Lecture7 Turbulence 2014 PDF

Turbulence
CEFRC Combustion Summer School

2014
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heinz Pitsch
Copyright 2014 by Heinz Pitsch.

This material is not to be sold, reproduced or distributed
without prior written permission of the owner, Heinz Pitsch.
Turbulent Mixing
Combustion requires mixing at the molecular level
Turbulence: convective transport molecular mixing
Surface Area
diffusion
fuel
oxidizer
diffusion
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Characteristics of Turbulent Flows
Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Reynolds decomposition
Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Turbulent Premixed Combustion
Types of turbulence
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion
Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Applications
Reynolds Stress Equations
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
Scales of Turbulent Flows/Energy Cascade
Kolmogorov Hypotheses
Scalar Transport Equations
Large Eddy Simulation
3
Transition to turbulence
From observations: laminar flow becomes
turbulent
Characteristic length d
Flow velocity u
Viscosity
Dimensionless number: Reynolds number Re
Characteristics of turbulent flows:

Random
3D
Has Vorticity
Large Re
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
6

Conventional Averaging/Reynolds Decomposition
Averaging
Ensemble average
Time average
N and t
sufficiently large
For constant density flows:

Reynolds decomposition: mean and fluctuation, e.g. for the flow velocity ui
Reynolds-Zerlegung
Mean of the fluctuation is zero (applies for all quantities)
Mean of squared fluctuation differs from zero:
These averages are named RMS-values (root mean square)
Favre averaging (density weighted averaging)

Combustion: change in density correlation of density and other quantities
Reynolds decomposition (for const.)
Favre averaging
By definition: mean of density weighted fluctuation 0
Density weighted mean velocity
Favre average conventional average

Favre average as a function of conventional mean and fluctuation
and for the fluctuating quantity
For non-constant density: Favre average leads to much simpler expression
10
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
11
Types of Turbulence
Statistically Homogeneous Turbulence
All statistics of fluctuating quantities are invariant
under translation of the coordinate system
for averaged fluctuating quantities
(more generally
) applies
Constant gradients of the mean velocity

are permitted:
Scalar dissipation rate in
statistically
homogeneous turbulent
flow
12
Statistically Isotropic Turbulence

All statistics are invariant under
translation, rotation and reflection
of the coordinate system
Mean velocities = 0
Isotropy requires homogeneity
Relevance of this flow case:
Simplifications allow theoretical conclusions
DNS of statistically homogeneous and isotropic
about turbulence
turbulence: x1-component of the velocity
Turbulent motions on small scales are typically
assumed to be isotropic (Kolmogorov hypotheses)
13
Turbulent Shear Flow

Relevant flow cases in technical systems
Round jet
Flow around airfoil
Flows in combustion chamber
Due to the complexity of these turbulent flows they

cannot be described theoretically
Quelle: www-ah.wbmt.tudelft.nl
Temporally evolving shear layer: Scalar dissipation rate (left), mixture fraction Z (rechts)
14
Turbulent jet: magnitude of

vorticity
Example: DNS of Homogeneous Shear Turbulence
Scalar dissipation rate in homogeneous shear turbulence

2048x2048x2048 collocation points
15
Close-up/detail
Example: DNS of a Shear Flow
inhomogeneous
Scalar
dissipation rate
statistically
homogeneous
Statistically homogeneous
16
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
17
Mean-flow Equations
Starting from the Navier-Stokes-equations for incompressible fluids
(continuity)
(momentum)
Four unknowns within four equations: u1, u2, u3, p
18
Averaged Continuity Equation

1. From continuity equation it follows
and
Linearity of the continuity equation: no correlations of fluctuating quantities
19
Averaged Momentum Equation

2. This does not apply for the momentum equation!
Convective term
Contin.
Time-averaging yields
Contin.
This term includes product of components of fluctuating velocities: this is due

to the non-linearity of the convective term
20
Reynolds Stress Tensor

Averaging of the other terms averaged momentum equation:
The additional term, resulting from convective transport, is added to the

viscous term on the right hand side (divergence of a second order tensor)
is called Reynolds stress tensor

21
Closure Problem in Statistical Turbulence Theory

This leads to the closure problem in turbulence theory!
The Reynolds Stress Tensor
needs to be expressed as a function of mean flow quantities

A first idea: derivation of a transport equation for
22
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
23
*Transport Equation for Reynolds Stress Tensor
24

Multiplication of the equation
with the fluctuating velocity

with
25
and a corresponding equation for

leads after summation to

The viscous terms on the right hand side of
can be transformed into
26

Splitting of the pressure-terms in
with Kronecker delta
27

Averaging and rearranging leads to
Six new equations, but far more new unknowns
28

The meaning and name of the single terms are listed below:
L: Local change
C: Convective transport
P: Production of Reynolds stresses (negative product of Reynolds-stress tensor and

the gradient of time-averaged velocity)
29

DS: (Pseudo-)dissipation of Reynolds stresses
PSC: pressure-rate-of-strain correlation. It contributes to the redistribution of

Reynolds stresses in a similar way the diffusion term does
30

DF: diffusion of the Reynolds stresses. It includes all terms under the divergence
operator
In this balance production and dissipation are the most important terms
The mean velocity gradients are responsible for the production of turbulence (P)
31
Transport Equation for Reynolds Stress Tensor

Transport equation for Reynolds stress tensor
Six new equations, but far more new unknowns
32
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
33
Transport Equation for Turbulent Kinetic Energy

Derivation of an equation for the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)
TKE is defined as
Contraction j = k ( k: index, not TKE) in Reynolds equation yields
34

Continuity equation pressure-rate-of-strain correlation PSC = 0
Dissipation
Mean dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy
35

The transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy
can be interpreted just as the transport equation for the Reynolds stress
tensor
Local change and convection of turbulent kinetic energy (lhs)
Production, dissipation and diffusion (rhs)
PSC 0
36
example: pipe-flow
37
example: free jet

Transport equation
BUT: Closure problem is not solved

Triple correlations
Derivation of equations for such correlations even higher correlations
38
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
39
Turbulence Models
Turbulent Viscosity
The derived averaged equations are not closed turbulent stress tensor has
to be modeled
Analogy to Newton approach for molecular shear stress gradient transport

model:
is eddy viscosity/turbulent viscosity (important: molecular viscosity!)

40
Turbulent-viscosity models
Algebraic models: e.g. Prandtls mixing-length concept
TKE models: e.g. Prandtl-Kolmogorov
k--Modell (Jones, Launder)
41
Algebraic Model: Prandtls Mixing-length Concept

Eddy viscosity
Based on dimensional analysis

All unknown proportionalities mixing-length
Empirical methods for determining lm
Assumption: lm = const.
42
TKE model: Prandtl-Kolmogorov

Eddy viscosity
Model constant C (often: C = 0,09)

lpk: characteristic length scale determined empirically
Equation for TKE
43
Two-equation-model: k--model
Eddy viscosity
Solving one equation each for

TKE
dissipation
the model parameters need to be determined empirically
44
Two-equation-model: k--model
Assumptions:
Turbulent transport term
Influence of correlation between velocity- and pressure fluctuations is not

considered
Molecular transport is assumed to be much smaller than turbulent transport and
is therefore neglected
Production
45
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
46

Two-Point Correlation
Characteristic feature of turbulent flows: eddies exist at different length
scales
x
x+r
Turbulent round jet: Reynolds number Re 2300
Determination of the distribution of eddy size at a single point

Measurement of velocity fluctuation
Two-point correlation
47
and
Correlation Function
Homogeneous isotropic turbulence:
,
Two-point correlation normalized by its variance
Degree of correlation of stochastic signals
correlation
function
48
Integral Turbulent Scales

Largest scales: physical scale of the problem
Integral length scale lt (largest eddies)
Integral velocity scale
Integral time scale
49
Energy Spectrum
Energy Spectrum (logarithmic)
Energy Cascade
energy density
Energy
Transfer
of Energy
wave number
50
Dissipation
of Energy
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
51
First Kolmogorov Hypothesis
At sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, small-scale eddies have a universal
form. They are determined by two parameters
Dissipation
Kinematic viscosity
Dimensional analysis
Length
Time
Velocity u
52
Second Kolmogorov Hypothesis

At sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the statistics of the motions of scale r
in the range << r << lt have a universal form that is uniquely determined by
Dissipation
But independent of kinematic viscosity
Inertial subrange
Integral length scale
Ratio /lt
53
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
54

Transport equation for mixture fraction Z
Favre averaging
not closed
molecular
transport
55
turbulent
transport
Transport Equation for Mixture Fraction

Neglecting molecular transport (assumption: Re)
Gradient transport model for turbulent transport
Dt: Turbulent diffusivity

Sct: Turbulent Schmidt number
Transport equation for mean mixture fraction
56

Variance equation
First step: equation for
57

By neglecting the derivatives of and D and their mean values, then
multiplying this equation by
, applying continuity equation, averaging
and neglecting the molecular transport results in
not closed
Favre averaged scalar dissipation
58
Modeling of Scalar Dissipation

Scalar dissipation rate has to be modeled
Integral time Z (dimensional analysis)
with
Typically proportional to
and
This leads to
59
Transport Equation for Reactive Scalars

Assumptions:
Specific heat cp, = cp = const.
Pressure p = const., heat transfer by radiation is neglected
Lewis number Le = Le = Sc/Pr = 1
Temperature equation
Source term
60
due to chemical reactions (heat release)

Temperature equation
is similar to the equation for the mass fraction of component
61

The term reactive scalar includes
Mass fractions Y of all components = 1, N
Temperature T
Balance equations for
Di: mass diffusivity, thermal diffusivity

Si: mass/temperature source term
62

Derivation of a transport equation for
Favre decomposition
and averaging of
leads to
not closed
molecular
transport
63
turbulent
transport
averaged
source term

Neglecting the molecular transport (assumption: Re)
Gradient transport model for the turbulent transport term
Averaged transport equation
64
Not closed chapter

Modelling of Turbulent
Combustion
Course Overview

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
65
Large-Eddy Simulation
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
Solve NS-equations
No models
For turbulent flows
Computational domain has to be at least of order of integral length scale l
Mesh spacing has to resolve smallest scales
Minimum number of cells per direction nx = l/ = Ret3/4
Minimum number of cells total nt = nx3 = Ret9/4
66
Example: Turbulent Jet with Re = 15000
This is for one integral length scale only!
67
Pope, Turbulent Flows
Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)
Spatial filtering as opposed to RANS-ensemble averaging
Sub-filter modeling as opposed to DNS
68
69
Spatial filtering rather than ensemble average
Representation taken from Pope (2000)
Computational Grid
Scales smaller than filter scale absent from the filtered quantities
Filtered signal can be discretized using a mesh substantially smaller than the DNS
mesh
70
For example:
Box filter in 1D:
Sharp spectral filter:
71
Pope, Turbulent Flows
72
Filtered momentum equation:
Define residual stress tensor:
73
Sub-filter Modeling
Eddy viscosity model for
Filtered strain rate tensor
74
Smagorinsky model for
(in analogy to mixing length model)
Sub-filter eddy viscosity
Sub-filter velocity fluctuation

with filtered rate of strain
75
Smagorinsky length scale
Similar equations can be derived for scalar transport
76
System of equations closed!
Summary

Turbulence
Favre decomposition
Types of turbulence
Mean-flow Equations
Combustion

Applications
k-Equation
Turbulence Models
77

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Turbulence

CEFRC Combustion Summer School

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heinz Pitsch

Copyright 2014 by Heinz Pitsch.

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Reynolds Stress Equations

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Dimensionless number: Reynolds number Re

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Characteristics of turbulent flows:

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Reynolds Stress Equations

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

For constant density flows:

Mean of squared fluctuation differs from zero:

These averages are named RMS-values (root mean square)

Favre averaging (density weighted averaging)

By definition: mean of density weighted fluctuation 0

Density weighted mean velocity

Favre average conventional average

and for the fluctuating quantity

For non-constant density: Favre average leads to much simpler expression

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Reynolds Stress Equations

Constant gradients of the mean velocity

Statistically Isotropic Turbulence

Turbulent Shear Flow

Due to the complexity of these turbulent flows they

Turbulent jet: magnitude of

Example: DNS of Homogeneous Shear Turbulence

Scalar dissipation rate in homogeneous shear turbulence

Example: DNS of a Shear Flow

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Reynolds Stress Equations

Four unknowns within four equations: u1, u2, u3, p

Averaged Continuity Equation

Linearity of the continuity equation: no correlations of fluctuating quantities

Averaged Momentum Equation

This term includes product of components of fluctuating velocities: this is due

Reynolds Stress Tensor

The additional term, resulting from convective transport, is added to the

is called Reynolds stress tensor

Closure Problem in Statistical Turbulence Theory

needs to be expressed as a function of mean flow quantities

Characteristics of Turbulent Flows

Statistical Description of Turbulent Flows

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modelling Turbulent Combustion

Reynolds Stress Equations

*Transport Equation for Reynolds Stress Tensor