In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas

A comprehensive study of the Vedic and the Indo-European flora, fauna and climate over
the last 10,000 years in light of the information emerging from the disciplines of
archaeology, archaeo-botany, geology, genetics and linguistics
by Premendra Priyadarshi
Partridge Publishers. Published September 2, 2014
http://www.amazon.com/Quest-Dates-Vedas-Comprehensive-IndoEuropean/dp/1482834251/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1424606756&sr=81&keywords=In+quest+of+the+dates+of+the+vedas
See Preface at : http://aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/in-quest-of-the-dates-of-thevedas-preface/

Word-Index

Acacia arabica 276

Acacia catechu 64, 67
Acacia, pre-Harappan 92
Aegilops tauschii 56
Ahar, iron at 41
ah (cow) 352
ahi-dvi (mongoose) philology 84
ahi-phena (opium) 280
aihwatundi 155fn
AIT 128-9; horse in 134
aja (goat) 350
ajagara (python) 83,323
akwa (horse), absent in Hittite 130
Allchin, on horse Harappan 136
alligator 300
Altai, past climate 25
Altyn Depe Indus seal 97; Indus inscriptions at 114
Amarakosha, willow 173
ml 104fn
amulet 37; amulet of zebu Ur 117
Anatolia hypothesis 129-30; Anatolian origin 196
Anatolian, farming words lost in 131
Anau horse 123; Marshall on 139
ancient DNA, goat, France 343
Ancient DNA, horse 164; in Spain 162
Ancient DNA, Indian (human) West Asia 100
Andronovo culture, date of 109, genesis of 112
Andronovo posterior to Pirak 125
Andronovo pottery 40
ant (vamra) philology 259
Anthony, David, claim by 134-5; retracted 135
au millet YV 63

Apis 327
apple, IE cognates 282
apup, apup RV 241
Aq Kupruk, caballus horse 139; goat at 340
aquatic animals in YV 83
Arab horse origin 143, 144,147,148; ribs 149
Arabia, horse statue 166
ara (fire-stick) 256
araya, grassland in RV 153; habitat of horse 153; as forest 153.
Aratta 119
aravinda, cognates 281
arid region 88
aridity, and zebu 118; in China 168; in steppe 110; NW India 169
Arkaim 110, 115, 125
Artemisia 190, 191,193; as incense 193
artemisinin for malaria 190
artisans, Indus 115, migration of 116
Arundo grass-reed 92
Aryan arrival, absence of DNA evidence 19
Aryan farmers 128
Ash-tree, see Fraxinus.
Asparagus 246
aspen 73-4, 248-; horses dislike for 255
aspen, cognates 253; and ava 253; and avattha 254; etymology 254; aspen, habitat 254; a.
in northern route 254; medicinal properties 257
ass, philology of 154
Assyria, bull cult in 118
avattha 70,73,74, leaves of 70
avattha, home of Goddess 240
avattha, -pen for horse-sacrifice 255; in TS 256; confusion identification in S.Br. 257; abode
of mother Goddess 257
avin kumaras 76,191; and poplar 253
Avins RV 253
Atharva-Veda 89, date of 64,89
Australia, Indian migration to 22,96
avaka grass YV 49, 50
Avesta, date of 85
Azzaroli 121-2,124,127
babhru 31,84, 298-9
Bactria, oldest horse of 123
Badam, Inamgaon 137
Bagor, horse at 138
balano (Gk.) oak 209
balbaja grass RV, YV 60, 61, AV 64
Bali, Indian migration to 96
Baltic, absence of oak 198
Baluchistan, desertion of 90; forest 95
banyan 74
baraqat (Arabic word) 265
Barb horse, origin of 147, ribs in 149

bargad tree 222

barkara 348
barley cultivation 55
Baudhayana rautastra 119
bdellium 93, sea-trade of 93
beans 59, AV 64, hyacinth 59
beaver 31; cognates 299; in YV 83; 2000 BC skeleton 31,298; at Gufkral 85; at Burzahom 85;
bee 326-7
beech 226; distribution 224,227; expansion 226; home of 223
beech, absent Baltic languages 198; cognates in Germanic 218; philology 210,229
beech-line 224,225
Begash 107; horse at 167
Bellwood, Peter 11;
bent 174
berry terracotta Harappa 241
betel-nut 207-8
betula philology 196
Betula, see birch.
Betula-Salix in steppe 243
bezoar 342
bhago-, meanings of cognates 229
bho-s 223
Bhargava, M.L. 25
Bhimbetka, camel 367; horse 145
Bhirrana 21,37,40,87
Bhoja etymology 211
bhgu 246-7
bhrja etymology 212
Bhutan, pig DNA 329
birch (tree) absent Iran 201; disappears fr S.Europe 200; Early Holocene India 26; expansion
198; in Gobi 168, extinct 168; in northern route 197, 199; in NW Indus Valley 177; in steppe
168; post-glacial 25
birch (word) absent in southern languages 201; cognates 195-6; Iran and South Europe 195;
loss of meaning 196; Tocharian 200
birch-pine forest 198,242
Black Sea coast 5000 BC 25
black-millet 62, 64
Blapek (linguist) 211
Blastophaga 71
blood-horse 145
Bloomfield, on Vedic climate change 23-24; 189; 249
Blyxa octandra see avaka.
BMAC 109; absence of horse 113,141; aridity 115; migration to west from 115; mirror 112;
ruin of 112
BMAC settlements in Indus Valley 101
boar, Uralic word for 103
Bokonyi, S. 32,124; on extinction of Indian horse 145; on Harappa horse 138
Botai, horse 134; imported from outside 160; mares milk 160
bottle-gourd in AV 64; in RV 237; juice of 238
Bouckaert, linguistic study of 130

boxwood 235,236
brahma (mulberry) 274
bramble 155fn; cognates 275
brick, burnt-, 36-37,110,112,318; absence of 21,35,36
Bronze Age Belgium, mulberry in 273, 274
Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Indian DNA in 100
Bronze Age migrations to Ukraine 99
Bronze Age trade 93
buffalo 83; in Early Holocene 32
buka Nepali oak 210
bukka (goat) 347-8
bull, Arpachiyah 117; cognates of 351-52
bull-cult Assyria 118
burgundy colour 266-7
burj (Pers.) 196
Burzahom, beaver at 31
caballus etymology of 157
caballus horse, wild 123;
cail (wood) 232
Calamus rotang 174
Calotropis 277
camel (struz) linguistics 370
camel 86-7, 355-374; Andronovan 356; archaeology of 357-366; Bactrian 357; Bactrian, at
Kausambi 364-5; bones 367; domestication 358; dromedary, domestication of 359-60; in
Vedas 366; West Asia 360-61
camel, migration, India to East Africa 368
candy 288
cane, Calamus rotang 178
capra 348-9
carp fish 300-301
Caspian (Iranian) horse 123,163
castor 85,299
Castor, see beaver.
Castro, horse at 124
cat, domestic, in Harappa 137
cattle migration 114, 117; in steppe 167,168
cedar 239
Cedrus 177; arrival in India 233; absent Mehrgarh 233
Cedrus deodara 231,236; pre-Harappan 92
Cental Asia climate mid-Holocene 26
Central Asia, hunter culture 105
chaga (goat) 349-50
Chakrabarti, D.K. 136
chameleon 315
chariot, Harappa 142-3, copper- 120-21; Daimabad 121; bird- 121; Swat 127
charioteering, IA words for 121
Chinese horse DNA 162
cicer (L.) 277
c tree 231
citadel 110

Clift et al 78
climate change 173; in Bronze Age 22; Bloomfield on 249; early post-glacial 23-26
climate of, 1500 BC India 25; YV 367; Bronze Age 318, 319
Coix grass 50
comb-shell 294
Commiphora wightii 93
common millet 63
conch 292-3
Conus 293
copper 40-41,95
Costantini 177,216
costum (L.) 192
Costus 189
cotton, seed 76; tree 38
cow in Germanic 353
crab 294-5
craniometry, Tarim Basin skulls 98
crime, in Late Harappa 87
crocodile 85-6,300; in YV 83; not in AV 94
Crooke 143, 144
crops in YV 53-4
crow 87
cuckoo 315-16
Cynodon dactylon 65
Cyprinus 300
Daimabad 121
Dalbergia sissoo, see sissoo.
Darra-I-Kur, horse at 140
dru philology 214
date of migration 200
date-palm 75
Datura 278
death, in Late Harappa 22
deer, sambar, Harappa 91, Mohenjo-Daro 82; spotted- 91
Deh Morasi, iron 41
Dennel, Robin 19
deodar, deodara 231,232
Deotare 33,81,95
Dereivka horse 134; date of 135
desert, flood in 34
desertification 87
deva-dru 231; philology 232; Sushruta 233; for tuberculosis 233
deva-dru, names confusion 236
Dhavalikar 136
dhupa 230
Dikshit, K.N. 87
Dilmun, Arabia 359
disease in late Harappa 22
Divodasa 30
DNA ancient, horse 161; and human migration 19; study of camel 368; of Kazakh horse 98

dog in Harappa 137

dolphin 83
domestic horse, origin 159; US report 159
domestication of plants in YV 51
domestication of wheat 55-6
domestication, horse, multiple 164
donkey, African origin 154
drainage system YV 36
draught in Indus 111
dromas (camel) cognates 269
dromedary camel, Central Asia 367; Harappa 361
Dupree, Afghan Neolithic 140
durum 55, at Mehrgarh 56
drv grass 65
Duryodhana, horn of 152
Early Harappa 21
Early Holocene, climate 68,194; ecosystem 32; P-E 175
earth-quake in Himalaya RV 34
east to west migration 163
echidna 312
echinos 313
ecology, influence on language 214
ecosystem, Early Holocene 21
hi 312
einkorn 55; in Levant 56
ekka 142
elephant 88; with horn 152
Eleusine 60-62
elite dominance 128
emmer 55
ephedra 92,185
epiphyte Ficus rel. 256
Epona 156
Equus (etymology) 156
Equus hemionus in RV, YV, AV 154
Equus namadicus 136, date of 136,140; 19th century 143
Equus sivalensis, see sivalensis.
Etruscan tombs 122; arrival 127
etymology aika 119; satta 118; panza 119
Eurocentric 40,56,104,135-6,187,268-9,340-41,343; Meadow 138; Witzel 178,182,227
European horse different 144
Event, 4.2 Kilo 82,218,367
Event, 8.2 Kilo 30,40,64,67,194
Ewart 123,144,146; on sivalensis 146
excavation report, Harappa 142
fagus from phagos 210
Fagus, see beech.
farming 21
fauna RV 45; Sama-Veda 80, YV 81-8
fern 246,261

ferret 313
fever, willow for 174,180
Ficus, charcoal at Mehrgarh 256; in AV 64; infectoria 203; religiosa in TS 256; in Shatapatha
Br. 256; not in Early Holocene 261; species 69-74; migration of word 264
figurine, Mehrgarh 110
fig-wasp 71,259
finger millet 8,60,61,62,64
Finno-Ugric 102
fire-worship 38
fir-pine forest Anatolia 243
flax 282; cognates of 268
flood from glaciers RV 34
flora RV 49
fluvial 28
fly (insect) 326
food-gathering 52
food-production, increase in 120
forager 60
forest, open- 21
fortified culture 110
foxtail millet 62-3
foxtail-millet 8;
Frachetti 2012, 9,105, 108
Fraxinus 246; philology 195
frog, hibernation RV 33; cognates 297
Gagghar river basin 53,54,55
gallnut 205
Ganga Valley 310; archaeology 21; Neolithic 129
gardabha 154; philology 154
gau, cognates of 353
Gauses Law Competitive Exclusion 160
gavdhuka see Coix grass.
genetic diversity, horse 166
gharial, Harappa 88
ghogh 293
Ghundai, iron 41
Gimbutas 159
Giosan et al 78; Sarasvati geology 35
giraffe 380
glaciers, Himalayan 21; water trapped in 28
glans as oak 208-9
glass, synthetic at Indus 116; not in RV 116; in Shatapatha Br. 117; volcanic 117
Gmelina 257
goat 339-51; archaeology 339-41; burial, Mehrgarh 339; DNA data manipulation 343-4
goat lineage C northern route 344
Goat-Cult Neolithic 140
Gobi, last willow forest 175
goddess, with horn 152,
Goddess, sahuagik 152
golden willow 174,176,179,180-1,187

Gossypium 76
grape 57-8, Harappa 57, Swat Valley 57
grape-pips 57
grape-vine 184
grassland 89; in RV 153; Early Holocene 21; Thar 81,82,95
grass-reed 178,181
Greek horses 163
grey ware 111
gha etymology 43-4
grinding-stone, absence of 108
gulgulu, AV 93
Gupta, S.P., horse 138
Hakra-ware 40
handmade pottery 38,39,40
Harappa horse, Upinder Singh 137;
Harappa, culture 35; end of 87; foreign settlers in 100-101
Harappa, Populus in 248
Harappan animals 318
hedgehog 312; and pig 331
Hellenthal, G. 19
hemionus, Turkmenistan 123;
Hemphill 98
Herodotus 299
Himalayan horses 154
hiraa, cognates 354
hirayamaya vetasa 176
honey 326-7
horn, ornamental 151; of horse 150
horse (ekwa), philology 155-6; loss of cognates in Hittite 156; loss from Slavic 156-7
horse bad omen in Harappa 11,154; as food in RV 152; taboo in Indus-Valley 11
horse bone, Malvan 136; Harappa 159; 1500 BC 149; rare in Kurgans 168
horse breeds: Etruscan 122,124,126; Oriental 122, 124; Kazakh 122; daft 122; draught 122;
Przewalskii 122; Mongolian 122; steppe 122; Vyatka 122; Akhal Teke 122; European 123;
sivalensis, 10,11, 123, 124; BMAC 123; Oldest of Bactria 123; Marwari 123,127; Anau 123;
Bhutia 124; Spiti 124; Kathiawari 127; of Thar 127; Dereivka 134
horse, domestication in Europe 165; Afghanistan 139; horse, Dereivka 10; draught type 148
horse habitat 152-3,169; in Harappa and early India 137-8; hunting of 105; Indian countrybred 139; Javanese 144, 145; Sulu 144,145
horse, glacial period extinction 136
horse, lumbar vertebrae 136; -jaw, Marshall 139
Hulas 72
human migration, DNA study 19-22
humped bull, in West Asia 117, Susa 118, Tell Agrab 118
hunter society of steppe 105
hunter-gatherers 95
hydra 298
hyena YV 83; as food Greece 331
Iberian ancient horse 162
ichneumon YV 83
iltis (philology) 84

Inamgaon, sivalensis horse 137

incense 230; plant 192; -wood 237
incised coarse ware 112
Indian migration Central Asia 98, Syria 100
Indo-Aryan, enclaves of 99,104; language in steppe 102,104; loan words 115; Margiana 118;
migration to West Asia 100; Mittani 118; vocabulary dispersal 99; West Asia 102
Indo-Iranian in Siberia 97-98
Indra 28
Indus trade with steppe 108
Indus Valley Civilization, abandoning of 22
Indus Valley, BMAC settlers in 101
invasion vs. language-conversion 11, 13
iron 40, 41; AV 94; YV 95; in Bronze Age India 41
iron, Chanhu Daro 41
Iron-Age 42
iron-ore 42
J2b migration 20
jackal 323
jackal, Russian word for 103
jahaka 313, 314
jmbla 281-2
Jammu-horse, private allele 164
jamun 281
jartila 50
Jeitun, einkorn at 56
Joglekar 136
Joshi, Manjunath 341
jowar 64-5
jujube 76,77
juniper 241; medicinal role 234; modern distribution 230; smoke of the God 235; trade at
Meluhha 235
juniper, Akkadian name of 240
Juniperus macropodis, Harappa 234
Juniperus, see juniper.
kaddu (gourd) 237
kadru 237-8
kakar-singhi 205
kksingi 205
Kala river 41
kamala, cognates 281
kamaha 296
kacana 294
ka 287
Kanewal, camel at 363
kagha 293
kakata 293
Kantanen on cow DNA 107
kapila (horse) 157
kar 206
karka, karkaa, 294

karkandhu 76
karkaa tree 204-5
karkaa, cognates 295
karpsa 284-5
kaya 320
kaik 313
kastor 299
kasturi, kastr 85,299
Katelai, horse burial at 121-2,125
Kathiawar horse 144
Kayatha horse 139
Kazakh horse 148
Kazanas, on horse in Indian archaeology 11;
KD phase, camel at 363
k dra 236; IE philology of 237
Kennedy on Harappan horse 140
Kenoyer, on skeletons 100-101
k ar, philology of 320,321
khadira, see Acacia catechu.
Khair-Sissoo Forest 67
kha 287
khara, philology of 154-5,
kharjra 75
khas (perfume) 193
kkaa RV 276
kikkar, kikkir (Acacia arabica) 276; cognates 277
Kikkuli 121
konj (horse, Slavic) 157
Kot Diji, decline in pottery 30; iron at 117
kdara YV 236,238
Kuntasi horse-bone 136
Kurgan, graves 114; hypothesis 159
kuha 189,192-4; for fever 190; in China 190; trading in AV 190
kutsa 191,194
kuutth 191
kuyava 30
Kyzyl Khak 105
Labeo 308
Lachs Theory 12,301-8
Lagenaria siceraria 237
lk, lak 307,302
lakaa 307
lakmaa TS 307-8
lakm (etymology) 307
lakso- 301
lchana 307
language change 24,41,128
language of Vedas 41
Larsen (pig DNA study) 103

Last Glacial Maximum 19; oak refugia 219; goat in 341; population growth after 20; sealevel rise after 178
Lawler on Begash 107
lead 41
leech 84
lentil 7,52,59-60
leprosy, treatment 190
Lethyrus bean 52
Levant, camel in 360
Levine 9; on horse 134
LGM, see Last Glacial Maximum
lily 281
Linearbandkeramik 329
linguistic study, biased 130; manipulation of 130-1,131fn;
linum 282
lion 79,317-322; at Kish 87; archaeology 88; AV 89-90; YV 91; cognates of 322
lion-seal 319
lizard 315
lobster 296
lopasha, cognates 324
Lothal, iron 41
lotus 281; in RV 68
Lydekkar 143,147
Mackay on Harappan chariot 121
madar 277
madder 278-9
madhu 326
madhura-vka 274
Mahagara, horse at 138
makara, IE cognates 300
malaria, treatment of 174,189
mandra 277
mandible of horse, 139
Mani (author) 87
manipulation by Naderi 343-4
manjari 291
mares milk, Botai 160
Margaret, cognates 291
Margiana, Indus objects at 114
Marshall, J. on horse 139,143,234
martya 103
Maruta 385
Marwari horse 141
maaka 326
mat of reed 93, Shatapatha Brahmana 93
Meadow, Eurocentricity of 138-9
meat-import, camels 366
Mehrgarh 21; camel at 363; Populus at 248
Mehrgarh II 21; burnt bricks in 37
meka (goat) 347

Meluhha, son of 97; juniper cultivation at 235

ma, cognates 338
Mesopotamia, juniper trade 235
metals in YV 41
Middle-Asia 97
Mid-Holocene, climate 8,10,26; cotton use in 38; Ficus in 75; Optimum 75; and RV 30,33;
sesame in 50
migration of, J2b 212; R1a1a 199
migration to Central Asia 98; to SEA 207
migration, Bronze-Age 22,96-101; dating of 220; J2b 228; south to north 108, 114, 115
millets 60-63
mna (fish) 301
miners 115
minnow 301
mistletoe, Russian word for 103
Mittani 102,118; names 119
mohana (opium) 279
Mohenjo-Daro, climate 90; horse 193,137; horse jaw 139; Prosopis 91; sambur deer 82; seal
239-240; tiger 87
Moisture, Effective 175
mollusc 292-4
mongoose 84
monsoon change 21,27, 28; southwest as Varuna 44
Morus, see mulberry.
mosquito 326
Mother Deity 246
mouse 309-311
mtDNA M Central Asia 98
mulberry 273-6; spread of 273; philology 274
Mundigak, iron at 41
musk 85, -deer 85,299
nabha 131fn
naa (reed) 92,176
nadtam 78
nakula 84
nalada 191-3
nalina 281
namadicus, see Equus namadicus.
nard 192
Nardostachys 191
Neneveh, bull at 117
Neolithic, Central European 107
Newstead pony/horse 144, 147
nla, flax 283
nipple, IE cognates 259
nvara 52,53
nomad 120; in Thar 82
nomadism as niche 168; steppe, date of 168
noria 30,110
north to south migration 161

Nostratic, oak 211

nyagrodha 69
oak (philology), Dardic kak 204; Hindi karhr 204; Pashto kharawah 204
oak 177; absence from Italy 228; arrival in N. Europe 198; distribution in past 215; Early
Holocene 212; expansion in Europe 219; habitat 220
oak savannah Iran 216; Indus Valley 216; Jammu 216; Nepal 217; Iran 217
oak, names in European 202-3; no common name 202
olive (philology) 285
opium 279-280
Oriental horse, origin of 122
orja (Arya) 103
oadhi 70
Osborn 123; on sivalensis 146
ostrich 375, linguistics of 376-7; RV 379
otter 297-8
Outram 160
oyster 291-2
Padova, horse burial at 127
pain, willow for 174
palla (millet) 64
Pamir 106,107,108,164
Panicum, dactylon 65; frumentaceum 62, 64; italicum 62; miliaceum 63; miliare 64;
sumatrens 64
panther 323
Panthera leo, see lion.
Paraechinus 312
Parjanya RV 266
parka 203; abundance 265; Austronesian cognates 206; European meanings 264; philology
of 206,263; thunder-God 264-5
para 246,261
parn-mga RV 378
parrot in Harappa 137
pastoral 66; economy 113
pastoralism 21
patella 292
patolaka 291
pearl 292
perkwu-s (PIE) 203, chimera word 203
Petrovka 114
phagos applied to beech 215; philology 210
Philippines Agricultural Review 149
Philippines, sivalensis horse in 147
Phoenix species 75
Phragmites 181; P. karaka 92
pig 328-31; Europe 329; absent from Balto-Slavic 331
Pindos horse 163
pine 239; -forest Early Holocene 186; in Iran 244; philology 186
Pinus in India 242
pinus-steppe 243-243
pipal, Goddess in 240

Piper longum 77
piplik, ant AV, 259; absent in RV 260
pippak 315
pippala (trembling) cognates of 258; IE philology of 250
pippala (tree) 69,70,72; leaves 72; transfer of name 260
pippali, pippal 77,257
Pirak, horse 113; horse figurines 140; camel figurine 365
Pistachio 205
Pistacia 205
pit-dwelling 43-4
plk- cognates meaning garment 270; meaning shape of pipal leaf 269-270
plka 74
plka and parkati 267; and plexus 267; and wood 269; cognates meaning flickering 270;
fluttering 271
playa 33; Thar 81
pl k- cognates meaning weaving 271
plough, philology of 131-3;
polecat 313
Pontic-Caspian steppe, hunter culture 105; absence of cattle from 105;
poplar 70,71,72, agro-forestry 73, cultivation 73
poplar, no common name in Europe 250; habitat 252; and horse 252; philology of 250;
salicylic acid in 252; and Sarasvati river 252
poplar-cultivation 251; in YV 251; end of 260
population growth, after LGM 20, 21; and migration 119-20
Populonia burial 124;
Populus 71,177,248-262
porcupine 296,314
Port, Derawar 40
Post-glacial Asia 199
potters wheel 38-9
pottery, handmade 38,39,40,111, in RV 4; Grey-ware 111; Quetta Ware 97; red 39; Sintashta
112
pdaku 322
premolar, large 149
pre-orbital, pit 144, depression 149
prishniparni 77
private allele, Yunnan 164; Jammu 164
priyagu 8,62-3
production, of food 22; industrial 22
proso millet 63
Prosopis 74,91,256
Proto-Indo-European 15
padava 384
pat 384
Psnigu 77
pthu-dru 239; cognates of 239
Przewalskii (horse) 9,148; different species 160; non-domesticable 160; never domesticated
165; not ancestral 158,159; Ridgeway on 159; dissimilar to Swat h. 124; in AIT 134
pga betel-nut 211
puarka 323

Pupulus tremula, see aspen.

pura, meaning of, 34
Purandara 29,34
Purukutsa 77
pukara, RV 68
ptudr 239
python 83-4
quercus altered meaning N. Europe 199; IA cognates of 204-5; meanings of cognates in
Europe 204; Valpi on 203
Quercus, see oak.
Quetta, BMAC person in 101
quinine 174
qust (Arabic) 192
R1a1a migration 20; Y DNA ancient 97
racehorse 148
ragi millet 60, 64
rain in desert RV 33; YV 82
rainy beginning of year 33-4
Rakhigarhi, Early Harappa, 21
rattan palm 178
Rau Wilhelm on Vedic pottery 39
Ray Lankester on horse 147
reduplication 299
reed, AV 176-7; grass- 92,
refugia, 19-20, 21; in India 197; beech 226; Populus in 249
resveratrol 185
rhinoceros 82,85-6; in Harappa 88; not in AV 94
ribs, seventeen pairs of 146,148,149
rice 52-55,64
Ridgeway, on Indian horse 144
riding, date of 141; riding, onset of 120; in Ur 123
Rig-Veda, absence of rice 7; climate change in, 23; date-palm in 7; millets in 7; wheat in 7
Rig-Veda-10.97 in Harappan seal 239-240
Rissman, on domestication 144; on horse 139
rohi 307-8
Rohira 92
ya-ga i 152
Rule, Allens 123; Bergmanns 123;
Russian lang., IA words in 103
Saami (Uralic), IA loanwords in 103
Sahoo, Sanghamitra 19,20,104
Said Kala Tepe, iron at 41
Saka, see Shaka.
sl tree 69
la, see Shorea.
salicin 174, in Populus 174
salicylic acid 71,174,180,188,252,258
Salix alba 174,180
Salix babylonica 178, in Jammu 179;
Salix tetraspermia, Amarakosha 173

salix (philology) 182

Salix, see willow.
Salmanasar II 360
salmon 301-2
alyaka, cognates 311-12,314
Sama-Veda 8, climate of 78-80
sm, am,74,256; AV 91
aka, akha 293
sakaa 293
sanobar (juniper) 231
aphara (fish) 300
sapta-mtrik 240; Harappa 234
Sarasvati, disconnect from glaciers 34; dried 27; Goddess in AV 27,79,94; river in Vedas 27;
drying of 78-9
Sarazm 106,108; contact with Indus 108; domestic sheep 108
Sargat culture 97
sarpa 315; philology 84
satellite data 78
Saussurea 191,192
Scythian era horse DNA 161
SEA horse in Spain 162
sea voyage in YV 44
seal no. DK 6847, 239; M-478A, 245
Senuwar 59
sepia 292
sesame 285; in YV 50; cultivation of 51-2; Indus Valley 51; Mesopotamia 51
Sesamum, see sesame.
kas 313
Setaria italicum 62
Seven Mothers 234-5,240; RV 235
sewer workers YV 37
Shah Tepe, camel at 365
Shahr-i-sokhta, camel at 362,365
Shaka migration 98
shaman 240; in RV 257
Shamash, hymn to 235
Sharma, G.R. 136; on Bolan horse 138; on goat 341
Sharma, R.S. on Indian horse 138
Shatapatha Brahmana, glass in 116, date of 117
sheep 106,331-39; archaeology 335-7; Central Asia, from India 333; domestic at Sarazm 108;
in steppe, only recent 333-4; wild, NW India 331-2
sheep philology 338-9
sheep, wild, absent Europe 334
Shell, Turbinella 101
Shetland poly, domestication 165
Shikarpur horse 139; -bone 136
Shinde, V. (2008) 7,43,52-5
Shiva in Syrian inscription 235
Shorea 69
Shortughai, camel 363

shrew 311-12
shuka 316
Siberia, Indo-Iranian migration to 97; western 97
siha 321
imap, see sissoo.
Sind Ibex 342
Singh, Bhagwan 29
singhos 321
Sintashta 104,114
sippik 291,292
sr Goddess 73
ssam 41
sissoo 67, in RV 67; absent from AV 91; leaves of gold 68; Mehrgarh 67, Mesopotamia 68;
pollen, pre-Harappan 92
sivalensis (horse) 123,126,144; extinction of 136,140; habitat 169; migration 127; in
Southeast Asia 137
sivalensis ancestor of, native Indian horse 143; Arab horse 143
skin-burn, treatment of 49
skull-pit (in horse) 143, 145
snake 84,315; in YV 83-4
snake-eater 312
soma 184; -drink RV 92; God AV 92; grape 58; lord of plants 240; philology 185; tuberculosis
treatment by, 58-9
Son Valley horse 138
Sorex 311
sorghum 64-5
Southeast Asia, Bronze Age migration to 22
southern route, oak in 217,228; pine in 244; poplar in 250
Spanish horse, local domestication 162,165, 166
spider 295
spoked-wheel 121
gla, cognates 323
gra 152
steppe-hypothesis rejected 99
steppe, absence of- beech in 223,224,225,227,228; domestic sheep in 167; pig in 329-30
steppe, climate of, at 4200 BC 135; Early Holocene 242; farming in 135; forest before 3000
BC 168; nomadism in 135; oak in 221; pastoralism in 135; turned forest 199
steppe, southern influence on 112
steppe-horse domestication 159; no local domestication 162; origin of 165
steppe-nomadic complex 108
sthan, meaning in Russian 103
sthava 372; cognates of 373-4
Stockwell horse 143
store-room YV 236,238
suber (L.) 208
sugar 287
Sultana, on goat DNA 342
Sulu horse 148
Sumer, lion in 88; travellers account 235
n Goddess 73

Suncus 311
supari 208
supar 378
suparna oak 208-9,238
supar (philology) 209
suparik 209
supippala 72-3,251; flowers of 258
Surkotada horse 137, 154,159
Sushruta-Samhita 234; tuberculosis 241
ua 3,194
Sutlej River 78
swastika 114
Swat horse 121-2,127; figurine 125; grape 57; human DNA 19;
swine, cognates 330
ym 62,
yma 94
ymaka 62
ymam 41
Syria, Indian DNA in ancient 100
taboo against horse-seals 150
Tajikistan, sivalensis 136
takmna 189
tar from pine 214
Tarakai Qila 59-60
Tardiglacial 20-21
Tarim Basin skull 98
Tarpan horse 148
tear-gland, horse 144
Tentek-sor, absence of cattle from 105; Asian Wild Ass at 105; horse bones at 167
terpene 231
Terqa, Indian DNA in 100
tetraploid 61; wheat 55
textile from Ficus fibres 267-8
Thar grassland 90; hunter-gatherers in 95; lakes in 95; playa 33
Thar, afforestation of 81
Thieme 301-2
Thompson, J.A. 10; on sivalensis horse 148
thorn-apple 277
Thoroughbred, ancestry of 143,147
tiger 79; absence from Rig-Veda 14; t. in Harappa 91; in YV 83
tika 350-51
tila, cognates 286
tittira 316
toad, cognates 296
Tokwa 59
tonga (chariot) 142
tortoise 86,88,295; in YV 83
Tosi on camel 361
trade, pre-historic Afro-Arabian 93
Trautmann, Eurocentric 136

traveller to Sumer 235

treatise, Hittite 121
tree with fruit RV 240
tree without flower RV 240,245
tree-line 219
tri-kadruka RV 237
trikakuta 151
true horse 160
tuberculosis 234,241; and Vitis (soma) 58-9; treatment 185
Tulasidas 41
Turkmenistan, Indus seal in 97; wheat Neolithic 56
turtle 88,295
Tusratta 119
Udmurt 102
udumbara 74
Ukraine, Eastern human invasion into 99
Ukrainian cow, DNA study of 107
Underhill, Peter 20,97
unicorn, seals 150; Harappan 151
Uralic languages 102
Uraria 77
US Bureau report on sivalensis 147; on horse origin 159;
ura cognates 369-70,371-2
vaca, Calamus rotang 178
vjin-vat 252
Varaha 151
Varuna, ends drought 27; the Rain-God 44
vata tree 74
Vats, M.S. 120; on unicorn 150
Vedic pottery 39
vetasa 173; vetasa AV 93; for fever MaxMuller 180; for pain TS 179; habitat in river 181
vetche 52
Vetiveria 193
vetra 178,
Vindhyan Neolithic 129
violence at Harappa 87
Vitast river 176
Vitis 59,177; V. vinifera pre-Harappan 92; v. philology of 183
vrhi 52
Vrtra 28,29
Vtrasura 83
war-chariot 142
wasp 326fn 30
water-logging YV 52
water-wheel 110; in RV 30
wax, bees 327
weaving, oldest 268
wheat 52,54; absent from RV 57; import in Begash 107-8; in Bronze Age Ukraine 56; wild 55
wild camel RV 366
wild cat 331

wild horse, Indus 125; death of 125; in RV

wild mares from many regions 165
wild rice 52,53
willow 93; as common tree 186; golden- 93; habitat of 175,176; Early Holocene, Central Asia
175; Early Holocene steppe 185-6; in homeland 176; in northern route 185; soil-type for 176;
species in India 179
willow pollen at Mehrgarh 174,177; at Jammu 177; absence from steppe 175
willow, in Indo-Aryan lang. 187; philology 182-3
willow-forest, Mongolia 168, Gobi 168
Witzel demolished 261; on beaver 298; on beech 213,216,218,223; on oak 221; on beech in
Greece 227; on birch 196-7; on camel 371; on mouse 309; on willow 178-9
wolf 79,90,324-5
wool 38; RV 32; of camel 361
writing 38
Yajur Veda climate 367; use of bricks in, 36, 37
yakma RV 241; treatment of 190
Yamuna River 78
Zagros, goat 340
zebu 352; DNA in Ukraine 107; migration to west Asia 117, to Oman 118
Zeder, Melinda 338, 340
Zeravshan valley 113
Ziziphus 76