Logics

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Chapter 1
Logics
Discrete Structures for Computing on 13 March 2012

Contents
Propositional Logic

Huynh Tuong Nguyen, Tran Huong Lan

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Technology - VNUHCM
1.1

Logics

Contents

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Contents
Propositional Logic

1 Propositional Logic

1.2

Logics

Logic

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Definition (Averroes)

The tool for distinguishing between the true and the false.
Contents
Propositional Logic

Definition (Penguin Encyclopedia)

The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference

and correct reasoning.

Definition (Discrete Mathematics - Rosen)

Rules of logic are used to distinguish between valid and invalid

mathematical arguments.

1.3

Logics

Applications in Computer Science

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Design of computer circuits

Construction of computer programs

Contents
Propositional Logic

Verification of the correctness of programs

Constructing proofs automatically
Artificial intelligence
Many more...

1.4

Logics

Propositional Logic

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Definition

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,

but not both.

Contents
Propositional Logic

Examples
Hanoi is the capital of Viet Nam.
New York City is the capital of USA.
1+1=2
2+2=3

1.5

Logics

Examples

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Examples (Which of these are propositions?)

How easy is logic!
Read this carefully.

Contents
Propositional Logic

H1 building is in Ho Chi Minh City.

4>2
2n 100
The sun circles the earth.
Today is Thursday.
Proposition only when the time is specified

1.6

Logics

Notations

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Contents
Propositional Logic

Propositions are denoted by p, q, . . .

The truth value (chn tr) is true (T) or false (F)

1.7

Logics

Operators

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Negation - Ph nh: p
Contents
Propositional Logic

Bng: Truth Table for Negation

T
F

F
T

1.8

Logics

Operators

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Conjunction - Hi: p q
p and q

Disjunction - Tuyn: p q
p or q
Contents
Propositional Logic

pq

pq

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
F
F
F

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
T
T
F

Im teaching DM1 and it is

raining today.

We need students who have

experience in Java or C++.
Tomorrow, I will eat Pho or Bun
bo.

1.9

Logics

Operators

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Exclusive OR - Tuyn loi: p q

p or q (but not both)

Implication - Ko theo: p q
if p, then q

Contents
Propositional Logic

pq

pq

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
T
T
F

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
F
T
T

If it rains, the pavement will be

wet.

1.10

Logics

More Expressions for Implication p q

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

if p, then q
p implies q
p is sufficient for q

Contents
Propositional Logic

q if p
p only if q: "Ill go to the party only if I finish studying."
q unless p
If you get 100% on the final, you will get 10 grade.
If you feel asleep this afternoon, then 2 + 3 = 5.

1.11

Logics

Conditional Statements From p q

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Contents

q p (converse - o)

Propositional Logic

q p (contrapositive - phn o)
Prove that contrapositive have the same truth table with

pq

1.12

Logics

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Exercise

What are the converse and contrapositive of the following

conditional statement
If he plays online games too much, his girlfriend leaves him.

Contents
Propositional Logic

Converse: If his girlfriend leaves him, then he plays online

games too much.

Contrapositive: If his girlfriend does not leave him, then he

does not play online games too much.

1.13

Logics

Biconditionals

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

pq
p if and only if q
Contents

pq

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

T
F
F
T

Propositional Logic

p is necessary and sufficient for q.

if p then q, and conversely.
p iff q.

1.14

Logics

Translating Natural Sentences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Exercise

I will buy a new phone only if I have enough money to buy iPhone
4 or my phone is not working.

Contents
Propositional Logic

p: I will buy a new phone

q: I have enough money to buy iPhone 4
r: My phone is working
p (q r)

1.15

Logics

Translating Natural Sentences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Contents
Propositional Logic

Exercise

He will not run the red light if he sees the police unless he is too
risky.

1.16

Logics

Construct Truth Table

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Exercise

Construct the truth table of the compound proposition

(p q) (p q).

Contents
Propositional Logic

p q

pq

(p q) (p q)

T
T
F
F

T
F
T
F

F
T
F
T

T
T
F
T

T
F
F
F

T
F
T
F

1.17

Logics

Applications

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

System specifications
When a user clicked on Help button, a pop-up will be shown
up

Contents
Propositional Logic

Boolean search
type dai hoc bach khoa in Google
means dai AND hoc AND bach AND khoa

1.18

Logics

Applications (cont.)

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Logic puzzles
There are two kinds of inhabitants on an island, knights, who
always tell the truth, and their opposites, knaves, who always
lie. You encounter two people A and B. What are A and B if
A says B is a knight and B says The two of us are
opposite types?

Contents
Propositional Logic

Bit operations
101010011 is a bit string of length nine.

1.19

Logics

Tautology and Contradiction

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Definition

A compound proposition that is always true (false) is called a

tautology (contradiction).
Tautology: hng ng

Contents
Propositional Logic

Contradiction: mu thun

Example
p p (tautology)
p p (contradiction)

1.20

Logics

Logical Equivalences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Definition

Contents

The compound compositions p and q are called logically equivalent

if p q is a tautology, denoted p q.

Propositional Logic

Example

Show that (p q) and p q are logically equivalent.

1.21

Logics

Logical Equivalences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

pT
pF

p
p

Identity laws
Lut ng nht

pT
pF

T
F

Domination laws
Lut nut

pp
pp

p
p

Idempotent laws
Lut ly ng

(p)

Double negation law

Lut ph nh kp

Contents
Propositional Logic

1.22

Logics

Logical Equivalences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

pq
pq

qp
qp

(p q) r
(p q) r

p (q r)
p (q r)

Associative laws
Lut kt hp

p (q r)
p (q r)

(p q) (p r)
(p q) (p r)

Distributive laws
Lut phn phi

(p q)
(p q)

p q
p q

De Morgans law
Lut De Morgan

p (p q)
p (p q)

p
p

Commutative laws
Lut giao hon
Contents
Propositional Logic

Absorption laws
Lut ht thu

1.23

Logics

Logical Equivalences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Equivalence
p p
p p
(p q) (p r)
(p r) (q r)
(p q) (p r)
(p r) (q r)
pq

Contents

T
F
p (q r)
(p q) r
p (q r)
(p q) r
(p q) (q p)

Propositional Logic

1.24

Logics

Constructing New Logical Equivalences

Huynh Tuong Nguyen,

Tran Huong Lan

Example

Show that (p (p q)) and p q are logically equivalent by

developing a series of logical equivalences.
Contents

Solution
(p (p q))

Propositional Logic

p (p q)

by the second De Morgan law

p [(p) q]

by the first De Morgan law

p (p q)

by the double negation law

(p p) (p q)

by the second distributive law

F (p q)

because p p F

p q

by the identity law for F

Consequently, (p (p q)) and p q are logically equivalent.

1.25