Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WCDMA RNP
Product version
V100R001
Confidentiality level
For internal use only
Total 40pages
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link
Budget Tool
(For internal use only)
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
URNP-SANA
Date:
Date:
Date:
Date:
2002-08-17
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Revision Record
Date
2002-08-17
2002-12-27
Revision
version
1.00
1.10
2003-05-10
3.30
2006-06-07
Change Description
Author
Initial transmittal
Upgrades sheet Link Budget to V3.10.
Modifications include:
1. Updates the link performance data based on
the latest emulation data (12.16), including
downlink & uplink demodulation performance and
PC headroom.
2. Changes the background noise input method in
the sheet to avoid associating the margin for
background noise with the system noise
performance, and sets the default value of the
background noise at 2GHz to -104dBm based
on the previous test reports.
3. The downlink interference margin used for the
calculation of the downlink interference margin
required can be queried from a table based on
the cell radius, and the values are derived from
[Mehta&Greenstein VTC'0].
4. The coverage probability for outdoor
subscribers is higher than that for indoor ones for
lack of the penetration loss margin, and this factor
has been taken into consideration in the setting of
the coverage probability required.
5. The noise figure can be directly queried from a
table so that the workload of updating the product
specifications in the future can be reduced.
Upgrades sheet Link Budget to V3.30.
Modifications include:
1. Changes the coupling loss calculation formula
in the calculation of the downlink interference
margin. The original formula is: C38 + C13 +
C33 - C14 - C18 + C19 + 1.4=mean coupling
loss on cell edge, while the changed formula is:
C38 + C13 + C33 - C14 - C18 + C19 + 1.4 + C36
- D37
Wang Mingmin
Wang Mingmin
Wang Mingmin
Page 2 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
2003-05-10
2006-06-07
3.30
Confidential
Page 3 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
2003-05-10
3.30
2003-05-10
3.30
2006-06-07
Confidential
Wang Mingmin
Wang Mingmin
Page 4 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
2003-09-10
3.40
2003-09-10
3.41
2003-10-29
3.42
2003-12-11
3.50
2006-06-07
Confidential
Yang Shijie
Yang Shijie
Yang Shijie
Yang Shijie
Page 5 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Table of Contents
1 Overview...................................................................................................................................................10
1.1 Objective ..............................................................................................................................................10
1.2 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................10
2 Implementation Technology .....................................................................................................................10
3 Parameter Settings.....................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Scenarios .............................................................................................................................................10
3.1.1
Morphology ............................................................................................................................10
3.1.2
Channel model ......................................................................................................................11
3.1.3
Sectorise ................................................................................................................................11
3.1.4
Bearer Type...........................................................................................................................11
3.1.5 Diversity Configuration..............................................................................................................12
3.1.6
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) ........................................................................................12
3.1.7 Indoor Coverage ........................................................................................................................12
3.2 Max Power of TCH .............................................................................................................................13
3.2.1
Maximum Output Power of Uplink TCH ............................................................................13
3.2.2
Maximum Output Power of Downlink TCH .......................................................................13
3.3 Cable Loss...........................................................................................................................................13
3.3.1
Cable Loss without TMA......................................................................................................14
3.3.2
Cable Loss with TMA ...........................................................................................................14
3.4 Body Loss............................................................................................................................................14
3.5 Gain of Antenna ..................................................................................................................................14
3.5.1
Gain of UE Antenna .............................................................................................................14
3.5.2
Gain of BS Antenna..............................................................................................................14
3.6 EiRP ....................................................................................................................................................15
3.7 NF (Noise Figure) ...............................................................................................................................15
3.7.1
NF of UE Receiver................................................................................................................15
3.7.2
NF of BS Receiver................................................................................................................15
3.8 EbvsNo Required ................................................................................................................................16
3.8.1
Demodulation performance of UE......................................................................................16
3.8.2
Demodulation performance of BS ......................................................................................16
3.9 Sensitivity of Receiver ........................................................................................................................16
3.10 Cell Loading ..................................................................................................................................16
3.10.1 Uplink Cell Loading .................................................................................................................16
3.10.2 Downlink Cell Loading ............................................................................................................17
3.11 Interference Margin .......................................................................................................................17
3.11.1 Uplink interference margin .....................................................................................................17
3.11.2 Downlink interference margin ................................................................................................17
3.12 Margin for Background Noise .......................................................................................................19
3.13 Fast Fading Margin........................................................................................................................19
3.13.1
Uplink Fast Power Control Headroom ...................................................................20
3.13.2
Downlink Fast Power Control Headroom ..............................................................21
3.14 Minimum Signal Strength Required ..............................................................................................21
3.15 Penetration Loss ................................................................................................................................21
3.16 Slow Fading Margin ......................................................................................................................22
3.16.1 Uplink Slow Fading Margin Required ...................................................................................22
3.16.2 Downlink Slow Fading Margin ...............................................................................................24
3.17 SHO Gain.......................................................................................................................................25
3.17.1 Uplink MultiCell Gain...............................................................................................................25
3.17.2 Uplink MDC Gain .....................................................................................................................28
3.17.3 Downlink MultiCell Gain..........................................................................................................29
3.17.4 Downlink MDC Gain................................................................................................................29
3.18 Path Loss........................................................................................................................................29
3.19 Propagation Model ............................................................................................................................30
4 Definitions of Functions............................................................................................................................30
2006-06-07
Page 6 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
2006-06-07
Page 7 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
List of Tables
table 1
UE power classes ....................................................................................................................13
table 2
Gain of Antenna ......................................................................................................................14
table 3
Relationship between cable loss and NF at TMA connector...................................................15
table 4
Relationship between non-orthogonality factor, cell radius and multipath channel model.....19
table 5
Mean penetration loss and standard deviation of indoor slow fading .....................................21
table 6
Relationship between edge coverage probability and slow fading margin .............................23
table 7
Relationship between area coverage probability and slow fading margin ..............................24
table 8
Relationship between SHO MultiCell gain, edge coverage probability and standard deviation
of slow fading............................................................................................................................................26
table 9
Typical values of the path loss factor in various morphologies ..............................................37
List of Figures
Figure 1 PC_HeadRoom vs. EbvsNo....................................................................................................20
Figure 2 Outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area ........................28
Figure 3 Meanings of cell background colors ..................................................................................36
2006-06-07
Page 8 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
2006-06-07
Full name
Description
Page 9 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
1 Overview
1.1Objective
As the Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool V3.40, this document
introduces the theory, implementation technology and instructions for use of the link
budget tool.
1.2 Scope
This document consists of the following parts:
1. Implementation Technology: Briefly introduces the technology used to implement
the link budget tool.
2. Parameter Settings: Describes in detail how to set each parameter and to what
value.
3. Custom Functions: Describes the custom functions in the link budget tool.
4. Instructions for Use: Explains issues that may be encountered during the use of
the link budget tool.
2 Implementation Technology
This version of link budget tool is implemented with Excel by using the following
features of it:
1. Window control: Combo box, check box and grouping box.
2. Custom functions
For details on how to use the tool, please refer to Help in Excel and section 5.
3 Parameter Settings
3.1 Scenarios
3.1.1 Morphology
Target cell coverage areas are categorized into the following types:
1. Dense Urban
2. Urban
3. SubUrban
4. Rural Area
5. HighWay
The morphology setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget
(refer to sheet Scenarios):
1. Mean penetration loss,
2. Standard deviation of slow fading (stddev_of_slow_fading),
3. Propagation model and path loss factor.
The following parameters should be set to appropriate values based on the
morphology setting of the target area:
1. Channel model
2006-06-07
Page 10 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
2. Sectorise
3. Indoor coverage
4. Basic services (services required to a ensure seamless coverage)
5. Configuration of the BS: TMA and diversity configuration
6. Cell loading
7. Height of BS antenna
8. Cable loss
3.1.3 Sectorise
This version of link budget tool provides the following Sectorise settings for
selection:
1. Omni
2. 3 Sector
3. 6 Sector
This setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget:
1. Gain of antenna
In addition, because the Sectorise setting will also affect the coverage area and soft
handoverprobability, the following parameter should be set to an appropriate value as
required:
1. Cell Loading
Page 11 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
This version of link budget tool provides the following bearer types for selection:
1.
Voice (12.2kbps)
2. CS64
3. CS144
4. CS384
5. PS64
6. PS144
7. PS384
This setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget:
1. Link performance (EbvsNo required): Please refer to sheets EbvsNo (BS) and
EbvsNo (UE).
The major purpose of a link budget is to determine the cell coverage area and
thereby determine the services required to ensure a seamless coverage (basic
services). Hence, this parameter should be set based on the basic service
requirement.
Because the uplink and downlink traffics may be different due to the asymmetry
attribute of a data service, the link budget tool provides controls used to set them
separately.
Page 12 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
This setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget:
1. Penetration loss
2. std dev_of_slow_fading
Nominal maximum
Tolerance
output power
1
+33 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+27 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+24 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+21 dBm
2 dB
In this version of link budget tool, this parameter should be set to 21dBm in the
case of a voice service or service at a rate lower than 64kbps, or to 24dBm in the
case of a service at 64kbps or a higher rate.
During the actual network planning, the user should set this parameter based on the
lowest UE power class used on the operators network.
Page 13 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
2006-06-07
Page 14 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
In the case of a cross polarization antenna, because the radio wave arrives in a
direction different from that of the antenna polarization, the actual gain is lower than
the nominal gain. In the link budget tool of Ericsson and Nortel, this loss is reflected
by a parameter called slant loss which is usually set to anywhere between 1 and
1.5dB. In our link budget tool, this loss is not an individual parameter but is included
in the gain of antenna. Hence, the gain of antenna for an antenna with a nominal
value of 18.5dBi (741794) will be set to 17dBi in the link budget tool.
3.6 EiRP
EiRP is the abbreviation of Equivalent Isotropic Radiator Power.
EiRP (dBm)
= Max Power of TCH (dBm) - Cable Loss (dB) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of Antenna
(dBi)
3.7.2 NF of BS Receiver
To facilitate the calculation of NF with or without TMA being used, the reference
point for the NF of BS receiver is defined as tower-top antenna connector.
3.7.2.1 Without TMA
Without TMA being used, the NF at tower-top antenna connector is equal to the
cable loss from the cabinet top plus the NF at cabinet-top antenna connector.
The NF at cabinet-top antenna connector was previously set to 2.92dB, which
applies to the most demanding environment. At present, it is set to 2.2dB, which is
also used in the link budget tool.
Hence, without TMA being used, the NF at tower-top antenna connector=NF_BS +
cable loss.
3.7.2.2 With TMA
With TMA being used, to ensure a constant gain of uplink channel, the gain of NDDL
should be set based on the actual cable loss to ensure that the gain of RF channel is
about 38dB. When a TMA, the gain of which is 12dB, is used, the relationship
between the cable loss calculated, gain of NDDL and NF at TMA connector is as
shown in table below.
table 3 Relationship between cable loss and NF at TMA connector
2006-06-07
Page 15 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
There is a 1/2 super-flexible jumper between the tower-top antenna connector and
TMA. If its loss is assumed to be 0.3dB, the NF at tower-top connector is equal to the
NF at TMA connector in the above table plus 0.3dB.
2006-06-07
Page 16 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Uplink
Cell loading
Definition:
N
UL = 1 No/I TOT = 1
1
NoiseRise
Formula 1
N
UL = (1 + f ) 6
j=1
1
1
W 1
1+
EbvsNo(j) R(j) v(j)
Formula 2
The above formula can be used during the network planning to estimate the cell
loading factor in a specified scenario.
N
DL = P TX /P max
Assumption power control is perfect, the following formula ([Dodoo Margin 1.10]
formula 14) is available:
N
P TX =
P CCH + No
CL(0, n) ]
6[SIR_Tx(n)
n=1
n=1
[H
SIR_Tx(n)
(n) + f(n) ]
Formula 3
The above formula and analysis method in [Dodoo Margin 1.10] can be used to
estimate the downlink cell loading.
(dB) = NoiseRise(dB) = 10 lg
1
1 JDL
Formula 4
(dB) = 10 lg [D
(j) + f(j) ] JDL _Ptx
P m ax
+1
N 0 CL(0, j )
Formula 5
Note: In the calculation of the interference margin, we use the adjacent cell
definition in Best Server to calculate the downlink adjacent cell interference. Under
the perfect soft handover condition, when the coupling loss from a UE to the
adjacent cell is equal to that from it to this cell, the UE is located on the cell edge .
2006-06-07
Page 17 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Because of the shadow fading, the coupling loss from the edge to Best Server may
be greater or less than the mean coupling loss on cell edge calculated with the link
budget.
According to formal 5, the greater the coupling loss from the edge point to the
serving cell, the less the downlink interference margin is required, but the gain of this
link is less than the increase in the coupling loss. Hence, the maximum coupling loss
at the edge point corresponds to the most demanding scenario for the link concerned,
and this is the objective of link budget.
Therefore, we should use the maximum coupling loss on cell edge to calculate the
downlink interference margin required, and this coupling loss is defined as between
the BS cabinet-top connector and UE receiver.
Hence, the maximum uplink coupling loss as follows:
CL_UL_max (dB)
= Path Loss_max (dB) + Body Loss (dB) + Penetration Loss (dB) - Gain of Tx
Antenna - Gain of Rx Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB)
= mean_PathLoss_edge (dB) + Slow Fading Margin (dB) - SHO MultiCell Gain (dB)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Penetration Loss (dB) - Gain of Tx Antenna - Gain of Rx
Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB)
Note: Because the coupling loss is defined as between the BS cabinet-top connector
and UE receiver, the Cable Loss in the above formula should be the total downlink
cable loss from antenna connector to cabinet-top connector rather than the
user-defined cable loss. For details, please refer to section 3.3.
In the case of uplink coverage limited, the maximum downlink coupling loss is equal
to the maximum uplink coupling loss plus the path loss discrepancy due to the
difference in uplink and downlink frequencies.
According to model COST231-HATA,
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm) +[44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) +
Cm.
If the uplink frequency is 1950MHz and downlink frequency is 2140MHz, the path
loss discrepancy due to the difference between them is around 1.4dB.
Parameters related to the calculation of the downlink interference margin are listed in
table Parameters of DL Interference Margin in sheet Link Budget.
2006-06-07
Page 18 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
table 4
Confidential
[NOKIA 2002] Figure 4.23 shows the uplink simulation results obtained under a
specified condition:
2006-06-07
Page 19 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
3.13.1
2006-06-07
Page 20 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
The setting of this parameter is calculated based on the link performance data
provided by the Link Simulation Team. The Link Budget Tool V3.40 corresponds to
document Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link Performance Data Version 2.10.
3.13.2
For uplink,
UL Minimum Signal Strength Required =
Sensitivity of Receiver_TOC (dBm) + ( NF_Ant connector (dB) - NF_TOC (dB) ) Gain of Antenna (dBi) + Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB) - SHO Gain over
fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
2. For downlink:
DL Minimum Signal Strength Required =
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB) + Body Loss
(dB) + Interference Margin (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading
Margin (dB)
2006-06-07
Page 21 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Network planning usually need toensure the communications quality for in-vehicle
users. therefore, the penetration loss margin should be set 8dB for in-vehicle users
rather than 0dB, even if outdoor coverage is our only concern.
If the maximum output power of UE still cannot compensate for the path loss to
ensure this Smin required, an outage will occur to the link. Hence, the link outage
probability of a UE at d is:
(r) = P max _UE S min 10Jlg(d) = PL_ max 10Jlg(d) , which means the
maximum path loss allowed minus the mean path loss at d.
To conform to the slow fading component in logarithmic normal distribution, the
2
mean value of is 0 with its deviation being .
Hence,
Pr _outage(r) =
1
Exp
d= Q
2
2
2 (d)
Formula 9
During the network construction, operators usually would specify a maximum outage
probability requirement. From the above formula, we can easily conclude that the
2006-06-07
Page 22 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
When using the link budget tool to estimate the cell coverage, we should preserve
the slow fading margin, = (R), in addition to the maximum path loss calculated, to
ensure the fulfillment of the maximum outage probability requirement.
3.16.1.2 Calculation of the uplink slow fading margin required with the edge coverage
probability required being specified
The relationship between edge coverage probability and slow fading margin is as
follows:
{
Predge (, ) = 1 Pr _outage(R) = 1
2
1
Exp
2 d1 Q = P
2
2
Formula 10
According to formula 10, the formula used to calculate the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability is as follows:
Formula 11
1
Edge coverage
probability required
75%
Edge coverage
probability required
90%
Dense urban
10
6.74
12.82
Urban
5.40
10.25
Sub urban
4.05
7.69
Rural area
4.05
7.69
Highway
4.05
7.69
3.16.1.3 Calculation of the uplink slow fading margin required with the area coverage probability
required being specified
Sometimes, the vendor would specify an area coverage probability required rather
than an edge coverage probability required. For example,
Available in over 95% part of the area and 99% of time.
The first part of this requirement, i.e. Available in over 95% part of the area is the
area coverage probability requirement.
According to the above descriptions, we have:
(d) = + 10Jlg R
d
The area coverage probability is the averaged
in the cell:
2006-06-07
Page 23 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
1 2
1 P
P area (, , J) =
lg( 1r ),
r
dr
dO
edge + 10J
0 0
2
10J
b=
lg(e)
2
a=
In this version of link budget tool, "Tools - Area Coverage Probability" can be used to
establish the relationship between edge coverage probability and area coverage
probability under specified standard deviation of slow fading and path loss factor.
The Tools uses a single-variable function, GoalSeek
table 7
Morphology
Path loss
factor
stddev_of_slow_fading
(dB)
Area coverage
probability required
90%
Area coverage
probability required
95%
Outdoor
Slow
fading
margin
(dB)
Edge
coverage
probability
Slow
fading
margin
(dB)
Edge
coverage
probability
Dense
urban
4.5
10
6.69
74.83%
10.77
85.93%
Urban
4.2
4.83
72.71%
8.21
79.41%
Sub urban
3.8
3.11
69.77%
5.70
71.56%
Rural area
3.3
3.50
72.01%
6.00
72.58%
Highway
3.3
3.50
72.01%
6.02
72.65%
2006-06-07
Page 24 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
PL_ max(d, O
) = P_TCH_ max S min(d, O
)
[1 H
= P_TCH_ max No Ioc(d, O
) Isc(d, O
)
(d, O
)]
Formula 13
3.16.2.1 Calculation of the downlink slow fading margin
probability
If we can determine the settings of Isc, Ioc and orthogonality factor on the cell edge,
namely, the setting of the downlink slow fading margin, we can determine the
maximum path loss allowed on the cell edge, then use the same method as in the
calculation of the uplink slow fading margin to calculate the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability.
3.16.2.2 Calculation of the downlink slow fading margin
probability
Co-frequency adjacent-cell interference is the major interference on the cell edge.
When the UE gets closer to the BS, the co-frequency adjacentcell interference will
decrease but the intra-cell interference will increase quickly. As a result, the
sensitivity of UE will deteriorate quickly and the maximum path loss allowed will
decrease.
Because the presupposition for using formula 6 is that the maximum path loss
allowed remains the same at any point in the cell as on the cell edge, if we still use
this formula to estimate the area coverage probability based on the edge coverage
probability area, we will overestimate the area coverage probability and therefore get
a smaller slow fading margin.
For the purpose of simplification, this version of link budget tool assumes that the
downlink slow fading margin is equal to the uplink one. The error caused by this
assumption is acceptable.
2006-06-07
Page 25 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
3.17.1.1 Calculation of the uplink SHO MultiCell gain with the edge coverage probability
required being specified
On the cell edge, if no soft handover is involved, the uplink outage probability,
according to formula 8, is:
Pr _outage_SHO(R) = Pr PL_ max < max 10Jlg(R) + prim ary , 10Jlg(R) + soft
Formula 14
wherein,
primary = a+ b1
soft = a+ b2
From [A. J. Viterbi 1998] 6.5.2, we can derive:
Pr _outage_SHO(R) =
1 e 2 /2 Q a
b
2
d
Formula 15
Because the above formula involves integral calculation, we cannot directly use the
Excel for calculation but only by querying the table below:
table 8
Relationship between SHO MultiCell gain, edge coverage probability and standard
deviation of slow fading
In this version of link budget tool, we can query the above table for the MultiCell gain
with ROUND (std. dev. of slow fading) and edge coverage probability.
3.17.1.2 Calculation of the uplink SHO MultiCell gain with the specified area coverage
probability
2006-06-07
Page 26 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
R_SHO = R
10^
Th_SHO
10J
PL_primary(r, O
) = 10Jlg(r) + a+ b1
PL_SHO(r, O
) = 10Jlg(2R r) + a+ b2
Formula 16
An outage will occur only when the path losses of both links exceed the maximum
path loss allowed, i.e. 10Jlg(R) + . Hence, the outage probability at this point is:
Pr _outage_SHO(r, , , J)
= Pr min[10Jlg(r) + b1 , 10Jlg(2R r) + b2 ] > 10Jlg(R) + a dA
= Pr min 10Jlg( r ) + b1 , 10Jlg( 2R r ) + b2 > a dA
R
R
10Jlg(r) a
10Jlg(2 r) a
2
= 1 e /2 Q
Q
d
b
b
2
Formula 17
The outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area is
illustrated in figure below.
0.25
0.245
0.24
0.235
0.86
2006-06-07
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
Page 27 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Figure 2 Outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area
The area coverage probability of the SHO area is equal to the average of coverage
probabilities at each point in the area:
Pr _coverage_SHO_area
=
1
2
(
R R_SHO)
[1 Pr _outage(r, , , J)]
r
dO
dr
R_SHO 0
Formula 18
2. Non-SHO area
Formula 5 is used to calculate the area coverage probability of the non-SHO area,
except that the distance integral field changes from (0, R) to (0 , R_SHO).
1
Pr _coverage_nonSHO_area =
R_SHO 2
R_SHO 2
Q
0
+ 10Jlg( 1r )
r
drdO
Formula 19
Pr _coverage_area
2
(R R_SHO )
Pr _coverage_SHO_area
/(R2 )
+ Pr _coverage_nonSHO_area
R_SHO2
Formula 20
4. Implementation method
Although we can calculate the area coverage probability in the above described
method, the calculations are very complex and cannot produce quick result even if
they are numerical calculations.
In this version of link budget tool, we can use "Tools - Area Coverage Probability" to
estimate the edge coverage probability required corresponding to the area coverage
probability without soft handover, then calculate the SHO gain in the same method
as described in section 3.171.1.
Because in the SHO area, the SHO gain will decrease as the discrepancy in strength
between the two SHO branches increases, the SHO gain obtained in this method will
be overestimated.
The same method is used in [NOKIA 2002] 3.1.3, but the possible error that may be
caused is not described therein.
2006-06-07
Page 28 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Note: [NOKIA 2002] Table 4.7 provides SHO gains at input Eb/Io, and Table 4.8
provides SHO gains at output Eb/Io, which are different from each other. The
difference between them is the fast power control headroom required by the
transmitter. Because the calculation in the link budget is between the transmitter and
receiver, this gain should also be included.
According to the results, the MDC gain will reach its maximum value when the
strengths of the two SHO branches are equal to each other, and decrease near to 0
as the discrepancy in strength between them increases.
Because what the link budget is concerned about is the cell edge where the path
loss between the UE and Best Server cell is the same as the path loss between the
UE and the adjacent cell, we will consider the strengths of the two SHO branches
equal to each other in the calculation of the SHO MDC gain.
The MDC gain varies with different multipath channels. Its value should be
determined through link simulations, during which we can assume that the fast
fadings over different SHO branches are independent from each other.
According to emulation results provided by [NOKIA 2002], this version of link budget
tool approximately sets the SHO MDC gain (SHO Gain over Fast Fading) to 1.5dB.
Page 29 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
The path loss on cell edge is equal to the maximum path loss allowed plus the slow
fading margin, SHO gain and penetration loss for indoor coverage required to ensure
a specified edge/area coverage probability required:
Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm) ]Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
30 - 200 m
1 - 20 km
Large and small cells (i.e. base station antenna heights above roof-top levels of
buildings adjacent to the base station).
Urban areas (for rural areas the correction factors given in subparagraph 1.3 and 1.4
can be used up to 2000 MHz).
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm) +[44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) +
Cm
with :
a(Hm) =[1.1*log(f) - 0.7]*Hm -[1.56*log(f) - 0.8]
Cm = 0 dB for medium sized city and suburban centres with moderate tree
density
Cm = 3 dB for metropolitan centres
As stated above, this model is applicable to a propagation distance range of 1-20km.
In practice, an error may occur if the cell radius is less than 1km. Compared with
model Walfish-Ikagami, model COST231-HATA may greatly underestimate the
number of base stations required. Hence, whenever possible, we should use the
model that has being corrected based on CW test data to estimate the cell radius .
4 Definitions of Functions
4.1 Calculation of the Area Coverage Probability
4.1.1 Function Name
area_coverage
4.1.2 Purpose
To calculate the area coverage probability with the slow fading margin being
specified. According to [Rappaport 1996] 3.9.3:
1 2
1 P
P area (, , J) =
lg( 1r ),
r
dr
dO
edge + 10J
0 0
)
1 erf 1 ab
= 1 1 erf(a) + exp( 1 2ab
2
b
b2
2006-06-07
Page 30 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Formula 21
wherein,
2
10J
b=
lg(e)
2
a=
fading_margin (dB)
2. Standard deviation of slow fading
stddev_of_slow_fading (dB)
3. Path loss factor
Pathloss_factor
At present, the path loss factor is calculated also based on the propagation model
selected. The formulas are:
1. If model COST231-HATA is selected, Pathloss_factor=(44.9-6.55log10(Hb))/10,
wherein Hb is the base station height;
2, If model Asset is selected, Pathloss_factor=(k2 + k6*log10(Hb))/10.
4.1.5 Implementation
Function area_coverage(fading_margin, stddev_of_slow_fading, pathloss_factor)
Dim a As Double
Dim b As Double
Dim c As Double
Dim d As Double
Dim e As Double
e = 2.71828
a = -fading_margin / stddev_of_slow_fading / Sqr(2)
b = 10 * pathloss_factor * Log10(e) / stddev_of_slow_fading / Sqr(2)
c = Exp((1 - 2 * a * b) / (b * b))
d = 1 - MY_Erf((1 - a * b) / b, stddev_of_slow_fading)
area_coverage = 0.5 * (1 - MY_Erf(a, stddev_of_slow_fading) + c * d)
End Function
Page 31 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
4.2.2 Purpose
This function is an event-trigged callback function which is automatically called once
a selection field in sheet Tools changes.
4.2.5 Implementation
Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Excel.Range)
Worksheets("Tools").Range("D9").GoalSeek _
Goal:=Worksheets("Tools").Range("C9"), _
ChangingCell:=Worksheets("Tools").Range("C13")
End Sub
2006-06-07
Page 32 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
4.3.2 Purpose
To use model COST231_HATA to calculate the propagation distance with the
specified path loss
Path loss
PL, Double type (dB)
2.
Frequency
f, Double type (MHz)
3.
4.
Mobile height
Hm, Double type (m)
5.
Morphology
E, Integer type:
E = 1: Dense urban
E = 2: Urban
E = 3; Sub urban
E = 4: Rural area
E = 5: Highway
4.3.5 Implementation
Function COST231_HATA(PL As Double, f As Double, Hb As Double, _
Hm As Double, e As Integer) As Double
Dim a As Double
Dim k As Double
Dim E_factor As Double
Dim gamma As Double
a = 46.3 + 33.9 * Log10(f)
k = 3.2 * (Log10(11.75 * Hm)) ^ 2 - 4.97
If e = 1 Then
E_factor = 3
2006-06-07
Page 33 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
ElseIf e = 2 Then
E_factor = 0
ElseIf e = 3 Then
E_factor = -2 * (Log10(f / 28)) ^ 2 - 5.4
ElseIf e = 4 Then
E_factor = -4.78 * (Log10(f)) ^ 2 + 18.33 * Log10(f) - 40.94
ElseIf e = 5 Then
E_factor = -4.78 * (Log10(f)) ^ 2 + 18.33 * Log10(f) - 35.94
End If
gamma = 44.9 - 6.55 * Log10(Hb)
COST231_HATA = 10 ^ ((PL - a + 13.82 * Log10(Hb) + k - E_factor) / gamma)
End Function
4.4.2 Purpose
To use model COST231_HATA to calculate the propagation distance with the path
loss being specified.
Page 34 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
4.4.5 Implementation
Function ASSET_StdMacro(PL As Double, f As Double, Hb As Double, Hm As
Double, _
k1 As Double, k2 As Double, k3 As Double, k4 As Double, k5 As
Double, _
k6 As Double, k7 As Double, ClutterLoss As Double) As Double
Dim Loss As Double
Dim gamma As Double
Dim Heff As Double
Heff = Hb - Hm
Loss = PL - (k1 + k3 * Hm + k4 * Log10(Hm) + k5 * Log10(Heff) + k7 +
ClutterLoss)
gamma = k2 + k6 * Log10(Heff)
ASSET_StdMacro = 10 ^ (Loss / gamma)
End Function
2006-06-07
Page 35 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Figure 3
power
2. Cable loss
3. Uplink/downlink cell loading
4. Edge coverage probability required
5. Base station height
6. Downlink frequency
7. Parameters of ASSET Std MacroCell model.
Recommended settings for these parameters are as follows:
2006-06-07
Page 36 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Please note that in this version of link budget tool, the uplink cable loss parameter
set by user is located at C19 , while the downlink cable loss is calculated based on
the uplink one.
Without TMA being used, the cable loss is defined as the total loss of all the parts
along the signal path from the cabinet-top connector to antenna connector.
With TMA being used, the cable loss is defined as the total loss of all the parts along
the signal path from the cabinet-top connector to TMA connector.
Please refer to section 3.3 for
4.5
Urban
4.2
Sub urban
3.8
Rural area
3.3
Highway
3.3
Note: If the penetration loss is included in the link budget to ensure indoor coverage,
the coverage probability for outdoor subscribers is higher than that for indoor
subscribers for lack of this penetration loss, thus lowering the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability.
We should take this factor into consideration while setting the edge coverage
probability, and calculate the indoor edge coverage probability based on the known
ratio between indoor and outdoor subscribers. Below is a simplified calculation
method. Suppose there are X% users which are outdoor subscribers whose
coverage probability is nearly 100%. Then, the indoor edge coverage probability
required=(general edge coverage probability required-X)/(1-X).
In the commercial network bidding process, we should negotiate with the vendor on
this setting method to reach a common understanding. To ensure the coverage
2006-06-07
Page 37 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
quality, we recommend that the setting of the edge coverage probability required
should not be less than 75%.
2006-06-07
Page 38 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Because our link performance is confidential information, in link budget tool V3.40,
sheets containing these data are hidden.
2006-06-07
Page 39 of 40
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
List of References:
[1] [A. J. Viterbi 1998] Andrew J. Viterbi, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication,
ADDISON-WESLEY,1998
[2]
[NOKIA 2002] Janna Laiho, Achim Wacker,etc., Radio Network Planning and Optimisation
for UMTS, John Wiley & Sons LTD., 2002
[3] [GSM 03.30] Digital Cellular Telecommunication Systems: Radio Network Planning Aspects,
GSM 03.30 Ver 7.0.0 Release 1998, ETSI
[4] [Mehta&Greenstein VTC'02] N. B. Mehta, L. Greenstein, T. Willis, Z. Kostic.Analysis and
Results for the Orthogonality Factor in WCDMA Downlinks,
2006-06-07
Page 40 of 40