m

and an airgap

cage resistances

results

both squirrel

and Input,

Power factor.

4.8.4.9,

as the cage resistance

4.11 shows the computed and measured results

resistance

4.36

were used for

figures

of the induction

of slip

values

endrings

Efficiency.

4.3.5

are typical

due to the different

being

resistance

set

at higher

peaking

for

and computed results

0.6ma and 0-7ma are shown in

The curves

and 4.10 respectively.

the torque

and the experimental

obtained

-40-

for

the different

4.11

cage resistances

and

'i

(of^

6k

NfA

slir
(a),
F1

Tvieoretic:
Mertve

wre,

4.9

fqe,&&L-Lj,Of iftotuc-Hc"

on,
CCL) lo'-i

Cap

Lb) Ki5k

&at2e

Torre,
ut-A

slip

-93

Tnw

NA.

slip

(a),

[: i3ure

4A

k'KperirAev%tOLj
j QIAVL
Tjjeo,re-LjCC,
f4ejsAjtjpY% art

v v-

(a)

Low

()

Hilk

I Y' 01 'A

c4xje

-rasiStavAce

cale

TorapAi
Nm

Slip

r4-.

'r.

0-1

ri, t
N.OA

4
)%V.

l*
12
Cor-AP LLted
Measurecl

-. e0

-WP-

51111.

COL)
RstAre
71%ecoretic-a.
martor

1
ca)

4tv-

and

Low,

fow

vo-f-LAU'l
"ste.

(b) Rl 3 L%

t%wGc

C46.9

cage

-r&C$tA4
N

WA

LD1

-93-

slir

Pka5c
CW'le"

slip

ie4%cy)t
11-9

I
p.

curves -fW

C45C
M4?
0,.CLtCQA G
Co ?,Nke A
VAea; t. re C(

TorCIAC

N rA

IN

,rL
11

II

JM
I

t1hot 5-C
Curr"t

A*t"
Fivre

+.

I'l

Stcxv-tt'%,
j
IPA KA

bar

-ac
jop

(Dad.

used in the experimental

airgaps
for

The inclusion

thee computed values*

equivalent
meters.

In general

greatest

differences

resistance

the

were acceptable,

The maxim=

readings.

always being

to the torque/speed

the cages appeared to be of higher

the..

these para-

effect

between results

the measured results

Refernce

than the computed'ories.

were ignored

component in

not greatly

in the power factor

occuring

losses

of a resistive
will

the discrepancies

was seen to be 21% with

error

this

to represent

circuit

The iron

machine.

curves

smaller

show that

than those used for

values

the computations.
The maximum error

losses

For example,

of 870 watts.

order

computed).

loss

and is discussed

density

for

This

can be much improved

more fully

the curves

shown in

The maximum pawers occured

for

current

density

Finally
duced

with

it

at this
is

apparent
benefit

great

in the experimental
to 3.2na giving

output

extensively

section

of these

is

11 Amps and

alone is

of the

the stator

copper

The maximum current

2
4.11 was 12.6 A/mr2 (8000AAn
cages at approximately

The efficiency,

power fabtor and

2
were 51%. 0.08 and 10.4A/nTa respectively,
the squirrel

cage resistance

to the power output.

machine could be increased

a reduction

tribute

thht

W.

the low resistance

8=0.3 and was measured at 1260 uratts.

even though
component is

copper loss

by reducing

in chapter
figure

relatively

was measured at s--O. l as 0.69

The maximm efficiency

(0-7

loss

at s=0-4 the phase current

of 2.4 ohms the stator

a phase resistance

This

obtained

because the major

have been ignored,

the copper loss.

for

13%.

curve is

over the measured spedd range is

good correlation
the iron

in the efficiency

in bar resistance

to the cage resistance

the cage resistancd

.796-

could

In

fact

could

the cage bars

frcm 2-75mm (maxim=

of 34%.

The endrings

but by increasing
effectively

be re.

used)
ccn-

the cross-

be reduced by 50%.

This would give

a predicted
the pull-in

would also

assist

resistance

would increase

the subsynchronous

and a physical
pitch

arc/pole

airgap
ratios

was limited

by the operation

synchronised
was possible

(pole

by the reluctance

to the experimental

could

leaving

d. c machine was then reconnected

of the reluctance

curve

angle

the pole

vary with

and pavers

that

Satisfactory

of

the slightest
For f
into

not be pulled

still

power

=0-778
step

the d. c machine was operated

was then connected

The supply

was increased

the power to

machine could be disconnected

the latter

The

motor oPerating

syncbronously.

excited

generator

for

of paAer,

current,

as a self

shunt

the

motor.

for

and efficiency

The theoretical

and although

the friction

P that

4.15 and 4.16 show the variation

4.13,4-14P

Pciver factor

611' to be

motor alone

values

voltage

the reluctance

of

vras so near to the pull-out

spedd.

machine and as its

the load machine was reduced until

Figures

For values

of the d. c motor

the rotor

as a motor and run up to synchronous

loading

0.445.

To overcome this

motor.

rotor.

The range of pole

caused the motor to run sub-synchronously.

load

supply

gI =1 Onn)

of the reluctance

to synchronise

cagge

cage resistance

of the d. c motor was too,

arc= 760) the d. c. motor rotor

from its

the lowest

to 0.778

and windag e losses of these two machines

.,
for these higher
of the reluctanceemotor
additional

motor as the lower

speed of the reluctance

with

'of of 0.6mm (giving

than 0.778 the inertia

greater

This

Motor

machine was tested

The experimental

Of 0.15.

at a sliP

of the reluctance

Performance of the Reluctance

4.4

it

of 1530 watts

output

of figure

both

4.17 shows how the pull-out

are to pole

were masured
agreement

the computed and measured results.

pitch

are also
exists

-97-

ratio.

included

pmver and load

The maxim=
on these

between the results

load

angles

curves.
of figures

4.13

P-f
2

Soo

400

3oo
.

'100

too

lootel cmv%aie (des)

'Synckrov%ous Facforrvianva cuives fee- reelactarice motvcCu

C,

v-,r ant

a ut f. wt.

(T)
C'r
p0 %P

Cp.+)

Pij, Av-e

-93-

Ilp

Vwuj
loco

Soo

CkK4 C.A t

pZ

gz D. bmm-,

0-6, (, (, ,

tj-)

Fi3u,re

(Amrt

4-3,4

-99-

stzt-o

mm

Ar

Pow#r
Nae

kPoo

500
f

IOCCCA
ansle

Sjv%&tA,
re..,, Dus
A=

0-566,
CAorrewt

psrfvcma, ce curve-% -(-or

SZ O-k),MVIA
LL

II =I-OMOA

outpwt

povuar
M
;
C. Q., oi

wr e

4.16

-100-

CoLen-5)

motoc

i6wer
'Abii
1440

i f-
1000

600

I 0-act a v-.
%a
6
(me&^Kicp, l oteZ)
GYV%Ct%rO*OUG

-c 0-44!

fPeC'fOT'rA4CIKCe

jj=

0- (o m*%
j5(

(YL)
IP-b%cl
efo%C:

4ar-ecex vower
Fivre

4.16

-lot-

CL4VWeC

1-x 0 MM.

;
Vr

Y'4&l%4CtdkMCC

MgDtOT'

R411-ou.

Powdlr

(wAtts)
,i

sool

600

400

im

8.0

a'c,

ig

40

Fit4re

A5

pe)wer

at,..

av-cl

c t-t*o, 0f(ez

-I ol-

90

'10

e Arc
(,t-djt)

'4*11

(Por)

Pull-Out

6o

%ottct

(6j..
a-Ate

1, )
ibote are. -je

to 4.16.

This is

equivalent

to be expected
of this

circuit

the iron

loss.

copper losses

than the stator

greater

ponent would improve

and power factor.
motor

(modified

design

machine is

the already

induction

cannot be improved

the resistance

low for

of the stator

could

This

is

figure

obtained

frcm the induction

motor is

a good design

design

from the point

con be misleading

two machines.

4.4.. 2

Maximum inertia

In keeping, with
version

the experimental
chapter. II
voltage

type

of reluctance

the power factor

be increased

of this

by reducing

(3 =0.445(Pole

for

not because the reluctance

is

motor was a bad

because the induction

high

only

the low resistance

as an induction

when operating

machine tended to reach the minimum slip

the. maximun inertia

that

could

be synchronised

2
to S.

by the rotor

It

cage resistance.

between the performance

cage requirements

ensured thht

to the minimum speed attained

Sm- is
during

In

possible.
for

the slip

the last

motor

any given
corresponding

half

cycle

of

variation.

The method of testing

required

com-

thah the maximum pavier

to draw comparisons

was seen to be proportional

reluctance

This

motor.

the squirrel
This

was used.

this

of view of the relatively

of these

loss

of, an iron

was obtained
smal2er

slightly

but rather

therefore

to be much

winding.

The maximum pawrer out of 1100 watts

are of 400).

of this

between the efficiency

and although

the efficiency

the rotor

be considered

good correlation

machine)

in

The inclusion

These are typically

from the

parameter

component representing

losses

can again

losses.

iron

mLssing

a resistive-

There are of course no iron

the stator

machi0e:;

the only

since

to synchronise

the machines vras to find

the rotor

-103-

and load

inertia.

the minim=
This

voltage

latter

ccmponent

ps., 44.5

(Kr.

V4

13
anputed

-C

OZ

ps -66
/

; oolP-111

OP
*1

-40

too

F*

160

200

Figure

Variation

or the total

4.18

inertia

VoIt
as a fur! ctionor

0.445

0.555
p.

0.666

0.778

-1

vottoSe,

'ro-ICOACOL06r
ll%6,rt%*gx

Ics
M.
P4
i(
zaem

46.

lban
3410
-

-TV

-6

-4

-3
CID

*7.

41

30

is*

Ale,

( ael )
Figure 4.19

Variation of thz total inertia

(P-

Variation

as a fmction

pole arc/90)

of the rotor

inertia

-los-

of pole arr-

was simulated by a graded flywheel

For a given inertia

shaft.

just below the Imown pull-in

just

For all

coupled in=tias

hunting characteristic

values of pole are to pole pitch

this

the purpose of the computed results

The higher slip

values

arc to Pole pitch

to ensure that

the larger

coupled, inertias
way it

the motor this

By testing

S remained relatively
m

for

constaht

For

was taRen as 0,04.

the maximumslip

correspond-to

ratios.

of 0.04 dot-in to 0.033.

in slip

a variation

ratios

to S
mi
and for

from between 11+40rpm

speed was seen to vary

and 1450 rpn representing

pull-in

the machine was

This was to, enable the minimun speed, corresponding

.
to be measured.

inertia

until

again increased

value. at which point

load and the familiar

unable to synchronise its

was evident.

all

the supply voltage was increased

The machine was then stopped and the voltage

occured.
until

coupled to the rotor

mechanically

and pole

was possible
in coupled

the variation

and

Test results

four

for

to be expected,

and is

of

values

confirmed

P are given

in

figure

that

experimentally,

It

4.18.
.

the inertia

will

is
vary

the
The
the
medium range of
shows good
as
square of
applied voltagge.
.
For = 0-778
between the computed arxi the test results.
correlation
the measured results
is

also

these

true

for

values

of

computed results
Figure

differ

the higher
A still

radically

from,. the computed values.

voltage

at P =0.445.

approximate

are greater

(2-39)

when the pole

are is

though fairly

inconclusive

the MaXimum,value
than the theoretical

is

of :inertia

inertia

used and this

approximately

10?

value.

-106-

(J

t)

The four

coincide

the

figures.

curve

in themselves,
will

Huqever both

to the square. law,, and in general

than the test

4.19 shows how the total

when equation

results

The same

varies
is

of

seen to reach a maxim=

experimental

tend to indicate
with

as a function

a value

results,
that

of

in pi-actice
that

is

greater

'i

t,q

3q

10

It

-Fig=
(a) Total

4.20

inertia/rotor--inertia

(b) Coupled inertia/rotor

inertia

-107-

?blo Art.
cotep)

inertia

inertia/rotor

though

would not be encountered

there

4.19,

it

The measured curves

at low values

ratios

that,

must be stressed

test

are not sufficient

to verify

results

and coupled

of

as with

figure

this.

Conclusion

4.5

as a continuous rating
for

a poor value
mainly

for

efficiency

iosses
copper

to the excessive

(25watts/lb)

of 0-45.

of 50% and a power factor

efficiency

arc to pole pitch

is

true

This

encountered.
the design

therefore,

ratio

was limited

that

only

the optimum pull-in

because both

obtained

equation

for

made to the curves

performance

4.16 in

for

angle

pole arc were 1400 watts

this

show that

for

predicted

results.

the

first
It

tim
is

that

were

In practice,
not be

could

of

was in

the predicted

of
is

on. the synchronous

fact

and 320.
is

curve
reference

approaching
0
21

of approximately

suggested

-108-

of pole

stage.

characteristics

the pavier factor

therefore

at an

densities

at such a late

the section

The maximum output

out power of the machine at a load

of 1100 watts

of maximxm inertia,

the synchronisation

(p. 101

compared with

machine and is a fault

particular

and pull-out

occur at low values

of figure

is

current

why the machine did not follow

In explaining
(2-39)

this

not be rectified

could

giving 0- a po;,P-r to

The minimum value

by the high

for

The total

VI*

motor gave a-, p,o.K te sted output

The reluctance

is due

winding,

figure

This

by Gupta in chapter

the machines tested

values

in the stator

(.
22.5
50.4 lbs)
Kg
motor was

56
of
watts/Kg

ratio

of 51%. This is

of machine but this

type

this

be considered

could

was 12W watts at an efficiency

weight of the induction

weight

that

motor the maidmun output

For the induction

in

high

the theoretically

that

again indicate

inertia

inertia/rotor
pole
are shmin as functions ofkare.
of the total

4.20 the ratio

In figure

Further
always

that

the pull-

The
computed
,.

more these

laaer

than

the reactance

results

the

of the

machine is

altexing

impedance of the machine is

given

in Re then for

(x +x )2+

while

also

demand for

increases

but it

this.

value

to sin(f.

Sincie Re is proportional
meet this

is

must increase

X ) then

maadmumpa,; er.

is

clude

assumed that

a component to represent

IV)
effect

in R could
the iron

-109-

will

Alternatively,

(Chapter
seen

the increase

was kept

reactance

component of impedance has an adverse

It

of Re is

to

related

by the equation,

the leakage

that

apparent

to the po74er dissipated

R2

For the. computed results

is

the nagnitude

maximum power transfer

machine parameters

R=

it

The input

by,

theorem were applied

the maximun power transfer

the other

component.

(R+R )+j(X+X
e)
e

Z=
If

leakage

of the

favour

in

that

constant

as the pole are is

the resistive
variation

reduced.

to

tend to increase

ccmpon--nt

of the in-phase

on the predicted

results.

be due to the necessity

losses.

at 4.8 ohm

to in-

Chapter

Optimisation

Introduction

5.1

For a given
affected

together

emphasis is

the pole arc/pole

with

placed

solely

In chapter

ends of this

spectrum

vanufacturing-processes.
as output.,
by cost,

only by a term equal

be applied

the reluctance

motor equations

superposition

will

be used.

on a per phase basis,

of the differential

manipulation
times
is

difficult

stated

and cumbersome.

in view of the fact

which will
to give

and the maximum and minimum values

-11 0-

that

approach,

(if

all

such

be expressed

the condition

the desired

In such instances

by computation.

Consequently

ratio.

The methods could

can be deduced.

to extract

machines

Because of the two variables

acadeac.

can be differentiated

which maximum and minimum conditions

etc.

a more generalised

The equations#

controlled

and reluctance

machine only.

represent

and the

is

of material

pitch

at either

such parameters

the latter

while

exists

procedureand

concerned with

machine but,

to the induction

there

performance

to the pole arc/pole

would tend to be purely

an exercise

a wide

the induction

be made to the latter

will

In practice

availability
for

equations

etc.

termed
design

the rachine
is

is

under which an optimised

be placed

The former

chapter

between the macYIne per-

the design

techniques,

production

reference
equally

could

In this

ratio.

effect

power factor

efficiency,

The theoretical
differ

mentioned.

that

of specifications

motor depends

sense the analysis

I the conditions

would be produced were briefly

spectrum

pitch

and in this

machine is

the reluctance

on the relationship

formance and these two ratios

optimisation.

D2D, while

by the ratio

primarily

on this

of the induction

frame, 5ixe- the performance

However,

the

parameter

the resulting
these

from

exist)

is

some-

equation
are obtained

The stator

be identical

will

winding

layer,

machine and is a 3phase, double

of 5/6.

such a winding
that

apparent
of

conductor

the

number

for

the

since

the number of stator

the slot
and/or

of

the

number

diameter

of

the

winding

of

the

wire

the diameter

resistance

of

approach

must approach

to twim the cross-sectional

5.2

a rotor

determined

is

shaft

To allow

zero.

and overhang
I

If

vary.

possible

is

decreased.

for

a finite

This

constant.
the smaIlest

slot
The

area of the wire.

by the necessity

is

the size

to

as DI

infinity

For
It

theoretically

wi3.1 be maintained
wire
on the minimumkdiameter since

area must be equal

with

is

of the wire

limit

limitation

by 12"

hence either

it

pitch

be 24.

always

will

then

constant

puts a theoretical

practical

a coil

must be allowed

conductors

to

with

the experimental

must be divisible

slots

kept

conductors

resistance

the stator

must vary as D1 varies

size

the

4POle winding

in

Hence the number of slots

in
used
-

to thul,

of providif-la-the

motor

space.

Assumptions
(1)

The slot/tooth

at DI is

ratio

used in the experirwntal

constant

machine,

and eqpal

to the value

hence

Sw/tw. = 3.27
(2)

The slot
used in

depth/slot

width

the experimental

is

constant

machine,

and equal

to the value

hence,

3d/sw ' 1.65

The slot

factor

fill

The conductor

diameter

in the experimental
(5)

D2 will

(6)

The stator

is constant at 0.26.
is

The m. m. f harmonics

less

machine).

be kept constant
slot/rotor

constant

(slightly
lmm
at

for

slot

all

ratio

are ignored.

-111-

D,,
is constant

at

1.2.

than

5.3

Performance

Equations

5.3.1

Synchronous

Operation

The equivalent
and based upon this
is

the reluctance

for

circuit

the following

circuit

motor, is

performance

shown in
equations

figure

are deducible.
(5-1)

=V
(R+Re)+j(X+Xe)

(5-2)

R+Re
22
((R+Re)

Cos

+(X+Xe)

OP

(5-3)

V2Re
2
2
(R+Re) +(X+Xe)

I2Re

(5-4)

12Re
8

YL

5 .1

Vis Cos
2
IsR

CU loss

(5-5)

In order to develope equations (5-1) to (5-5) the equivalent circuit

componentsneed expressing in ter=
(1)
let

N-

Stator

winding

resistance-(R)

pole. '

turns/phaseper

and M. L. T

of D, and

mean length

per

tum.

then,
R=

8p

/wire
(M.
N.
L. T)

The conductors/slot

Now the slot

and
where

= slot
wire

Qrua
area.
area

slot

factor

area = Sw'sd
2

=1 .

65(SW)

pitch

- sw

(ass=ption

sw/tw = 3.27
tw=

fill

slot

=S p7sw

-112-

2)

--l-%

to

A9A
C4
Cal

k
CAc
..0

ls
z
ri
I

'l<

I"

16
the

-113-

therefore,

sw -=3.27(sp-sw)

givingy

2-7
sw = 3.27-s
pA .
/24
7cD,

but

sp=

hence,

sw = 3.277cD 1
24x4.27

giving

conductors/slot

-D2t
180

The number of turns/phase

is

per pole per stator

to the conductors

equal

per slot

giving

for

this

type

of winding

N as,

N=D2V90
.
The mean length

(5.6)

per turn

and the overhang lengths

is equal to the sum of the active

at D2 and D,,

hence,, for

lengths

a 5/6 coil

(Del)

pitch

M. L. T = (D27Dj)+0.655(DeDj)
and

D21
e
((D-@l)+0.655(D
R=
77-7

R=A

1212
(D27D, )D, +B. '-(,
D +D )D
2 I 1

Stator
The leakage
a function

d)
+D
2

leakage reactance (X)

reactance
only

(5-7)

is

assumed to be independant

(turns)2
the
of

and the pole area.

of

and is

therefore

For the experimental

maebine .

X -- 4.82 ohms
N=

80 turns

D1. = 85 mm
and expressed
X=4.82

X-A

in the experimental

machine-,

222
(N/80)
Dj-D,
D2
r

Substitution

of the leakage

as a proportion

for N(5.6)

2
85

gives,,

11 422
Dj(Dj-Dj)

(5.8)
-114-

-(3)

Effective

From chapter

II

resistance

(Re and Xe)

and reactance

for Re and Xe are

the relationships

Re - -2NK Dw s in -X s in2p
1

(5-9)

Xe - 2NK w(X+D
I

(5-10)

sinp7t cos2p

where,
Ph+g; )K

c22 3tA. Dj-DI)N

8x g (h+g')
22
3k. (Dj-Dj)NhK
1

4 ;r2gl(h+gl)
Substituting

for

NJAD and C in (5.10)

422
.,
It
A,!
Re - -D'bD, (Di-Dl)
Xe = D" ( x(P
11
Dm

where,

and (5.9)

gives,

(5.11)

sinP7 sin2pS

h+gt)+h

422
)D
(Dj-DI)
sinK cos2pg
1

(5.12)

3AK1/87x)

2,gl(h+gl)
It

is now possible

to reconsider

(5-1)

equations

to (5-5)

and express

them

in terms of DI and

Phase current
To obtain
to consider
hence

the conditions

for miniymlm and maximim current

the maximim and minimum values

respectively

it

of the

is necessary
impedance,

,
Z-

2
2)1
R+Re) +(X+Xe)
222+
'rD
(D27D, )+B
(DeD, )+d'hD4, (D-Di)sinA7cain2p
A-IID2,
1
422
jA D1
(D-D, )+D 11('x (Ah+gl)+hsinK

Note that
motoilngo

the sign

Further-more

422
ZmD, (Dj-Dj)

if

[(hD"sin

the resistance

4(D 2 2)]
cos2p&')D 121 -D
P is considered

of Re can be changed if
is

61

ignored,

positive

for

then,

2]IIL
-X sin2pE)2+'(A! l +D"(x ( h+gl)+hsint7C cos2p
-5))

(5-13)
-115-

..

lf4ftCLc"%f-C

GKM)

C,
45,

neviolob,

Cloect
0,0
A%
c
pi3L&ce

-116-

6.2-

o-

b,

ImDgAa,

%r-4-

Pole- 4re,
tc to, Ci 9t

Pkasda
(..

1,4? 24a. Le

ag a
)

jpot.

[DaZ 96 m&, 9=.

(toa&* a-le )
0

RSUCe-

5.3

Taking d(Z)/dD

to zero gives

equating
and
1

a maximum impedance when,

D1 =D2/V1.51
4

The variation
indicates

that

be obtained

shown in figure

DI is

of Z with

the maidmum and minimum values

directly

(5-13)
of

Consideration

0
of
can

of Z as a'function
1 and

for

by substitution

5.2.

0 respectively,

2 2)3 hW(Kl /871 2

R+j(X+D4(D -D
x=
2; Cgt
422
zn-Lin' R+J(X+D,(Di-Dl)

)2)

3k^/87

2; K (h+g I)
5.3 shows Z as a function

Figure

of

Power factor

5.3-1.2

(5.2)

From equation

R+Re
2
2)1
((R+Re) +(X+Xe)

Cos

For most operational

Cos

R and X can be ignored,

conditions

hence,

=1

(5-14)
(1+(Xe/Re)

Both Re and Xe are functions

42
(D227D,
)
D,
consequently
of
on the pomr factor.

will

not have a first

order effect

that

the power factor

depends primarily

From (5-14)

Differentiating

with

respect

to

For the experimntal-machine

tanf? ( -fA
The value

of

condition

is

which
0.24.

and the effect

It

is apparent

on P (R and X are independOAt of

obtained

when,

to zero gives,

and equating

/h)

tan P7t -xgI

the load

is

maximum power factor

2(Xe/Re)
minimm

variation'of

14mm-and gl

h=

l.
Onm, hence,
=

0.224
=
gives

naximum power factor

Figure
that

and satisfied

5.4 shows how the power factor

has'on

-11

the maximum power factor.

the above
varies

with

---

u4,
0,

ctO-

c4

tt>ct&( otvi(a

ZJ? l5 e4m

-A -

Pole are.

Nak posjerjactor as jw%cctlowzj rote at-r-

(p . pole av-4/cla)
DIZ 96mm

F:93ure

5. +

Output power

5.3-1.3

power is given

The output

OP =12

V2,Re
2
2
(R+Re) +(X+Xe)

Re =

The maximum power for

9.

to

of machine parameters

any set

The pull-out

power.

by,

can be obtained

angle

given

by the pullOP with

by differentiating

okAt

respect

Hence,
9V2Ksin2p

OP

(R+Ksin2p6
K-

2NKI Dwsin2p

and

x=

X+4NK INC
I

since

d(OP) -0
d
cos2P6

satisfies
5
cos2p

for

maximum and minimum it

(5-14)

and gives

Substituting

for

power as

V2K

222
)2
(R +x +X2)2-(2 )07)
.

POP

maximum output.

the puU-out

gives

POP

the stator

can be showa that,

-2.,cK
2
R2+X +K2

the differential
into

(5-14)

)2 +(x+Kcos2pS)

where

If

is

resistance

+2RK

is. --.
ignored,, then,

A
2_ 2
xK

Both K and x are functions

2
(D
D4
of

2)
and for
:

a given

pole arc/pole

pitch

ratio,
POPcnc
1
D4(D. D2)
.121
from whichminimin
current)

is

puU-out

obtained

(and
this
power

when,

D1D2

Vrl

.5

-120-

coincides

with

minimum phase

3oo

Igo,

pt411-t>u-t,
rptuer

a.

&(pfp

Ftn'Are

-III-

'S. 5a

I PAR-OVApowar

1500

-1000.

'I

60

6,0,70

Zo

Fo Ie
Neck

f)g),,,

(P.

role

CX: $

Jar

are.

/.

qo)

815

Izz-

ae,

arc

cira)

in Re can be obtained

The maxirmim puKer dissipated

theorem to the circuit

maximum power transfer

the !,F.

by applying

of figure

Then OP is

5.1.

a maximun when,
222
Re = R. +(X+Xe)
R and X gives,

and by ignoring
Re = Xe

Using (5-11) and (5.12) gives,

&

hsinf-nsin2p!

7V(h+gl)+hsing-xcos2p<V

- -&(gh+z!
h

sinew(sin2p5-cos2p5)
in chapter

From the results

was seen that

IV it

300 (mechanical)

about

generally

-)-

for

the pull-out

Substituting

all

angle
for

is

2PS' - 120

givt, s
1.366 sinFn
r"
Using, the values

F=0.225

h+p-'l
-'K((;
h

for

5.3-1.4

encountered

is

in the machine reveals

The variation

gives maximumpower.
P
D1
and
of

function

h and g'

shown in

figure

of puU-out

that

power as a

5.5.

Efficienc
is giVen as,

The efficiency
YL

-1
1

and maidrmrnefficiency
from equation

(5-11)

is obtained when RAe is a minimum.

that Re is a maximumwhen
Using this

maximm efficiency.

value

I
(A
(D27D, )+B'(DeD,
R/Re =D2
4(D 22
wDj)
IdD,

of

))

1(D
))
+D,
1) +B
2
222
it
DDI (Dj-@j)

(A (D2-D

-123-

It

0.5. giving

and putting

sin2p

is apparent
in tum
gives,

.s
.4

.1

(PACC-ti.Je,
-)

Padzicef4, &r-leAcy
=
bi

pa
=

le
959

ctre.

MOA

o. 4tC

-;
9 j,je 'e,c as
.1
=0.666

c,

t4,,,

lvcj.
-ticy. cr;

'5 10,z 85 ft*-*

:;3L, TaS,

124-

( (o

at. -Ste

For

practical

varies

RAe or-

This

of D1. i. e. 0.3D2<

values

11%,decreasing

by about

<
D,

the nmierator
therefore,

Considering,

increases.

as D

0.8D2,

2 (DD2
D1

1)

a minimum, giving

ship between D, 9P

when DI 42'[-T.

maximum efficiency

shown in

is

and efficiency

figure

The relation-

5.6.

Cop-per loss

5.3-1.5

From equation (5-5)

Cu loss

V2R

2
2
(R+Re) +(X+Xe)
The d. c. resistance

is

being caused by temperature rises

Therefore
with

it

is

and reactance

for

practical

VZ(A'(D2-D,

value,,

the input

hence
resistance

into

gives,

))

can be considered

resistance

range of D1e

)+B'(DeD,

the term in the numerator

the winding

This

the copper loss

6222
2Z
tit
DI (A!'(D. -Dj)+2(D +D, )) +A D, (Dj-D, )
z

It

follows

that

only

hence nd-nimum Cu losses

needs consideration,
a n-aximun.

6f the loss

the variation

422
(Dj--Dj)

for R and the reactance

the efficiency,

represents

with decreasing

to R and

Cu loss

As with

any variation

increases

Ile and Xe reduces

it
'if
2422
A*-+3Nw(K, /87) D, (Dj--Dj) -AD,
27cgi
Substituting

only

0,

of

P can be chosen at any convenient

1 in the expression

putting

as the current
to consider

necessary

Furthermore

Dj*

independant

relatively

state

exists

when,

D21 If 5/31

-125-

and denominator
constant

the variation
are given

which

over the

of the reactance
622
(D
DI
is
when
2-Dj)

Sunnary

5.3-1.6

The main effects

ters

para

have on the synchronous

D1 and

that

motor are shown below in Table

of the reluctance

performance
5.1

Variable

Parameter

P
Impedance
(Z)
Current
(1 )
5
Output

Decreasing ? gives
d ecreas i ng .

Maximum at D=
1

DZV1-5

Decreasing
increasing

13 gives

Minimum at D1=

D21V 1.5

jS -0-225

Minimum at DI=

D21V -175

Maximum at

(OP)

Maximum at D=D

'Ef ficiency
(YL )

Maximum at

Power factor
(Cos I)

Maximum at

. =0.225

Virtually

Decreasing
increasing

gives

Minimum at DD

Cu loss
(Cu)

=0-5

Cu.

Table

Z/V

no variation

W3573"
2

5-1

Maxir= inertia

5.3.2

can be synchronised

that

The maximum inertia

is

given

by,

6Tnt

(5-15)

S23
m3
where TAis the complete
14 . V2E
2pb

C03

(A

integral

__2F

given

by,

Itan7l (Ftan-1;(74)+b)-tar; -' (FtanV-+b))

VF'-

fF

b2

2
b-

VF-2-Z2-

+sin'y log(F+bsinK
(F-bsin Y
(FlcosY
V2E1
2p
and where
chapter

(5.16)

+Fllsiny)

b and are constants

II.
-126-

of the machine and are defined

in

At

+
3-0

Jf
oft

1-0

loop

%%

%%
\0

1.0

lo

ro

20

Polo A,-e
CD85) ,

16.7
var; at;
4>.
4 0
As a

C>i p4Z.
4

2-4--CL1X -r.(o-Oa

90

&
a-,.
irole

aecI, 9o)

mt

PC'Mare.
Caes)

Fi,IL*v"c 6.2?
Va,
Ck e>

z(IP/VIL)
04

r; C,tio,
A

fL4

b%C. -vi o -,

04

6sxe

R-2-4fL')

C:Ime"tal
l

'R -- 3. o st *) X-4l?

-CL
IZ3 2. Lf M.3 X. G.0-0.

I: za

are-

/So)

mac.

%ike,

S (kSwt. nix)

62

.1

CMM)
T7i

G"s

-a

-II-q-

bt

This integral
for

0KJ

the area under the power/load

represents
is

7/2p and

a maximum when this

has been shown to cbincide

condition
of this

result

Chapter

IV.

is
This

the iron

losses

constant

for

factors

Both these

the resistance

seen to alter

Flcos

the effect
that

only

Figure

an increase

The similarity

From"these

shown.

reactance,

of
of

to be expected

to

a large

extent

the

P
as

this

curve

decreases,

because,
on the

for

D1 is

figure

5-5a

(pull-out

any given

pul-l-out

the

curve.

from 2.4 to
F"siny
on

P and again
it

helps

is

apparent

to explain

of the, maximum inertia.

for

with

with
results

A
J with

expression

on this

and while

of -[Atp/V')

5.7

The effect

have a marked effect

the measured and computed values

is

5.5

R and X is

in leakage

The variation

included

are also

variations

5.8 shows the variation

of varying

the discrepancy

these

Figure

of the machine.

from 4.8 to 6.0 ohms separately)

slightly

considering

are affected

by Z5% (resistance

components have been increased

3.0 ohms and reactance

is

I they
,

Ulat

depend on the pole arc.

and reactance

of

remained

worthwhile

and how

and reactance

and F"sinj

shows haw the terms F'cosj

reactance

nevertheless,

depend on

inlInt'

in the resistance

of increasing

is

the validity

on the assumption

the leakage

and that
It

This

a maximun.

However,

curve

in view of the results

was reached

value

of

values

how the various

by variations

theoretical

were negligible

all

0.1

with

particularly

questionable

area is

angle

shown in

area

power
of

the

figure
against
curve

5-9.
D

1)

depends

power.

Conclusion
In general it is desirable to design the reluctance motor for maxim=

efficiency,

power factor,

basis of the theoretical

pull-out

power, and pull-in

power but on the

results shown in table 5.1 it is not possible to

optimise all these parameters.

The minimum value of D, would Le-limited

-130-

by the overhang space and

the

diameter

the

minimum

of

the

power

pull-out

D1 shows that

with

the

shown that,

for

an iron

when D1=

obtained

careful
less

regard

effect

free

The value

0,0.255

requirements.

The results

value

mance suggests

that

covers

or maximum inertia.
than the value

follows

of the machine performance

mbtor.

-131-

has

maximum,power was
for

With more

machine.
losswwould

have a

D1 should

be set

values

a well

performnce

and asynchronous
(0.225
p
of

either

the former

is

this

to the minimum practical

The conflicting

the latter.

than

machine was D1=D2/2.

be too low for

though the valueffor

power

Corbett(8)

that

both the synchronous

low

pull-out

D1 less

the optimum synchronous

the theoretically

for
of

this

resistance,
It

of

between the-.. 'Aondition

power in relation

would in practice

respectively)

lies

used in the experimental

for

of

for

in a d. c machine,

rotor

because

exists

the maicimum value.

used in the experimental

The range 0-5>

also

The variation

on the machine performance.

limit.

limit

more rapidly

to the stator/, indiag

the maziimum.pull-out

reluctance

increases

and this

and that

to give

two aspects

5)

of limiting

D2/(q)

minimum copper loss

D04M.

at

power

hence the benefit

value,

An upper

shaft.

rotor

perfor-

and 0.1

maximum pull-out
will

still

be greater

requirements
known feature

for

of the

these

VI

Chapter
General

6.1

Discussion

Introduction
This Chapter deals-with

suggestions for further

A strong emphasis is placed on

work.

the construction

simplifying

improvements to the machine with

of the machire, particularly

the rotor,
A comparlson
-

and forms the basis of the suggestions fox furtheriworl.

also made of the power to weight ratio
Two features
briefly,

might find
6.2

not mentioned in the previous

and finally

machine.

Chapters are also discussed

the type of market in which the axial

initial

outlets

machine

is considered.

Aspects of the Experimental Machine Performance

For an ideal motor with identical

rotor

(mechanically,

unbalanced

magnetic

-to observe

this

the airgaps
inner

in the experimental

were maintained

end Play

motor operating
impossible

with

and the shoulder

a total

The direction

of the rotor

at rest

always reduced.

dissimilarity

and in general

a particular

between the separate

machine

even airgaps

an initially
symmetrical
direction,
identifiable

-132-

of 1.0 mm

the possibility
It

of the

was virtually
in this

state

and,

hard over to one

pulled

smaller
airgap
thus

of the

shaft.

airgap

movement depended solely

For an apparently

always preferred

physical

the rotor

once energised
of axial

was Possible

In this

on the rotor

of 0.1 mm and 0.9 mm.

to get the motor to ran with

as would be expected,

be no

will
it

stator

machine.

of 0.8 mm thus allowing

airgaps

there

shims between the shoulders

by using

the motor was set up with

amd a total

stator.

Because of the double

pull.

feature

airgapa and symmetrical

statorsq

and magnetically)

electrically

race of the bearings

Initially

rotor

flux

with a radial

is

on the position
airgap

was

arrangement,
suggesting

motors.

the J,

The effect

of

this

unbalanced

the line

increased

current

to a strong

pull

magnetic

two ways.

Firstly,

was subjected

no measurements were taken

Although

the noise

curr ent or force,

in

'the one bearing

and secondly,

force.

axial

itself

manifested

from this

emitted

bearing

of either

was plainly

audible.
As the end play
axial

movement still

noise

were both

approxim

approxim

was reduced

20-25% of the total

tely

to one of the stators.

ence for

voltage

The two operational

operate

the alternative

under

stators

with

to

respect

(mechanical)

the

the

increase

was extremely

the

iron

in

reactance
voltage

of

mututally

of

the

motor
at

decreased.

This

on the

voltaget

the

latter

showed the

the

of
of

the

0
90 displacement

-133-

for

induction

machine

to

the

3.

angular

between

magnetising
at

m. m. f. 's

approximately

rotorg

that

reduced

(mechanical)

goo

motor

fact

only

stator

the

0
30
which

the

in

was possible

where

variation

after

a reduction

current

by a factor

was performed
and for

line

condition

was greater

two stators

509/6line

the

constant

misalignnent
the

voltage

giving

also

on no load

Total

the

of UP to

was due mainly

causing

enough to

thick

misalignments

virtually

This

was saturating

509/6 full

(thiis

remained

sharp.

machine.

opposing)

factor

a urr ent

rotor

the

and at

misalignment

power

the

line

conditions.

to misalign

was possible
For

other.

each

prefer-

machine have already

stator

was not axially

mode, it

over

would pull

these

movement under

the rotor

up to

persisted

to have no Particular

modes of the double

and although

was

endplay

oscillation

appeared

of axial

and the

current

which the rotor

after

The rotor

direction

either

been discussed

This

the

began to exhibit

the rotor

airgap,

at low voltages.

60% of full

tely

in line

where the total

Atl! a point

decreased.

at both bearings)

the increase

but

persisted

oscillations

axial

(symmetrically

were
The

position

and the

reluctance

when synchronised
the

preferred

axes of the machine mentioned

6.3

of 51% at a slip

an efficiency
665 watts.

10.5 giving

630 watts.
of the

; 030

of the squirrel

to 1530 watts

output

Finally,

reasons

the rotor

accounts

which is

22-5 Kgm.

is reduced

for

is

resistance

will

mass gives
inertia/rotor

the reluctance

motor on this

that

is

the power
85yoas is

In this

machine

of the induction

improvement

to judge

in

of 2.

of the stator
the reduction

while

the maximum value

In fact,

the pull-in

this

serves

capabilities

For example at P=0.666

2
was 0.173 Kgm- m. giving

-134-

motor

the weight

of the rotor,

the efficiency

basis.

would be synchronised

III).

is

from 110 mm to 95 mm-

of a factor
it

as thick

the

The slip

increases

consideration

increase

inertia

how misleading

twice

the length

an apparent

to demonstrate

of 2.

weight

motorg proper
also

by a factor

in Chapter

of the total

these losses

and secondly,
to decrease

This

were

slip

the copper section

to approximately

approximately

were given

this

is possible

high).

rather

to 18.7 Kgm--:and the length

of the rotor

inertia

is reduced

cage again

By reducing

For the reluctance

of coupled

in increasing

and the efficiency

the rotor

(the

necessary

winding

the slip

Firstly,

down to -15 (still

reduced

benefit

This

is very

the slip
for

330 watts.

of nearly

Furthermore,

Using the round bars it

are reduced.
resistance

copper loss

to 58%.

There is a twofold

to

is possible

used in the stator

in the cage (computed)

and the copper losses

were

from 13-5 mm x 8-0 mm to 18.0

size

the efficiency

it

copper losses,

in stator

with

copper losses

The stator

area of the wire

the slot

a reduction

would increase
high

of

the croSi. sectional

by increasing

winding

3.
.

the stator

Comidering

double

nearly

1,260
was
watts
motor

of the induction

Maxionamoutput

I.

Machine,

to the Erperimental

Improvements
The

in -Chapter

of

the total
a figure

of

9.8 for

this

ratio.

the total

to 19, yet

increases

inertia

by 2 this

length

the axial

By reducing

will

still

ratio

be 0-173 Kam- M20

only

Comparison of 14achine Performance

6-4

The following

table

compaxes all
with

machine performance

experimental

Gupta's

the relevant

figures

the results

obtained

Axial

Machine

by Gupta.

Machine

Reluctance

Induction

Reluctance

Irfluction

on the

Diameter

194 mm

194 mm

220 mm

220 m

Length

216 mm

216 ma

110 mm

110 =

Rotor

Inertia

2
.r , 025 Y-9m. m
T-9m
0049
M"
.

1000watts
@s=0.075

1235 watts

Efficiency

82%

82%

Power factor

0-39

725
.

Power out

Weight

45 kgn

45 Kam

2
015
Zrm.
m
.

@P= 0-445

1260 watts

1100 watts

@a= 0-3

@P= 0-445

51%

51%

-78

0-4

22-5 Kgm

18.5 Kgm

0PPower/weight

Segment arc/pole

It

factor

pitch

the
of

the

copper

induction

the

induction

content

on the

stator

motors

would

-135-

of both
and rotor

respectively.

be reduced

(theoretically).

59 watts/
Kgm

0-85-

the efficiency

and reluctance
motor

55 watts/
Kgm

ratio'approximately

would be hoped to improve

by increasing
619/6for

27-4 watts/
Kgm

22.2 watts/
Kgm

0-445

to

axial
to

machines

85Y6 and
The power

approximately

0.65

It

and power factor

extremely

of the reluctance

favourably

the reduction
6-5

from these figures

is apparent

radial

for

further

in the power/weight

machine is ideal

for

direct

but also on the types and size of

in the rotor.

strain

it

this

for

to the rotor

duty and offer

is

the main bearings

the
use of suitable
-.

force

stops

external

would relieve

scope for

machines

the main

the adaptation

of

measurements.

The airgap

could be varied

the case that

machines,

while

to alter

dis-assembly

caxe is

Again,

taken,

to alter

the mechanical

the air-gap

machines.

-136-

mechanical
while

proportion

It

is

of

even though

resulting,

in the introduction

Such a study would necessarily

of electrical

the motor is running.

is necessary,

by the use of external

possible

feature

Because the force

is not necessary

to the machine but attached

of this

In the axial

gauges.

would be possible.

axially,

to counteract

great

axial

employed in measuring the force on the rotor

machines requires

transmitted

often

The-double stator

such a study for two reasons.

readings

bearings

(26)

not only to the need to understand

alter,

The method usually

in radial

(2)

ratios.

of U. M.P. on machine performance has been widely studied

to use, particularly

force

are in

Pall,

how the machine characteristics

(1)

machine compares

The main benefits

machines.

The need for such a study is related

materials

from the efficiency

work

Unbalanced Magnetic

The effect

apart

the axial

motor,

and the increase

in size

Suggestions

6-5-1

with

that,

of unwanted constraints.
supports,

the motor is

complement previous

it

is

operating.

work on this

6.5.2
6-5.2.1

Motor (Iron. less-rotor)

Induction

The axial

The re=val

solely

by mchanical

incorporate

between the rotor

an infinite

the disc

that

and stator

with

is

flux

the airgap

one and indeed

to obtain

by misalignment

from the nameplate

50 volt

that

supply)

was not relevant

worthy

consideration,

because of the two benefits

with

experi-

of

separation
like

a cage with

of analysing

such a

predominantly

axial.

His work does not appear to

is

on the ability
It

is

apparent

18oo r. p. m., 3 phase,

of the axial

ratio

would seem then,

together

restricted

of 1.4 mme to

of the two stators.

power/weight

It

is

separation

his main emphasis

motor((14h. p.,

the superior

to his work.

of further

next section,

of his

rating

of 2.2 mm.

the present

behaves approximately

have been an exhaustive

speed control

In

a stator-rotor

because of the skin effect

in the disc.
(27)
Nasar
has considered such a machine.

a maximun

Under such circum-

surface

not necessarily

airgap,

with

as an airgap

One of the difficulties

number of bars.

machine is

appears

the stator

within

1 mm.thick

In effect

parameter

limitations.

and manufacturing

a copper disc

(.
2
o. mm. 00811).

this

to a large

reduce the U. M. P to zero.

will

is possible,

mental. machine-At

lead

in the machine was this

of the iron
the distance

to the use of a copper disc

naturally

of 1 . 1&,mm. Magnetically

value

stances,

very well

This will

one of the variables

total

itself

machine lends
in the rotor.

iron

without
but

in Rotor configuration

Variation

that

the rotor

of low inertia

60 Hz,

machine

such a motor is
discussed

in the

and simplified

production.
6.5.2.2
In

Induction

Motor

the production

of producing

the

slots

(iron

rotor)

of the rotor
for

the

of the experimental.
cage

-137-

and the fixing

machine the method

of the

rotor

iron

is not particularly

to the shaft

between the experimental

the benefits

of the low inertia

(Figure

holes

Rectangular

tentatively
that

6.1)

suggested

the iron

the method of attaching

careful

require
6.5.2-3

step for

rotor

to that

rotor

pole

m. m. f. 's are mutually

and it

are solid

is

is

appreciated

to the copper disc

inserts

to be accelerated

in Section

In this
as there

inserts

would

would naturally

and decelerated

is a strong

there

in the

losses

are no iron

the

with

in which the stator

the most

would appear to .:offer

feature

is a natural

instance,

the condition

inertia,

additive

6-5.2.2.

In keeping

has been achieved.

One other

design.

are.

inserts

solid

of-using

of minimum rotor

preferable

as

It

the holes.

into

The iron

motor rotor.

once synchronisation

requirement

6.6

suggested

to a particular

case in favour

instanceg

Motor

the reluctance

be confined

and some of

consideration.

Reluctance

A similar

mentioned

is keyed on to the shaft.

are fixed

the inserts

that

this

:-.-In

stage

are punched or machined in the surface

inserts

and iron

of the copper disc

copper disc.

the copper disc

rotor,

rotor

of the rotor

in the production

some easing

with

and the copper disc

rotor

above offers

the iron-less

The intermediate

easy.

of the low inertia

its

is

ability

more rapidly.

Type of Market
It

widest

is

obvious

sense,

to perform
constant

that

a synchronous

to the induction

speed, the second for

In the same sense,

it

machines.

The first

Nevertheless,

its

greater

is unrealistic

would or should be a competitor

there

in generalp

motor since,

function.

a specific

in all

for

its

to think

that

is

either

ability

reliability

chosen

to ran at

tInd smaller
the axial

areas of the market

axe applications
---.

-138-

in. the

motor is not a competitorg

cost.

machine
held

where radial

by radial

machines

Iron Insects

7I
I)
ftb

/
f::
Copper Disc.

P 19
tACe

6.1

.A

-139-

wo,

because there

are used mainly

that

machine has the best, possible

the axial

Consequently,

use should

the shape of the axial

In the first

rotor.
unit

measuring

of developing

considerations

(notably

In the second instance,

could

the inertia

circuit

the sewing speed.

a bhoppert

domestic

only

One well

the ground).

off

available

volume
line"

the "stream

but also
fans

can be

the time taken to

limits

known sewing machine

motor because of its

speed control,,

industry

by other

extractor
often

of the

For examplet

the aerospace

the equipment

The a. c. supply

to give

circuit

weight

paxt.

outweighed

is not

from standstill.

uses a printed

determining
with

the limitation

Finally,

rotor

manufacturer

of keeping

the cost

For example,

bulky.

accelerate-the

is

equipment

ratiov

of the

the total

etc.,

to any of the above examples)

apply

shape of the motor.

particularly

low inertia

is

tape recorders,

equipment,

where the cost

(which

the limitation

instance,

initially.

power to weight

and the possible

machine,

at least

outlet,

be made of the superior

in these areas

is

in which the motor forms an integral

or equipment

portable

It

are no alternatives.

for

low inertia

is used on conjunction
of

variable,

cdntinously

the motor.
the above examples have tended to be quite

All
require

a single

of developing

phase supply.

larger

do have the special

6.7

use but

industrial
that

requirements

suit

the axial

the above examples

machine.

Conclusion
The experimental

potential
worthwhile
great

the possibility

This does not exclude

machines for

and often

small

machine has given

results

of the axial

machine in a fairly

that

the modern designs

noting

improvement

over the simple

have permanent magnet rotorsp

comprehensive
of reluctance

modified

segmental

-140-

which indicate

induction

rotors

the

manner.
motors

motor.

and axial

It

is

show a

These designs

laminated

rotors

and some have the basic

barriers.

The experimental

incorporate

associated

flux

guides

has already

these are possible

machine performancel
with

the manufacture

or flux

be modified

to

been shown that

machine could behave in a manner similar

Eoweverp although

experimental

with

machine could easily

permanent magnets and it

double stator
machine.

rotor

reluctance

to the segmental

methods of improving

they do not ease the problems

of the rotor.

-141-

the

the

Appendix
Airgap

diagram

The developed
The variation

)
1/g(,
is
K
of
e-

shown in Figure

the pole

2h = a-xial
g=
The function

while

non-enclature

Using

of a Fourier

is used,,

pole

ratio,

and a stator.

the length

doc is given

of the airgap

dR in the radial

length

hence

at any positionj
direction

at radius

by,,

area of the elemnt

the cross-sectional

1-3 the function

figure

series

1=

and g(a ) is

llg(pe ) can be expressed

as,

(a

cos(n!:!! e0 +bn

-1
0an
.
)zTT
g(O-e
2+

sin(nn w

2T
where

the variation

dR dcw
)
g(ol-

where RdRda is
length.

has infinite

of the rotor.

the permeance of an elemental

pR
r

dbt

ao a11

g("( )

(n
os icot d c.,
)
T
x.

ac
Tg(.
fT
bn=1

sin(n; Col) do,

T

Cmsequently,
Pr=

AR dR,
g(h+g7

I. 1

of phase. l.

represents

width

of at

between the rotor

between the rotor

g(o4)

assuming the iron

The following

are to pole pitch

length

airgap

R and of angular

1-3.

shown in Figure

machine is

1.2 as a function

displacement

angular

stator

length,

airgap

shown in Figure

and the axis

P=

Perrmance

of the double

of the total
is

permeability

00
In
h+g +h
sin(nS'K)Cos(2np(tw.
TC
2
AZI

-142-

f)))
-

its

in terms

Pole

I-I
P5 %.
4e
41(

A-xi s'ai
Pkas,e i

Developed c,"ayo-M of

2(9+k
25
II
FiJL.

4, re-

1.2

(I

'13

1/2

RJ, Are, T. -S

-143-

Appendix
Bar* load

II. 1

field

an e. m. f is

flow.

across

cage interact

of the squirrel

along the length-of

induced

as they are in the complete

are connected,

with

a function

machine the e. m. f induced

of the radius

have a greater

e. m. f than its

It

machines).

is

assumed that

gether

and furthermore

11.2

Circuit

currents

of the e. m. f induced
of the bars

an increasing

and endrings.

length

radius

dR will

be

each elemnt

will

'.
(This
predecessor.

is not the case in radial

the elemental

e. m. f1s can be added to-

all

parameter

technique

can be used.

due to the symmetry of the cage only

that

in the bars and endring.

need be considered.

portions

which

length

of the outer

ring

the impedance per unit

length

of the inner

end ring.

one pole pitch

ame

the e. m. f1s

span a pole pitch

Each bar is assumed to have the same impedance and

the impedance per unit

represents

the ends

in an elewntal

a "lumped"

that

Provided

Diagram

is apparent

and currents

for

so that

nagnetic

cage,, by the endrings

the bars and the and the impedances

all

the rotating

the bar.

in any bar is a function

The current

In the axial

It

impedance

Introduction

When the bars

will

II

of the squirrel

pete

ritrh
-144-

is

also

"assumed to

The following

equal
circuit

cage.

cage has twenty

The squirrel

bars and the mesh equations

for

the five

bars gives,
E11

'2OZb

'A

1Z

E21Z13Zb11zb
E3J.

E41

E515zi
E1ae1

where

Jeb

'A

'5Zb

'3Zb

Jb

J4Zb

-e 21

e-

voltage

i=

loop

E2=e

etc.
27e3,

induced

current

in bar I

associated

)
e
etc.
21, 3'
,
with bar I and bar 2
(e

(1

21

'3'

etc. )

impedance
bar.
of
n
b,
7. - 2Z +Z +Z
i
b

z0 (z

impedance of the outer

In matrix

form the simultaneous

EZ

00zb,

-Zb

E,
2

-Zb

-Z bZ

E30

-Zb

B400

-E
L 51L
ioeg

equations

endring

segment between two bars.

become,
i
'2

00,
-Zb

-Z b, *z

Zb 00

(inner)

-Zb

03
-Z b14

5j

JLi

[E] ll [Z 8] [I]

and therefore,
[I]

[Z
-'
1]
--

The transP031tion

or the

of Z and the adjoint

matrix

E]
IZ

matrix.

is shaoin overleaf

matrix

involves

Both require

and the value

Z5-5Z3Z2+5ZZ4+2Z5
bbb

-145-

finding

lengthy

both

procedures.

of the determinant

is

the determinant
The final
given

below.

In

en

t4

Uft
0-%
ri 0

-%
W.

f
til
fq

m
+

N
1
t4
1-.-1

-. -0

ry

Mi
m

%--,
ma

rd b
0--%
M. a

NN
1
ft

4e %

til

--0
N

m
%.. i

m -0

W -a

tu

,ri

N
1

-0

d--.

dl

fi
%

r4

tu

rN
1

rt

--%

ru

-0

r4

10

m
rii

r4--2
t40--%

N
r41

0"-

r4 -0
M

r4 -0

r4 1

+-0

'
eil
ri -a

-%.. 0

ri

rf

,01

rtN
0

NN
41
r4

rga

(4

%-1

-, IN
D

1.--0

0.-%
r4
-0

%.0

zO
a

i
-

hi

rm

1M

rlw

M
'I -,
r4 a
hj

rw
% 0

D
%-.
M ff
-0

rg
Z

0-

-.

%.. 4

mm

f
ri
l

m
%-i
ff Z
r14

f4 -0
m

1.4
rij

ri
ru

--0

et 0

rq
1

.a-

4
14,

rw

f4 _D

-0

ra
r41
rw

tlw

f4

ru

;,

rd
l

41
If
""

-146-

-I
. -)

in bar 1 is

The current
'bl

by,

given

'o

il +15
X+2ZZ3+2Z4)
3zb737
E1(z4_Z
,

3223
E2 (Z ZJZ

Z-ZZb ) +E (Z2ZZ -Z
3bbb4b
2+2ZZ3+2Z4)]
E (zi_z3 Zb-3Z

2)2Z2

+E

3Z
(Z

-z
_Z2Z2 Z3)
b

5bb

and similar

for

are obtained

expressions

the other

bar currents.

hence,

22
(Z?
E
2Z)+E2+E3
2Z
ZZ
Z2_
i
_2Z2
+E
+E
'a
l(
bl
b 4 b 5
b)
2
(z-zz
b7Z)(Z+2Zb)
Substituting

for

EI=eI

E2-e

-e 2;

etc.
27e3 ,

gives#
bl

22)
2
2
22
(Z
(Z-2Z
)Z
(Z
(Z
(z
)-e2
ZZb-2Zb
2e
+e
+e
"-:
=1
-2Z;
-zz b-2ZP -e3'
5
bbk
2
(Z+2Z )(Z2_ZZ
b-ZP
b

From chapter II

section

2.4.2 the voltage induced across any bar is given

by,

MIS
p

eb

A
R

cos(poc)

cos(POC-)

and when e1-E

cos(pw)

then

e2=E

r)
cosp(01- +,

e3-

cosp(-e +2-6

the

where

Substitutirq
in ter=

rotor

slot

in

pitch

cos(P-4)

e2=E

cosp(. ( +18)

e3-

cosP(-/- +36)
for

etc
degrees.

For twenty

rotor

bars,

etc

the bar e. m. fls

and rearranging

of the peak e. m. f.

-147-

gives

the bar current

2
I-

'bl

=
(Z+2Z )(Z2Zz
bbb

-Z2)

z2 (2cosp"

-cosp(-< +18)+cosp(-. e +72))+

ZZb(cosp(c-4 +18)-cosp(c, < +36)+cospk

+54)-cosP(r. < +7?-))2 (2co3por.
8)-cosp(c<
+36)+cosP(o-e +54)+co$P(w- +72))
L2zb
-cosp(cc +1
Putting

p-2 and consider-Ing

(2cos2&--cos2(cK
(2cos2ol.

But sini"

of ZZ,

+18)+cos2(ex +72))

-co-32-, ccos36+sino4sin36+cos2pecosl4l+-sin-PcKsinl")

- sin36;

coS144 - -cOS36;

consequently,, the coefficient

By a sir&lar

the coafficient

process

2(cos2cL-CoS?
-OLcos36)

reduces to

on the coeficients

2
of ZZbb and 2Z the bar current

becomes,
1
222EC03pofz2 (1-cos36)+ZZb(cos36-cos72)

2
-2Zb(I-cos36-cos72)
2
(Z+2Zb) (Z2_Zz6--Zp

:Lb1

(0-5+CO372).
hence,
c0336 =

But

:Lbl - Ecos2oc (Z-Zb)-2co372(Z-2Zb

Z2-2Zb7z2
b

therefore,

0
A

'bl

Ecos2cC
z

22
-2Z--Z
z-Z
b -b
(Z-Zb)-2co372(Z-2Zb)

where,

since

Z=

2Z +(Z +Z
b
0 i)

zi

it

zb+2.618(z

can be shaw"n that,

)
+Z,
0

Ecos2ve.

bl m

Zb+2.618(Z +Zi)
0
The currents

in all

The "lumped parameter"

the other
equivalent

bars are given

circuit

-148-

for

by identical

each bar is

equations.

represented

by

a series

comected

E cos 2x

inpedance
f
an
arxi
source
e. m.

A.i

as shown belcw,

2Z z6-k 2. >18

-149-

(2:.

e Z Z)

Appendix
Calculation
For the induction
the reluctance

=or

number of bars in
The solutions
is

obtained

consider

of the snuirrel-

motor all

the latter

the bars are surrounded

case

for

only what happens to the factor

their

III.

analysis

(1) The iron

The relationships
equatiom

III.

for

has infinite

effects

obtained
l and-:M'.

pitch

ratio.

is seen that

instance

both cases

in their

final

equations

being

considered.

used by Swam and Salmon.

for

In

that

The bar completely

Proximity

The

slot.

n
the two states

1 sha43 the configuration

they ass=e

boundaries.

The round bar in the semi(ZA)

by Swam and Salmon
and it is necessary

Rb and Xb to reach the solutions

Figure

and it

in

while

of the bars in either

and reactance

the ser,4-open

has been investigated

by iron

depend on the pole arc/pole

in the form of Bessel, functions

conditions

cage bar impedance

of the cage bars have no iron

so=

to the resistance

are limiting
open slot

III

permeability.

fills

the slot.

can be ignoerd.

for Rb and*Xb by

Ficure 13:1.1

-150-

Swann et al am given

in

'Lo,

RbRd

k (be r oo-Rbei! cw-R-bel

a--LR berocRbei! 6zR-bei6z RbereR +2

2nnn-2n2
z
2+
(berlowtR) (beea R)

(bernlocR)

-4 Rbe

+(beioc. R)
(III.

Xb
Rd2

= c,( R

beraCRber'O?.R+beiozRbeivcR
2
2
(berl4R) +(beiCR)

I R+bei
Rbe4a
o-c-Rbe
X
cb-e
n
2+
Z
(be rfo-t R) (bei" od R)
na

k (b-r
nn

+2

1)
R)

(111.2)
In these

equations,

R-

radius

of bar.
/unit
the
bar
of

Rd = d. c resistance
Rbn

of

ax

11 11

It

If

it

It

Xb - reactance
ae

length

Poo,

w=

permeability

of free

conductivity

of copper

space

frequency

sinjn9
A2n90
80 = anc,,,,,
le subtended

by the slot

openirhgy with

respect-

to the axis

of the bar.
For the induction
while

for

the interpolar

and consideration
'(1)

machine#

bars

9-

Id.m k
0

motor: -

>0
o
For the

(2)

of the reluctance

of the limiting

For the induction

Idmk

eo =,.O

DE

interpolar

bars: -

conditions

for

motor,
k

&.
0

show that,

2x

Unsequently
R
ib=
IT

for

bars with

iron

boundaries,

R-beiezRber<R
berozRbeilot.
c,
2
2+
(berJoCR) (bejozR)

04R
2-

+2

ber " Rbeioc R-bei oc Rberr

n-nn
(berle)? -+(bei6CR)2
n

(".
x

cZ R
2

ib
R
d,

and for

ber-w-RbereR+beiolRbei'v-tR

+2

(bexJocR)?+(bel! o4R)2-

bars

(berloe. R) +t-b"nlpe R)
n

beroc RbeJ!ceR-bei ccRber? R

2
2
(berkR)
+(bei!, %<R)

nb

oo'R
21

be r acRberl, < R+bei oe-Rbeic R

21
2+
(beepc R)
(berKR)

111.2 cozPares Rib and R

while
nb
in

resistance

figure

111-3.

",

teactance

the difference
The reactance

remote from iron,

given

,IL RbeilcK R

a Rberl cc R+bei
nnnn

R
nb
Rd2

Figure

ber

3)

of the reactance
of the iron

However at 25Hz (the

clear.

between the resistance

valfir. 3 at thi3

a comparison

of the presence

The effect
is

(11195)

is 'very small

frequency

-152-

differ

being

by a factor

is

on both the

maxiinim fundamental)
less

than 1%.

of 10.

.oo

. 00 A

1 -1

. Oe

. 90:

fOd$,
cti-S)

(90

-DOI
. DOI

ova
. 001

. 00
. 0c

II
4o0

6.0

No

A-r6ar

A; a%^eVer z 3-vw4vt-.

O0"

fA OV%#y

fjtAGv-.
CKO

Reac-tanc-a
----

sctxlrrel

coata

6aes

= %.: 5ftto%4

6^, r-

%%

?wa

F; 5 t. re

IEL.3

3#o

oA ow.

Vt.

+, re*v4e,

cy

Cy

AT)Pendix IV
Inmedance of the squirrel
As with

the cage bars there

cajze endrirlato be analysed: -

are two conditions

(1) Where the copper has two iron

(intrapolar)

boundarie3

(2) Mere the copper has one iron boundary (interpolar)

These two states
of the analysis

is assumed that

it

and are in contact

IV. 2 are modified

with

IV. 1 and IV. 2.

in figures

are demonstrated

the iron

all

boundaries

Consequently

the copper section.

as shown below in diagrams

'is

over pole span

It

is apparent

Co

and

/ ,ron

Assumd condition for coppor

(4)
in interpolar
span

because, of the iron

the more general condition

IVA

figures

\"

for copper
0)

tlat,

to infinity

extend

and IiiI.

royt

Assumed condition

For the purpose

boundarics,

diagram

to 'It

and that the solution

141 representa

can be cxtracted

from solution fill .

Consider
J in this

then the flow

conductor

satisfies

9j+

3"J
,=
by 2

IW
V;

ard
where
V%j

of current

in conductor

the second order

ja

21

I NO The current
#

differential

den3ity

equ; %tion

(IV. I)

T-

(Iv. 2)

-ja2H

-wo ---/

can be expanded to give

(IV-3)

-ja
-1-7
3y
ja2H
Y.

-155-

(IV-4)

Fi5

Ax;
,
r.
ei
Mackt'Ote

F,
LAre
-i

(ThVA
vJ

EV'I

I #I

mackite-

Fisu,re IM -2
sta

:.:.: -

toc

okv%ct

Irotor

r tv%c

MOA

stoet

-156-

,r.e-tcti,^'ttA3 r%n

The endring

shown in

has the dimensions

conditions

are

figure

IV-3

on which

the boundar7

in terms of Hx and Hy

given

11

b
Kc 4y

H: l Hy
I-C

Y.

Hco

Figure IV. 3
The problem which has three
by treating

it

boundary.

a8.-three

non-zero

separate

problems

this

becomes

Diagrammatically

Hx
KY

boundary

conditions

each having

is
only

simplified
one non-zero

00
Jc

z0a0+b046

K-y

0a00
Each individual

problem

is still

satisfied

by

equations

(IV. 1) and (IV. 2)

and ,
J

Z.

(IV-5)

- Ja + Jb +Jc

Consider

the solution

Let J=
aI

f(x).

f(y)

Z?J

for

be a solution
2j

= ja

by2

,X

Ja
to the differential

2j
a

where f (x) and f (y) are functions

on x=

:tc,

terms

only.

oscillatory

f(x)

is

oscillatory

hyperbolic

Because H00

of x and y respectively.
and in general

However, because Hx=0

and contain

equatio; i,

only

on y=0

functions(19).

-157-

will

contain
then

f(y)

sine
will

and cosine
be non-

Tharefore,

let
I
Ja = (Acoskx + Bsinkx)(Ccoshly

be the general
Boundary

(IV. 6)

+ Dsinhly)

form of the solution.

conditions
(1) H = 0, on y--O
x
(2) H = 0, on x--O
Zr

(3) H - 0, on x=+-c
(4) Hx = 1. on y=b

b+c for the intrapolar

where t=

copper

-Zb+2c for the interpolar

Using

the first

three

boundary

and (IV. 6) the solution

and equations

conditions

distribution

density

to the current

(IV-3),

copper
(IV-4)

can be shown

to have the form,

AI cosnx x coshly
c

ia,

where f(x)
Returning
that,

= cos(n

= coshly

(IV. 1) and substituting

to equation
C2

and f(y)

x/c)

for

and f(y)

f(x)

reveals

fj

I+

4.

(n

/C )21

hence,
Ja o Alcos(nX

ja +(n Kle)

x/c)coshy

Alcos(n7Cx/c)coshy(u

where

(un+jv
n)2.

ja

2+ (n

X/c)

the square and equating

2
2
/c)
U2-V =(nx
nn
2
2u v =a
nn

the solution

real

and imaginary

parts

of these two simultaneous equations gives,

(a/
uo =
Vo

(IV-7)

+jv
nn

Completing

and

V11

Vl+(ca/n

Un= nA
c'V2

==(c

Fl
(a/f2);
nx
vn=
=
c

)4
= :n
4

7n)=
1+a

r2

-158-

gives

Boundary

conditiOn
(IV.? ) is

J
.a
(IV.? ) and (IV-3)
for

The solution
using

in the form of an infinite

series

and

gives,

to
=d

-jZI

t.

)y
+v

Alcos(n7Cx/c)cosh(u

nnn

Ty-

(IV. 8)

K.o

when n=O,

jv
Al(u
- 000

-Ja2l

)sinh(uovo)b

hence,
((uov

-'a
0t00

ivo
)b)
+

)sinh(u

for A' (n=1 2,3 etc)-is

equation
obtained by Fourier analysing
n
by a square wave of
hand side of (IV. 8) is represented
The left

The solution
(iv. 8).

width 2c and since

-ja2I

cos(n'X x/c)

dx

=0

then A0
n
and the complete
ia-

-ja2I

solution

for

Ja is given

4o+jv

cosh(.
(xio+jvo)sinh'(u

t[

by,

O)v

0+

J%)b

I tv

Similarily,
J=
b

(c
cosh(ti 0+iv)
: j.x)
t
(U +iv. )sinh(%+jvo)2C
0

21
-ja

Jc m -ja2i

all

tl

parts

(u +jv)sinh(uo+Jvo)2c
0

Jzl, -- Ja +j
b

Therefore,
for

cosh(u+Jvo)(C+x)

(or Ja +j

of the endrings

of the reluctance

C)

of the induction

motor which span a pole,,

-159-

motor and for

those

sections

For the parts

region.,
C)

I(u

)y

cosh(uo+jv

)(c-x)

cosh(u

)b
)sinh(u
+iv
+Jv
0
0
0
0

(u +jv
0
0

+jv
0
0
)sinh(uo+jv)2c]

J =o-E
I (R

and

the interpolar

Z1

= ia2j
Z1
tI

But,

in

motor endring

Ja+jb+jc

Z27
Corisider

of t4he reluctance

el

)=j
JXel.
+

ob
(7-

and: D[
per unit length of the endring.
where R
are the resistance
el
el
Therefore,
for u0
substituting
and
Dc--O
y--b
gives,
IV 0r
[

R +X,
ei
ei

j(1-1)

C.

j(1-J)ctnh(l+j)

2sinh(l+j)
where B=

ba
V2

Expanding

the sinh

(b+2c)

and t
; C. ca
T
IF2

and ctnh terms and equating

the real

and imaginary

terms

gives
]

R
e

a
a- t1

+ sinh2B+sin2B

coshZ; - co.920

cosh2B-sin!

4-2

e l

sinl-CcosC+cosl7CsjnC

sinl-CcosC-cosi-CsinC

crtl^/'2Si rd I rily

from j

R
ee

coshZ; -cosX

e2

t22

cosh2B-sin2]3]

sim I-CcosC+cosi-Csil

2B

z2

a, t 2 1(2
x

+ sinh2B-sir,

+ sinh2B+sin2B

cosh2O -cosX
2

cosh2B-cos2B

inhCcosC-cosl-Csi

1
i
+ sinh2B+sin2B 1

coshZ; -cos2O

cosh2B-cos2B

where t2 = 2(b+c).
A co4iparisoft
figure

is
of R
and R
e2
el

given

IV. 5

-16o-

in

figure

IV-4

in
and of X
and X
el
e2

"Oo

ft. .d

.1

.0

.0

"1

t-ff$wlejcoy

2AP

A-c, fos-4.5.,
t4,4cs

CH

of

:54V&4Arrei

c4.50

-4rAktolk

P,ijtAre

H. 4

4isb-J

%5
ir; %,

V.

a)

rracv&cb'&-t

-Coo

-000'

. 00C

boo

V-Y%,
A

P%z r
tt4

-162--

toop

Appendix
Inertia

Rotor
On the basis
it

of

had densities

of 0.94f

mo nt, of inertia

lamination

the rotor

was fourd by measuremant

and

the

that

1 11f
.

bf various

material

solid

iron

respectively,

shaped

bodies

Ilechanical Engineering, and cmsequently

is

only

below.
For the rotor

ir0xe

iron

a3.on--: -

8(6.87
10

+ 2.17)

For the copper endrings: jC-xe

10! 1 21
.

For the squirrel

Jb a

cage bars: -

'A080.125

Therefom,
itm
,Nhere

c-1.9

8
(f
6.87
10
c
7%
+ 3.505)
IL
1
x lor. & wi m;

-163-

gm r=

having
portions

a density

of

and the

copper

The calculation
covered

the final

in

most

results

of
texts

the
on

are quoted

References
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(a)

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(a),

with

for

necessary

background

of these references

they have been used for

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(m) and have

an asterisk

the majority

Although

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The reference

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been used extensively

and are

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This covers

Prime Source: These references

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