Hydrostatics Solutions

Solutions of Exercises on
Oshore Hydrostatics
(Lecture Code OT4620)
J.M.J. Journe and W.W. Massie
November 5, 2003
In this quiz book, the solutions of a number of exercises on hydromechanical problems in

oshore activities are given. As far as possible, these exercises are given here in the same
order as the underlying theory has been treated in the textbook of the lecture OT4620:
Oshore Hydromechanics
(First Edition)
by
J.M.J. Journe and W.W. Massie
1
1. Miscellaneous on Static Loads
One has a large open tank with three 100 mm diameter drain holes in its bottom. There
is atmospheric pressure all around the tank. Before the tank is lled with water ( = 1000
kg/m3) each hole is closed o in a dierent way:
A vertical steel pipe - just as long as the height of the tank sides - is used to close o one
hole. The pipe has a diameter of 200 mm with a seal along its lower edge. The pipe
weighs 600 N.
The second opening is closed o by a steel ( = 7850 kg/m3 ) disk, 200 mm in diameter,
with a seal along its perimeter. The plate weighs 70 N and has a nylon cord leading
to the water surface.
The third opening has a plywood ( = 750 kg/m3 ) cover which weighs 7 N. It is otherwise
identical to the steel cover.
Questions:
a) With the pipe and the two covers in place, can the tank be lled?
b) Assuming that the tank has been lled to a depth of 5 m, which of the three drains
will be easiest to open? Explain also why!
Solutions:
a) The tank can be lled. The pressures on the pipe and covers act only on the sides
till the water depth is higher than the top of the covers. The seals prevent water
pressure from working on the bottom of the covers so that the wooden cover does
not oat!
b) Force to remove cover:
Force to lift pipe:
F = weight of pipe = 600 N
Force to lift steel cover:
F1 = gh A = 1000 9:81 5
0:22 = 1541 N
4
F2 = weight of cover = 70 N
F = F1 + F2 = 1541 + 70 = 1611 N
Force to lift wood cover:
F = F1 + F2 = 1541 + 7 = 1548 N
So, pipe is easiest to lift!
2
2. Miscellaneous on Static Floating Stability
Questions:
a) What is the relation between a ships mass and its volume of displacement.
b) Give a denition (in words) of:
- the center of gravity of a structure, G,
- the center of buoyancy of a structure, B,
- the initial metacenter, M , and
- the metacenter, N :
c) Prove for a rectangular pontoon that:
I
BM = T
r
and
IT
1
2
BN =
1 + tan
r
2
What is the generally used name of the second expression?
d) Explain why B = M = N for a fully submerged structure such as a submarine.

e) Show that for a rectangular barge - with length L, breadth B and uniform draft T one can write:
B2
BM =
12 T
f) Prove that for a wall-sided ship, the vertical separation of B and G at angle of heel
is given by:
1
2
BZ = BG + BM tan cos
2
where BG and BM relate to the upright condition.
Show that - when this ship has a free uid surface in a wall-sided tank - the previous
expression becomes:
BG = BGS +
where the subscripts S and
1
BM GS G F tan2 cos
2
relate to the solid and uid centers of gravity.
g) Show that the dynamical stability of a wall-sided vessel up to an angle is given by

the expression:
1
P = BG (cos 1) + BM tan sin gr
2
h) A wall-sided vessel with a negative GM lolls to an angle 0 . Express this angle in
terms of GM and BM.
i) A laden rectangular barge with a breadth of 6.00 m has a metacentric height of GM =
0:20 m when oating at a uniform draft of 3.00 m. Calculate the angle of loll 0.
3
j) A small mass is added to a wall-sided ship on the center line at such a position as to
leave trim unchanged. Show that the metacentric height is reduced if the mass is
added at a height above keel greater than T GM , where T is the draft.
k) A rectangular homogeneous block (30 m long, 7 m wide and 3 m deep) is half as dense
as the water in which it is oating. Calculate the metacentric height, GM , and the
stability lever arm, GZ, at 15 degrees and 30 degrees heel.
l) In one way or another, you are involved in the design process of converting an existing
ship with a length of about 200 meters into a stone-dumping vessel. You have been
informed that the location of the center of buoyancy, B, at the fully laden draft and
zero trim has been determined (via hydrostatic calculations) at 3.25 meters in front
of the amidships section. However, accurate mass calculations show you that the
center of gravity, G, of the ship in this loading condition will be of about 4.75 meters
in front of the amidships section.
Assuming correct hydrostatic calculations, what will be your comment on this information with respect to the actual under-water geometry of the vessel?
m) One has a glass tube nearly lled with water and closed at each end.
We have also an hourglass (in Dutch: zandloper) oating in the water in the tube.
The hourglass has a maximum diameter a bit less than the internal diameter of the
tube. The total weight of the hourglass (including the sand in it) is only slightly less
the weight of the same total volume of water - it just barely oats.
If we abruptly invert the glass tube then:
- the air bubble comes to the top immediately,
- the hourglass remains at the bottom, and
- the sand moves slowly from the upper hourglass chamber to the lower one.
Some time later, the hourglass slowly rises to the top of the tube.
Explain why it initially stays at the bottom!
Solutions:
a) m = r
b)
c) Scribanti formula; for derivation see textbook.
d) There is no water plane area, so IT = 0 which yields BM = BN = 0
e) BM =
IT
r
1
3
12 LB
LBT
f)
g)
h) = arctan
i) = 32:3 degrees.
2jGM j
BM
B2
12T
4
j)
k) GM = 1:972 m, GZ (15) = 0:536 m and GZ (30) = 1:047 m.
l) Because of a stability lever arm - between the centers of buoyancy and gravity - the
ship will trim until this arm becomes zero.
m) Initially, the hourglass has a negative GM and it heels against the glass tube. As
a consequence, it remains at the bottom due to friction. After a certain time the
GM becomes positive and the hourglass gets an upright position without friction
anymore. Then it rises slowly to the top of the tube.
5
3. Float-On Float-O Pontoon
Figure 0.1: Float-On Float-O Pontoon

In a harbor with fresh water ( = 1.000 ton/m3) an empty rectangular Float-On Float-O
Pontoon, as given in gure 0.1 has an amidships draft of 1.55 meter in an upright even keel
condition. A rough inclining experiment has been carried out, by fully lling a port side
tank aft (tank VI), which is bounded by half the length of the pontoon and the longitudinal
middle line plane of the pontoon, with fresh water (wb = 1.000 ton/m3). The measured
angle of heel 1 was 1.46 degrees. In the calculations, the volumes of plating, frames and
other structure parts may be ignored.
a) Determine the position of the centre of gravity G 0 and the initial metacentric height
G0 M0 of the empty pontoon.
b) Determine the trim angle 1 during the inclination experiment.
c) Determine the drafts at the four corners of the pontoon during the inclination experiment.
d) Determine the angle of heel 2 in case of an 80 per cent lled tank, during the inclination
experiment.
During operation, the pontoon will be sunk down in a protected bay by loading ballast
seawater ( = wb = 1.025 ton/m3) in all 16 tanks. This ballast water is supposed to have
an equal height h in all 16 tanks.
e) Determine the initial metacentric height GM at an even keel draft of 7.50 meter,
supposing that water will just not cover the deck.
6
f) Determine the GM -value at an even keel draft of 7.50 meter, supposing that water had
just covered the deck.
g) Determine the GM -value, when the pontoon has been sunk down until an even keel
draft of 11.50 meter.
Now, the pontoon picks up a drill-rig, with the following specications:
upright even keel condition
mass = 4920 ton
K G = 20.00 meter
water plane dimensions: 40 x 40 meter
no free surfaces of liquids in any tank
h) Determine the initial metacentric height of the rig.
i) Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig, supposing that they just hit
each other when de-ballasting the pontoon during loading of the rig (centre of rig
above centre of pontoon).
j) Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig when all water ballast has
been removed from the pontoon.
k) Determine the angle of heel when, due to an inaccurate loading of the pontoon, the
centre of the rig is amidships but 1.0 meter outside the middle line plane of the
pontoon.
Solutions:
a) G 0: amidships at middle line plane with K G0 = 4.02 m and G 0M0 = 45.15 m.
b) 1 = 0:380
c) T1i = 1.28, 2.00, 2.04 and 2.76 m, respectively.
d) 2 = 1:160.
e) GM = 9.93 m.
f) GM = 1.55 m.
g) GM = 1.62 m.
h) GM = 25.94 m.
i) GM = 5.51 m.
j) GM = 10.86 m.
k) = 2:610 .
7
Detailed Solutions
Volume of displacement r 0 of empty pontoon:
r0
=
=
L B T0
108:00 30:00 1:55 = 5022 m3
Mass of displacement 0 of empty pontoon:

0
=
=
r0
1:000 5022 = 5022 ton
Solution of Part 3-a

Determine the position of the centre of gravity G0 and the initial metacentric height G 0M0
of the empty pontoon. The empty pontoon lies at an even keel condition. So, the centre
of buoyancy of the pontoon and also the centre of gravity of the pontoon are situated
amidships at half the length of the pontoon.
Mass of water ballast wb in a fully lled tank:
wb
=
=
wb l b h
1:000 27:00 7:50 7:50 = 1519 ton
Centre of gravity of water ballast in a fully lled tank with respect to half the length of
the pontoon, the middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
zwb
=
=
=
13:50 m
+3:75 m
+3:75 m
The calculation will be carried out in two steps:

1. Suppose the water ballast concentrated on a vertical line through the centre of the
water plane in a horizontal plane through the centre of gravity of the water ballast
(parallel sinkage).
2. Shift the centre of gravity of the water ballast to the right position by adding a
heeling moment (heel).
Step 1: Suppose a parallel sinkage.
The new draft T1 becomes:
1
So
=
=
:
L B T1 = 1:000 108:00 30:00 T1 = 3240 T1

0 + wb = 5022 + 1519 = 6541
6541
T1 =
= 2:02 m
3240
Centre of buoyancy above keel K B1:

K B1 =
T1
2:02
=
= 1:01 m
2
2
8
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy B1M1 :
B1M1
=
=
1
LB 3
IT
B2
12
=
=
r1
LBT1
12 T 1
2
30:00
= 37:13 m
12 2:02
Step 2: Add a heeling moment.

A transverse shift of the centre of gravity of the water ballast over a distance ywb will result
in a angle of heel 1 = 1:460.
Replace this shift by a heeling moment MH :
MH = wb g ywb cos 1
The righting stability moment of the pontoon MS is:
MS = (0 + wb) g G1M1 sin 1
Because of the equilibrium MH = MS , it follows for the initial metacentric height G1 M1:
G1 M1
wb ywb
(0 + wb ) tan 1
1519 3:75
= 34:18 m
(5022 + 1519) tan(1:460)
=
=
This formula for G1M1 can be used, because 1 is very small:

M1N
=
=
1
tan2 1
2
B1 M1 0:000325 0:00
B1 M1
Herewith is the position of the centre of gravity of the pontoon including water ballast
KG 1 known:
K G1
=
=
KB1 + B1 M1 G1M1
1:01 + 37:13 34:18 = 3:96 m
For the empty pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity KG 0 follows from the rst
moment of masses of the pontoon including water ballast with respect to the base plane:
1 KG1 =
(pontoon + wb)
0 K G0 + wb zwb
(pontoon)
(wb)
So:
K G0
=
=
1 K G1 wb zwb
0
(5022 + 1519) 3:96 1519 3:75
= 4:02 m
5022

K B0 =
T0
1:55
=
= 0:78 m
2
2
9
B0M0
=
=
1
IT
LB 3
B2
= 12
=
r0
LBT0
12 T 0
2
30:00
= 48:39 m
12 1:55
Herewith is the initial metacentric height of the empty pontoon G0 M0 known:

G0M0
=
=
K B0 + B0M0 K G0
0:78 + 48:39 4:02 = 45:15 m
Solution of Part 3-b

Determine the trim angle 1 during the inclination experiment.
KB1 = 1:01 m
Longitudinal metacenter above centre of buoyancy BML:
B1M1L
=
=
1
IL
BL3
L2
= 12
=
r1
LBT1
12 T1
2
108:00
= 481:19 m
12 2:02
Centre of gravity above keel KG 1:

KG1 = 3:96 m
Herewith is the initial longitudinal metacentric height of the pontoon including water
ballast G 1M1L known:
G1 M1L
=
=
K B1 + B1M1L KG 1
1:01 + 481:19 3:96 = 478:24 m
A longitudinal shift of the centre of gravity of the water ballast over a distance xwb will
result in a trim angle 1.
Replace this shift by a trimming moment MH L:
MHL = wb g xwb cos 1
The longitudinal righting stability moment of the pontoon MSL is:
MSL = 0 + wb g G 1M1L sin 1
Because of the equilibrium MHL = MSL , it follows for the trim angle 1:
tan 1
=
=
wb xwb
(0 + wb ) G 1M1L
1519 13:50
= 0:380
(5022 + 1519) 478:24
10
Solution of Part 3-c
Determine the drafts at the four angular points of the pontoon during the inclination
experiment.
Half the heel displacement is:
B
30:00
tan 1 =
tan(1:460 ) = 0:38 m
2
2
Half the trim displacement is:
L
108:00
tan 1 =
tan(0:380 ) = 0:36 m
2
2
Drafts at angular points of pontoon:
Starboard aft:
2.02 + 0.38 + 0.36 = 2.76 m
Starboard forward: 2.02 + 0.38 0.36 = 2.04 m
Port side aft:
2.02 0.38 + 0.36 = 2.00 m
Port side forward: 2.02 0.38 0.36 = 1.28 m
Solution of Part 3-d
Determine the angle of heel 2 in case of an 80 per cent lled tank, during the inclination
experiment.
Mass of water ballast wb in the 80 per cent lled tank:
wb = 0:80 1519 = 1215 ton
Centre of gravity of water ballast in the 80 per cent lled tank with respect to half the
length of the pontoon, the middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
zwb
13:50 m
+3:75 m
0:80 3:75 = +3:00 m
=
=
=
Suppose a parallel sinkage.

The new draft T2 becomes:
0 + wb = 2
=
=
So :
L B T2
1:000 108:00 30:00 T2 = 5022 + 1215
T2 = 1:92 m

K B2 =
T2
1:92
=
= 0:96 m
2
2
The position of the centre of gravity K G2 follows from the rst moment of masses of the
pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base plane:
2 K G2 = 0 K G0 + wb zwb
So:
KG2
=
=
0 KG0 + wb z wb
2
5022 4:02 1215 3:00
= 3:82 m
5022 + 1215
11
1
LB 3
IT
B2
12
B2M2 =
=
=
r2
LBT2
12 T 2
2
30:00
=
= 39:06 m
12 1:92
Herewith is the initial metacentric height of the pontoon with the 80 per cent lled tank
with frozen water ballast G 2M2 known:
G2M2
=
=
K B2 + B2M2 K G2
0:96 + 39:06 3:82 = 36:20 m
Now we let the water ballast unfreeze and the reduction G2G 02 of the metacentric height
becomes:
G2 G02
=
=
wb it
r2
1
1:000 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:15 m
1:000 (5022 + 1215)
Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon with the 80 per cent lled
tank G02 M2 known:
G02 M2
=
=
G2M2 G 2G02
36:20 0:15 = 36:05 m
Add a heeling moment.

A transverse shift of the centre of gravity of the water ballast over a distance ywb will result
in a angle of heel 2.
Replace this shift by a heeling moment MH :
MH = wb g ywb cos 2
The righting stability moment of the pontoon MS is:
MS = 2 g G 02M2 sin 2
Because of the equilibrium MH = MS , it follows for the angle of heel 2:
tan 2
=
=
wb ywb
2 G02M 2
1215 3:75
(5022 + 1215) 36:05
or: 2 = 1:160
Note 1:
In this exercise, the eect of the free surface in the tank is very small.
In case of frozen cargo, the angle of heel 2 would be:
tan 2
=
=
wb ywb
2 G2M 2
1215 3:75
(5022 + 1215) 36:20
or: 2 = 1:150
12
Note 2:
The small reduction of the metacentric height has been obtained in the design of the
pontoon by a subdivision in the transverse direction in 4 compartments. As a result of
this, the transverse moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of the free surface of the
water ballast i t has been reduced considerably.
With a tank over the full breadth, the reduction G2G 02 of the metacentric height would be:
G 2G02
wb it
r2
1
1:000 12
27:00 30:003
= 9:78 m
1:000 (5022 + 1215)
=
=
Solution of Part 3-e

Determine the initial metacentric height GM at an even keel draft of 7.50 meter, supposing
that water will just not enter the deck.
Volume of displacement r of pontoon:
r
=
=
LBT
108:00 30:00 7:50 = 24300 m3
Total mass of displacement of pontoon:
=
=
r
1:025 24300 = 24908 ton
Mass of water ballast wb in pontoon:

wb
=
=
0
24980 5022 = 19886 ton
Height h of water level in ballast tanks:

h
=
=
wb
LB
19886
= 5:98 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
Centre of gravity of total water ballast with respect to half the length of the pontoon, the
middle line plane and the base plane:
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
5:98
=
= 2:99 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the rst
moment of masses of the empty pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base
plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + wb z wb
13
So:
KG
0 KG 0 + wb z wb
5022 4:02 + 19886 2:99

= 3:20 m
24908
=
=
Centre of buoyancy above keel K B:

KB =
T
7:50
=
= 3:75 m
2
2
Metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM :

BM
=
=
1
IT
LB 3
B2
= 12
=
r
LBT
12 T
2
30:00
= 10:00 m
12 7:50
The reduction of the metacentric height GG 0 due to the free surface of the water ballast
becomes:
GG 0
=
=
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:62 m
24908
Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon G 0M known:

G0 M
=
=
KB + BM K G GG0
3:75 + 10:00 3:20 0:62 = 9:93 m
Solution of Part 3-f

Determine the GM -value at an even keel draft of 7.50 meter, supposing that water had
just entered the deck.
With respect to Exercise 5, here BM changes only:
BM =
IT
r
The transverse moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of the water plane can be
found by subtraction of moments of inertia of rectangles:
IT
=
=
o
1 n
9:00 30:003 16:003 + 18:00 30:003 23:003
12
39428 m4
or by using Steiners rule:

IT
=
=
1
3
3
2
2
2
9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50 + 9:00 7:00 11:50 + 18:00 3:50 13:25
12
39428 m4
14
With this, the metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM becomes:
IT
39428
=
= 1:62 m
r
24300
BM =

G0 M
KB + BM KG GG0
3:75 + 1:62 3:20 0:62 = 1:55 m
=
=
Solution of Part 3-g

Determine the GM -value, when the pontoon has been sink down until an even keel draft
of 11.50 meter.
r = 24300 + 2 (9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50) (11:50 7:50) = 25308 m3
=
=
r
1:025 25308 = 25941 ton

wb
=
=
0
25941 5022 = 20919 ton

h
wb
LB
20919
= 6:30 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
=
=
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
6:30
=
= 3:15 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the rst
moment of masses of the empty pontoon and the water ballast with respect to the base
plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + wb z wb
So:
KG
=
=
0 KG 0 + wb z wb
5022 4:02 + 20919 3:15

= 3:32 m
25941
15
Centre of buoyancy above keel K B follows from the rst moment of volumes of the individual parts of the under water geometry of the pontoon with respect to the base plane:
r KB =
=
108:00 30:00 7:50 3:75

+2 (9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50) (11:50 7:50) 9:50
100701 m4
So:
100701
= 3:98 m
25308
KB =
BM =
IT
39428
=
= 1:56 m
r
25308
becomes:
GG 0
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:60 m
25941
=
=

G0 M
=
=
KB + BM KG GG0
3:98 + 1:56 3:32 0:60 = 1:62 m
Solution of Part 3-h

Determine the initial metacentric height of the rig.
r rig
T rig
K B rig
BM rig
GM rig
rig
4920
=
= 4800 m3
1:025
rrig
4800
=
= 3:00 m
Lrig Brig
40:00 40:00
T rig
3:00
=
= 1:50 m
2
2
1
3
2
Lrig Brig
Brig
ITrig
40:002
= 12
=
=
= 44:44 m
r rig
Lrig Brig Trig
12 Trig
12 3:00
KB rig + BM rig K Grig = 1:50 + 44:44 20:00 = 25:94 m
Solution of Part 3-i

Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig, supposing that they just hit each
other when inating the pontoon during loading the rig (centre of rig above centre of
pontoon).
Draft T at even keel of pontoon:
T = 7:50 + 3:00 = 10:50 m
16
r = 24300 + 2 (9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50) (10:50 7:50) = 25056 m3
=
=
r
1:025 25056 = 25683 ton

wb
=
=
0
25683 5022 = 20661 ton

h
=
=
wb
LB
20661
= 6:22 m
1:025 108:00 30:00
xwb
ywb
=
=
zwb
0:00 m
0:00 m
h
6:22
=
= 3:11 m
2
2
For the ballasted pontoon + rig, the position of the centre of gravity K G follows from the
rst moment of masses of the empty pontoon, the water ballast and the rig with respect
to the base plane of the pontoon:
( + rig) KG = 0 K G0 + wb zwb + rig zrig
With z rig = 7:50 + 20:00 = 27:50 meter, it is found:
KG
=
=
0 KG0 + wb zwb + rig zrig

+ rig
5022 4:02 + 20661 3:11 + 4920 27:50
= 7:18 m
25683 + 4920
The centre of buoyancy above keel KB follows from the rst moment of volumes of the
individual parts of the under water geometry of the pontoon and the rig with respect to
the base plane of the pontoon:
(r + rrig) KB =
108:00 30:00 7:50 3:75

+2 (9:00 7:00 + 18:00 3:50) 3:00 9:00
+4800 (7:50 + 1:50)
141129 m4
17
So:
141129
= 4:73 m
25056 + 4800
KB =
IT
39428 + 40:00 40:003
=
= 8:47 m
r + rrig
25056 + 4800
BM =
becomes:
GG 0
=
=
wb it
r
1
16 1:025 12
27:00 7:503
= 0:51 m
25056 + 4800

G0 M
=
=
KB + BM KG GG0
4:73 + 8:47 7:18 0:51 = 5:51 m
Solution of Part 3-j

Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+rig when all water ballast has been
removed from the pontoon.
KB
BM
KG
GG0
GM
=
=
0 + rig = 5022 + 4920 = 9942 ton
9942
=
= 9700 m3
1:025
r
9700
=
= 3:00 m
LB
108:00 30:00
T
3:00
=
= 1:50 m
2
2
IT
B2
30:002
=
=
= 25:00 m
r
12 T
12 3:00
5022 4:02 + 4920 27:50
= 15:64 m
5022 + 4920
0:00 m
K B + BM K G = 1:50 + 25:00 15:64 = 10:86 m
Solution of Part 3-k

Determine the angle of heel when, due to an inaccurate loading of the pontoon, the centre
of the rig is amidships 1.0 meter outside the middle line plane of the pontoon.
MH
MS
=
=
tan
4920 g 1:00 cos

(5022 + 4920) g 10:86 sin
4920 1:00
= 0:0456
(5022 + 4920) 10:86
or: = 2:610
18
4. Metacentric Height
Figure 0.2: Unloading a Ship

A laden wall-sided ship with its own derrick on board, as given in gure 0.2, is oating
without heel at an even keel condition in fresh water ( = 1.000 ton/m3 ) with a volume of
displacement r of 12000 m3. The load, which is a mass p of 250 ton, is placed in one of
the holds on the tank top of the double bottom. The centre of gravity of this mass lies in
the middle line plane, 3.00 meter above the base plane of the ship. The suspension point
of the cargo in the derrick lies 25.00 meter above the base plane of the ship. When the
derrick is turned outboard fully, this suspension point lies 15.00 meter from the middle line
plane of the ship.
As soon as the mass has been hoisted from the tank top of the double bottom, the ship
heels 2.0 degrees. After hoisting the mass further and turning it outboard fully, the angle
of heel becomes 17.0 degrees.
Determine the initial metacentric height G 0M of the ship, before the unloading operations.
The inuence of the mass of the turning derrick may be ignored.
Solution: G0M = 0.44 m.
Detailed Solution
Mass free of tank top: = 20 .
This equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment MS equals the heeling
moment MH , which is zero:
MS
=
=
=
gr GZ
gr GN sin
gr GM + MN sin
19
=
=
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
MH = 0
This equilibrium at = 20 gives the following equation with the unknowns BM and GM :
1
GM + BM tan2 = 0
2
or:
GM + 0:000610 BM = 0
Mass turned outboard fully: = 170.

This equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment MS equals the heeling
moment MH :
MS
=
=
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
MH = 250 g 15:00 cos
This equilibrium at = 170 gives a second equation with the unknowns BM and GM :
1
1:000 g 12000 GM + BM tan2 (170 ) sin(170) = 250 g 15:00 cos(170 )
2
or:
GM + 0:046736 BM = 1:0221
The solution of these two equations with the unknowns BM and GM gives:
= 22:16 m
= 0:01 m
BM
GM
The position of the original centre of gravity G0 follows from the rst moment of masses
of the ship with hoisted cargo with respect to the base plane:
12000 K G = 12000 K G0 + 250 (25:00 3:00)
From this follows the vertical shift of the centre of gravity:
G0G = KG KG 0 =
250 (25:00 3:00)

= 0:46 m
12000
The metacentric height before the unloading operations of the cargo becomes:
G 0M
=
=
G 0G + GM
0:46 0:01 = 0:45 m
20
5. Unloading a Pontoon
Figure 0.3: Unloading a Pontoon

An empty rectangular pontoon, subdivided in 8 watertight compartments of equal dimensions, has the following principal dimensions:
length L = 40.00 meter
breadth B = 6.00 meter
depth D = 2.50 meter
mass 0 = 200 ton
The pontoon is oating at an even keel condition in fresh water ( = 1.000 ton/m3). The
vertical position of the centre of gravity above the base plane KG0 is 1.20 meter. The
pontoon is laden with two masses of p = 50 ton each, of which the centres of gravity are
positioned at half the length of the pontoon, yp = 1.75 meter from the middle line plane
of the pontoon and zp = 1.25 meter above the deck of the pontoon, see gure 0.3.
a) Determine the initial metacentric height of pontoon+masses.
b) Determine the angle of heel of the pontoon after unloading one of the masses. It may
not be assumed that this angle is small.
c) To obtain an upright position again, two tanks will be equally lled with water ballast
(wb = 1.000 ton/m3). Determine the mass of the water ballast and the reduced
initial metacentric height.
Solutions:
a) GM = 0.975 m.
b) = 11:30.
c) wb = 58.33 ton and G0 M = 1.35 m.
21
Detailed Solutions
0 + 2 p = 200 + 2 50 = 300 ton
300
=
= 300 m3
1:000
The pontoon is laden with the centre of gravity of the two masses together at the centre
of the water plane, so it will sink down parallel to the water plane. The under water hull
form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel.
So:
T
KB
BM
r
300
=
= 1:25 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:25
=
= 0:625 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:40 m
r
12 T
12 1:25
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden pontoon follows from the rst
moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
KG = 0 KG 0 + 2 p (D + zp)
So:
KG
=
=
0 K G0 + 2 p (D + zp)
200 1:20 + 2 50 (2:50 + 1:25)

= 2:05 m
300
Herewith, the initial metacentric height is known:

GM
=
=
KB + BM KG
0:625 + 2:40 2:05 = 0:975 m

The pontoon is laden with one mass p on a distance c from the middle line plane.
Expecting a relative large angle of heel, the calculations will be carried out as follows:
1. Place the mass p above the centre of the water plane in a horizontal plane through
the centre of the mass and, as a result of this, let the pontoon sink deeper parallel
to the water plane. Determine in this situation the righting stability moment MS in
relation to the angle of heel .
The righting stability moment MS of the pontoon is given by:
gr GN sin
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
gr GM + BM tan2 sin
2
22
2. Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a heeling moment MH , which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
3. Finally, the equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled.
gr GM +
or:
1
BM tan2 sin = p g c cos
2
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
r
Detailed further Working-out of Part 5-b

Displacements of laden pontoon:
0 + p = 200 + 50 = 250 ton
250
=
= 250 m3
1:000
Due to the parallel sinkage, the under water hull form remains a rectangular pontoon at
an even keel condition without heel, so:
T
KB
BM
r
250
=
= 1:04 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:04
=
= 0:52 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:89 m
r
12 T
12 1:02
r K G = r0 KG 0 + p (D + zp )
So:
KG
=
=
r0 K G0 + p (D + z p)
r
200 1:20 + 50 (2:50 + 1:25)
= 1:71 m
250

GM
=
=
KB + BM KG
0:52 + 2:89 1:71 = 1:70 m
As pointed out before, an equilibrium will be achieved when the righting stability moment
MS equals the heeling moment MH :
GM +
1
pc
BM tan2 tan =
2
r
23
Inserting the calculated data in this equation gives:
1:70 +
or:
1
87:5
2:89 tan2 tan =
2
1:000 250
1:445 tan3 + 1:700 tan = 0:350
This third degree equation in tan can be solved iteratively by the Regula-Falsi method,
by calculating the left hand side LHS of the equation as a function of until a value equal
to the value of the right hand side RHS = 0:350 has been found:
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:308
= 15:00 ! LHS = 0:483
= 11:20 ! LHS = 0:348
= 11:30 ! LHS = 0:351
RHS = 0:350
So: 11:30.
Two tanks will be lled up to an equal height hwb with water ballast (wb = 1.000 ton/m3).
The distance ywb of the centre of the water ballast to the middle line plane is 1.50 meter.
The pontoon is in an upright position, when the heeling moment MH caused by the mass
p is equal to the moment of the water ballast Mwb:
MH
=
=
p g yp = 50:0 g 1:75
Mwb = wb g ywb = wb g 1:50
This equilibrium gives the mass of the water ballast:

wb =
87:5
= 58:33 ton
1:50
and herewith it is found for the laden and ballasted pontoon:

rwb
hwb
zwb
wb
58:33
=
= 58:33 m3
wb
1:000
rwb
58:33
=
= 0:97 m
2 lt bt
2 10:00 3:00
hwb
0:97
=
= 0:485 m
2
2
0 + p + wb = 200 + 50 + 58:33 = 308:33 ton
308:33
=
= 308:33 m3
1:000
The under water hull form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel.
So:
T
KB
BM
GG 0
r
308:33
=
= 1:285 m
LB
40:00 6:00
T
1:285
=
= 0:64 m
2
2
IT
B2
6:002
=
=
= 2:335 m
r
12 T
12 1:285
P
1
2 1:000 12
10:00 3:003
wb it
=
= 0:145 m
r
308:33
24
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden and ballasted pontoon follows
from the rst moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
K G = 0 KG 0 + p (D + zp ) + wb zwb
So:
KG
=
=
0 KG0 + p (D + zp) + wb zwb
200 1:20 + 50 (2:50 + 1:25) + 58:33 0:485

= 1:48 m
308:33
Herewith, the reduced initial metacentric height is known:

G0 M
=
=
KB + BM K G GG0
0:64 + 2:335 1:48 0:145 = 1:35 m
25
6. Lift Operation by a Pontoon
Figure 0.4: Lift Operation by a Pontoon

A rectangular pontoon has the following principal dimensions:
length L = 60.00 meter
breadth B = 12.00 meter
depth D = 6.00 meter
One of the double bottom tanks is partly lled with fuel with a density f = 0.900 ton/m3.
The length of this tank lf is 20.00 meter and the breadth bf is 6.00 meter. The pontoon is
oating at an even keel condition with a draft T0 = 2.50 meter in fresh water ( = 1.000
ton/m3 ). The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the pontoon, including fuel, above
the base plane K G0 is 4.00 meter. A sketch of the pontoon in this situation is given in
gure 0.4.
Then, a mass of p = 100 ton will be hoisted from the quay. When the derrick is turned
outboard fully, the suspension point of the cargo in the derrick lies 13.00 meter above the
base plane and 8.00 meter from the middle line plane of the pontoon.
Determine the maximum angle of heel of the pontoon during hoisting this load. The
inuence of the mass of the turning derrick may be ignored.
Solution: = 16:50.
Detailed Solution
Expecting a relative large angle of heel, the calculations will be carried out as follows:
1. Place the mass p above the centre of the water plane in a horizontal plane through the
suspension point at the end of the derrick and, as a result of this, let the pontoon sink
deeper parallel to the water plane. Determine in this situation the righting stability
26
moment MS in relation to the angle of heel .
The righting stability moment of the pontoon (with frozen fuel) is given by:
gr GN sin
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
Due to the free surface of the fuel in one of the double bottom tanks (unfreezing the
frozen fuel) this righting stability moment will be reduced by:
gr GG 00 sin = gr GG0 1 +
1
tan2 sin
2
Then the righting stability moment of the pontoon with liquid fuel becomes:
MS = gr GM +
1
1
BM tan2 GG 0 1 + tan2
2
2
sin
place by a heeling moment MH , which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
1
1
gr GM + BM tan2 GG0 1 + tan2
2
2
or:
sin = p g c cos
1
1
pc
2
2
0
GM + BM tan GG 1 + tan tan =
2
2
r
The solution of this third degree equation in tan gives the angle of heel .
Detailed further Working-out

Displacements of empty and laden pontoon:
r0
0
=
=
=
L B T 0 = 60:00 12:00 2:50 = 1800 m3

r0 = 1:000 1800 = 1800 ton
0 + p = 1800 + 100 = 1900 ton
1900
=
= 1900 m3
1:000
The under water hull form is a rectangular pontoon at an even keel condition without heel,
so:
T
KB
BM
r
1900
=
= 2:64 m
LB
60:00 12:00
T
2:64
=
= 1:32 m
2
2
IT
B2
12:002
=
=
= 4:55 m
r
12 T
12 2:64
27
KG = 0 KG 0 + p zp
So:
KG
=
=
0 KG0 + p zp
1800 4:00 + 100 13:00

= 4:47 m
1900

GM
=
=
KB + BM KG
1:32 + 4:55 4:47 = 1:40 m
The reduction of the initial metacentric height due to the free surface of the fuel in the
double bottom tanks is:
GG0
=
=
f it
1 lf b3f
= f 12
r
1
0:900 12 20:00 6:003
= 0:17 m
1900
MS equals the heeling moment MH :
1
1
GM + BM tan2 GG0 1 + tan2
2
2
tan =
pc
r
1
1
1:40 + 4:55 tan2 0:17 1 + tan2
2
2
tan =
or:
2:190 tan3 + 1:230 tan = 0:421
100 8:00
1:000 1900
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:229
= 15:00 ! LHS = 0:372
= 20:00 ! LHS = 0:553
= 16:30 ! LHS = 0:414
= 16:50 ! LHS = 0:421
RHS = 0:421
So: 16:50.
28
7. Deckload on a Drill Platform
Figure 0.5: Loading a Drill Platform

A oating drill platform, as given in gure 0.5 consists of 2 sets of 3 vertical cylindrical
columns with a diameter of 6.00 meters. The 3 columns of each set are connected to
each other at the bottom by a horizontal cylinder with a diameter of 6.00 meters. The
platform has a draft of 25.00 meters in an upright even keel condition in seawater ( =
1.025 ton/m3). The centre of gravity G0 is situated at 26.00 meters above the base plane.
A load with a mass p of 100 ton will be placed at deck above column A.
a) Determine the drafts at the columns A, C, D and F.
To avoid heel and trim, the columns C and E will be partially lled with ballast water.
b) Determine the required amount of ballast water.
c) Determine the resulting draft of the platform.
d) Determine the initial metacentric height, including the free surface correction.
Note: The moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of a circular area with a radius R
is IT = =4 R4 .
Solutions:
a) T A = 38.10 m, TC = 29.18 m, TD = 13.05 m and TF = 21.97 m.
b) hC = 3.45 m and hE = 6.90 m.
c) T = 27.30 m.
d) G0 M = 1.44 m.
29
Detailed Solutions
Empty drilling platform:
r0
0
6 3:002 25:00 + 4 3:002 (40:00 6:00)

r 0 = 1:025 8086:5 = 8288:6 ton
=
=
= 8086:5 m3

Put the load p at the centre of the water plane and 26.00 meter above the base plane:
T0
0 + p = 8288:6 + 100:0 = 8388:6 ton
8388:6
=
= 8184:0 m3
1:025
100
1:025
= 0:575 m
6 (3:002)
T0 + T0 = 25:000 + 0:575 = 25:575 m
The remaining stability terms in this loading condition are:

KB
BMT
BML
KG
GMT
=
=
=
=
GML
6 ( 3:002 25:575) 25:575

+ 4 (3:002 34:00) 3:00
2
= 8:19 m
8184:0
6 4 3:004 + 3:002 30:002

IT
=
= 18:70 m
r
8184:0
6 4 3:004 + 4 3:002 40:002
IL
=
= 22:16 m
r
8184:0
8288:6 26:00 + 100 45:00
= 26:23 m
8388:6
K B + BMT KG
8:19 + 18:70 26:23 = 0:66 m
K B + BML K G
8:19 + 22:16 26:23 = 4:12 m
Moment of equilibrium
The righting stability moment MS is given by:
gr GN sin
=
=
gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal transverse direction over a distance c to the
actual place by a heeling moment M H, which depends on the angle of heel too.
MH = p g c cos
The equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled, so:
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin = p g c cos
2
30
or:
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
The transverse moment of equilibrium gives:
or:
GMT +
1
p cy
BMT tan2 tan =
2
1
100 30:00
0:66 + 18:70 tan2 tan =
2
8184:0
which gives a third degree equation in tan :
9:35 tan3 + 0:66 tan = 0:3576
= 10:000 ! LH S = 0:1676
= 15:000 ! LH S = 0:3567
= 15:020 ! LH S = 0:3577
RHS = 0:3576
So: 15:020.
So, the solution of this third degree equation in tan gives: 15:00
The longitudinal moment of equilibrium gives:
or:
GML +
1
p cx
BML tan2 tan =
2
1
100 40:00
4:12 + 22:16 tan2 tan =
2
8184:0
which gives a third degree equation in tan :
11:08 tan3 + 4:14 tan = 0:4768
This third degree equation in tan can be solved by the Regula-Falsi method, as shown
before for tan :
= 5:000 ! LHS = 0:3696
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:7907
= 6:270 ! LHS = 0:4696
= 6:360 ! LHS = 0:4768
RH S = 0:4768
So: 6:360 .
So, the solution of this third degree equation in tan gives: 6:40
The drafts at the corners of the platform can be found by a linear superposition of the
eects of heel and trim:
TA
TC
TD
TF
=
=
=
=
T
T
T
T
+ 30:00 tan + 40:00 tan

+ 30:00 tan 40:00 tan
30:00 tan 40:00 tan
30:00 tan + 40:00 tan
=
=
=
=
25:575 + 8:067 + 4:458

25:575 + 8:067 4:458
25:575 8:067 4:458
25:575 8:067 + 4:458
=
=
=
=
38:10 m
29:18 m
13:05 m
21:97 m
31
To bring the platform again in an upright position two columns have to be lled partly
with water ballast:
column C has to be lled with 100 ton of water ballast:
hC =
100
= 3:45 m
3:002
column E has to be lled with 200 ton of water ballast:

hE =
200
= 6:90 m
3:002

The increase of the draft due to 300 ton water ballast becomes:
300
= 1:725 m
1:025 6 (3:002)
T =
so the new draft of the platform in an upright position will be:

T1 = T + T = 25:575 + 1:725 = 27:30 m
Final displacement:
1
r1
8388:6 + 300 = 8688:6 ton

1
8688:6
=
= 8476:7 m3
1:025
The stability terms in this loading condition are:

K B1
B1 M 1
KG 1
G1M 1
=
=
6 (3:002 27:30) 27:30

+ 4 (3:002 34:00) 3:00
2
= 8:82 m
8476:7
6 4 3:004 + 3:002 30:002

IT
=
= 18:06 m
r1
8476:7
8388:6 26:23 + 100 3:45
+ 200 6:90
2
2
= 25:42 m
8388:6
K B1 + B1M1 K G1
8:82 + 18:06 25:42 = 1:46 m
The reduction of the metacentric height becomes:

G1 G01
2 4 3:004
it
=
= 0:015 m
r1
8476:7
With this the reduced initial metacentric height becomes:

G01 M1
=
=
G1M1 G1 G01
1:46 0:015 = 1:44 m
32
8. Loading a Semi-Submersible
Figure 0.6: Loading a Semi-Submersible

A oating structure, as given in gure 0.6 consists of 2 sets of 2 vertical cylindrical columns
with a diameter of 8.00 meters. The 2 columns of each set are connected to each other at
the bottom by a horizontal cylinder with a diameter of 10.00 meters. The structure has a
draft of 17.00 meters at an upright even keel condition in fresh water ( = 1.000 ton/m3).
The centre of gravity G is situated at 16.60 meters above the base plane of the structure.
With a crane on the oating structure, a mass p of 100 ton will be laden from a supply
ship. The top of the crane (suspension point) is in the middle line plane of the structure,
50.00 meters forward of half the length of the structure and 60.00 meters above the base
plane of the structure.
Determine the drafts at the four columns A, B, C and D during hoisting the load. It may
not be assumed that the angle of inclination is small.
Solutions: TA = TD = 12.48 m and TB = TC = 22.52 m.
Detailed Solutions
Expecting a relative large angle of trim, the calculations will be carried out as follows:
1. Place the mass p above the centre of the water plane in a horizontal plane through the
suspension point at the end of the derrick and, as a result of this, let the pontoon sink
deeper parallel to the water plane. Determine in this situation the righting stability
moment MS in relation to the angle of trim .
The righting stability moment of the semi-submersible is given by:
MS
=
=
gr GN sin = gr GM + M N sin
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin
2
place by a trimming moment MH , which depends on the angle of trim too.
MH = p g c cos
33
1
2
gr GM + BM tan sin = p g c cos
2
or:
1
pc
GM + BM tan2 tan =
2
r
The solution of this third degree equation in tan gives the angle of trim .
Detailed further Working-out
Displacements of empty and laden semi-submersible:
r0 = 2 80:00 10:002 + 4 (17:00 10:00) 8:002 = 13974 m3

4
4
0 = r 0 = 1:000 13974 = 13974 ton
= 0 + p = 13974 + 100 = 14074 ton
14074
r =
=
= 14074 m3
1:000
Awl = 4 8:002 = 201:1 m2

4
p
100
T0 =
=
= 0:50 m
Awl
1:000 201:1
T = T0 + T 0 = 17:00 + 0:50 = 17:50 m
From the under water hull form can be calculated:
KB
BM
2 80:00 4 10:002 5:00 + 4 (17:50 10:00) 4 8:002 13:75

= 5:94 m
14074
4 4 4:004 + 4 8:002 30:002

IT
=
= 12:91 m
r
14074
The vertical position of the centre of gravity of the laden semi-submersible follows from
the rst moment of masses with respect to the base plane:
KG = 0 KG 0 + p zp
So:
0 KG 0 + p z p
13974 16:60 + 100 60:00

=
= 16:91 m
14074
KG
GM
=
=
KB + BM KG
5:94 + 12:91 16:91 = 1:94 m
MS equals the trimming moment MH :
GM +
1
pc
BM tan2 tan =
2
r
34
or:
1
100 50:00
1:94 + 12:91 tan2 tan =
2
1:000 14074
6:455 tan3 + 1:940 tan = 0:3553
= 10:00 ! LHS = 0:3775
= 5:000 ! LHS = 0:1741
= 9:450 ! LHS = 0:3527
= 9:510 ! LHS = 0:3553
RH S = 0:3553
So: 9:50.
The drafts at the 4 columns are:
TA
TB
=
=
T D = 17:50 30:00 tan(9:50 ) = 12:48 m

T C = 17:50 + 30:00 tan(9:50 ) = 22:52 m
35
9. Loading a Drill Platform
Figure 0.7: Loading a Drill Platform

A oating structure with three cylindrical oaters has a draft of 4.90 meters at an upright
even keel condition in fresh water ( = 1.000 ton/m3 ). Figure 0.7 shows the dimensions
and details of the structure, just before a loading operation.
With a crane on the oating structure, a mass p of 47.10 ton will be laden from a supply
ship. The position of the top of the crane (suspension point) is given in gure 0.7.
a) Determine the angle of inclination during hoisting the load.
b) Determine the drafts at the centres of the oaters A, B and C.
To avoid a heeling angle, ballast water has been pumped in oater A.
c) Determine the height of the ballast water in oater A.
d) Determine the reduced initial metacentric height in this condition.
Note: The moment of inertia (second moment of areas) of a circular area with a radius R
is IT = =4 R4.
Solutions:
a) = 4:330 .
b) TA = 3.56 m, TB = 5.87 m and TC = 5.87 m.
c) hA = 0.75 m.
d) G0 M = 12.21 m.
36
Detailed Solutions
Empty drilling platform:
r0
0
=
=
10:002 4:9 = 1154:5 m3

4
r0 = 1:000 1154:5 = 1154:5 ton
3

Put the load p at the centre of the water plane and 50.40 meter above the base plane:
T0
0 + p = 1154:5 + 47:1 = 1201:6 ton
1201:6
=
= 1201:6 m3
1:000
1201:6
= 5:10 m
3 4 10:002

KB
BM
KG
GM
=
=
T
5:10
=
= 2:55 m
2
2
IT
3 4 5:004 + 4 10:002 20:202 + 2 4 10:002 10:102
=
= 41:23 m
r
1201:6
1154:5 30:00 + 47:1 50:40
= 30:80 m
1201:6
KB + BM KG
2:55 + 41:23 30:80 = 12:98 m
When expecting a small heel angle, the righting stability moment MS is given by:
MS = gr GM sin
Replace the shift of the mass p in a horizontal direction over a distance c to the actual
place by a heeling moment MH :
MH = p g c cos
The equilibrium MS = MH should be fullled, so:
gr GM sin = p g c cos
or:
tan =
So the angle of heel becomes:
pc
47:1 25:10
=
= 0:0758
GM
1201:6 12:98
= 4:330

The drafts at the oaters are:
TA
TB
TC
=
=
=
5:10 20:20 tan(4:330) = 3:56 m

5:10 + 10:10 tan(4:330 ) = 5:87 m
TB = 5:87 m
37
Heel will be avoided when the moment due to the water ballast equals the moment due to
the load MH :
wb 20:20 = MH = 1182:21
so: wb = 58:5 ton
Then the height of the water ballast in the oater A becomes:

hwb =
58:5
= 0:75 m
10:002

The displacement becomes:
1
r1
T1
+ wb = 1201:6 + 58:5 = 1260:1 ton
1260:1
=
= 1260:1 m3
1:000
1260:1
= 5:35 m
3 4 10:002

KB1
BM1
KG
GM
=
=
T1
5:35
=
= 2:67 m
2
2
3 4 5:004 + 4 10:002 20:202 + 2 4 10:002 10:102
IT
=
= 39:32 m
r1
1260:1
1201:6 30:80 + 58:5 0:375
= 29:39 m
1260:1
K B + BM K G
2:67 + 39:32 29:39 = 12:60 m
The reduction of the metacentric height becomes:

G1G 01
it
=
r1
5:004
= 0:039 m
1260:1
With this the reduced initial metacentric height becomes:

G01 M1
=
=
G01M1 G 1G01
12:60 0:39 = 12:21 m
38
10. Buckling of a Drill String
Questions:
a) Explain why a drill string in a deep oil well lled with mud will buckle, even though
the entire string is under tension when hanging in air.
b) What is the eect (on buckling) of adding an additional downward force on the top of
the drill string?
Solutions:
a) When the well is lled with mud an upward vertical pressure force acts on the bottom
of the string. This places the lower segment in compression; an unconstrained column
in compression. If its length is long enough, it will buckle.
b) If we assume that the end of the string is on the well bottom (but that the mud pressure
still acts on it) then adding weight on top will only increase the compression at the
lower end and aggravate the situation.

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Solutions of Exercises on

In this quiz book, the solutions of a number of exercises on hydromechanical problems in

What is the generally used name of the second expression?

d) Explain why B = M = N for a fully submerged structure such as a submarine.

relate to the solid and uid centers of gravity.

g) Show that the dynamical stability of a wall-sided vessel up to an angle is given by

Figure 0.1: Float-On Float-O Pontoon

Mass of displacement 0 of empty pontoon:

Solution of Part 3-a

The calculation will be carried out in two steps:

L B T1 = 1:000 108:00 30:00 T1 = 3240 T1

Centre of buoyancy above keel K B1:

Step 2: Add a heeling moment.

This formula for G1M1 can be used, because 1 is very small:

Centre of buoyancy above keel K B0:

Herewith is the initial metacentric height of the empty pontoon G0 M0 known:

Solution of Part 3-b

Centre of gravity above keel KG 1:

Suppose a parallel sinkage.

Centre of buoyancy above keel K B2:

Add a heeling moment.

Solution of Part 3-e

Total mass of displacement of pontoon:

Mass of water ballast wb in pontoon:

Height h of water level in ballast tanks:

5022 4:02 + 19886 2:99

Centre of buoyancy above keel K B:

Metacenter above centre of buoyancy BM :

Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon G 0M known:

Solution of Part 3-f

or by using Steiners rule:

Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon G 0M known:

Solution of Part 3-g

Mass of water ballast wb in pontoon:

Height h of water level in ballast tanks:

5022 4:02 + 20919 3:15

108:00 30:00 7:50 3:75

Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon G 0M known:

Solution of Part 3-h

Solution of Part 3-i

Mass of water ballast wb in pontoon:

Height h of water level in ballast tanks:

0 KG0 + wb zwb + rig zrig

108:00 30:00 7:50 3:75

Herewith is the reduced initial metacentric height of the pontoon G 0M known:

Solution of Part 3-j

0 + rig = 5022 + 4920 = 9942 ton

Solution of Part 3-k

4920 g 1:00 cos

Figure 0.2: Unloading a Ship

Mass turned outboard fully: = 170.

250 (25:00 3:00)

Figure 0.3: Unloading a Pontoon

0 + 2 p = 200 + 2 50 = 300 ton

200 1:20 + 2 50 (2:50 + 1:25)

Herewith, the initial metacentric height is known:

Solution of Part 5-b

Detailed further Working-out of Part 5-b

0 + p = 200 + 50 = 250 ton

Herewith, the initial metacentric height is known:

1:445 tan3 + 1:700 tan = 0:350

This equilibrium gives the mass of the water ballast:

and herewith it is found for the laden and ballasted pontoon:

0 KG0 + p (D + zp) + wb zwb