ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES IV

NAVEEN KUMAR S
ACE10UAR021
SEM 8
ACE,HOSUR
INNOVATIVE WORK

SELL STRUCTURE & FOLDED PLATES ?

Thinshellisdefinedasashellwithathicknesswhichissmallcomparedtoitsotherdimensions
andinwhichdeformationsarenotlargecomparedtothicness.
Aprimarydifferencebetweenashellstructureandaplatestructureisthat,intheunstressed
state,theshellstructurehascurvatureasopposedtoplatesstructureswhichareflat.Membr
aneactioninashellisprimarilycausedbyin-planeforces(planestress),thoughtheremaybe
secondaryforcesresultingfromflexuraldeformations
Folded Plates
Barrel Vaults
Short Shells
Domes of Revolution
Folded Plate Domes
Intersection Shells
Warped Surfaces
Combinations
Shell Arches
TYPES
CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS
Barrelvaultsareperhapsthemostusefuloftheshellstructuresbecausetheycanspanupto150f
eetwithaminimumofmaterial.
Theyareveryefficientstructuresbecausetheusethearchformtoreducestressesandthicknes
sesinthetransversedirection.
Barrelvaultsareessentiallydeepconcretebeamswithverythinwebmembersandmaybedesigned
assuchbytheordinarymethodsofreinforcedconcreteThecurveofthecrosssectionofthebarr
elisusuallyacircle.However,anyotherformmaybeused,suchastheellipse,aparabola,oraf
unicularcurvewhichfitsthethrustlineoftheappliedload.
Eachcurvehasitsparticularstructuralandestheticqualities.
Anumberoftermshavebeendevelopedtodescribecylindricalshells.Ifthespanislargeincomp
arisontothewidth,theformiscalledalongshell.Ifthelengthisshort,itiscalledashortsh
ell.Anarbitraryratioforlongshellsisaspan/radiusratioof5.
Ashortshellhasaspan/radiusrationlessthan1andshellsbetweentheselimitsarecalledinte
rmediateshells.
Elements of Barrel Vaults
Multiple Barrels - Outside Stiffeners
ELEMENTSOFBARRELVAULTS
Stiffenersarerequiredatcolumns.Theydonotnecessarilyhavetobecompletediaphragms,as
shownhere,butmaybearcheswithahorizontaltie.Incontrasttofoldedplateswherethethick
nessisbasedonthedesignofaslabelement,thethicknessofthebarrelshellisusuallybasedo
ntheminimumthicknessrequiredforcoveringthesteelforfireproofing,plusthespacerequi
redforthreelayersofbars,plussomespacefortolerance.Ifthesebarsareallhalfinchround
s,apracticalminimumwouldbe31/4inches.Nearthesupportsthethicknessmaybegreaterforc
ontainingthelargerlongitudinalbars.

MULTIPLEBARRELS-OUTSIDESTIFFENERS

Corrugated Curves
Barrel with Unstiffened Edges
Edge Supported Shells
UNSTIFFENEDEDGES
CORRUGATEDCURVES
The Lazy S
THELAZYS
Edge Members
EDGEMEMBERS
EDGESUPPORTEDSHELLS
North Light Shells
NORTHLIGHTSHELLS
Butterfly Shells
BUTTERFLYSHELLS
TYPES

Rigid Frames
SHORT SHELLS
barrelvaultsweredescribedhavingalengthofbarrelwhichislongincomparisontothewidth.
theshortshellstructureisacylindricalshellhavingalargeradiusincomparisontotheleng
th.Thetwotypesofshellshaveuseswhicharealtogetherdifferentandthearchitecturalande
ngineeringproblemsrequireadifferentapproach.Thereare,ofcourse,
borderlinecaseswhereitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenthelonganshortshell.
Basic elements of Short Shells
BASICELEMENTSOFSHORTSHELLS
1)theshellspanningbetweenarches,and2)thearchstructure.Inthisstructure,theedgebea
msareprovidedatthelowestpointoftheshellandthearchisplacedontopoftheshellsothatfo
rmsmaybemovedthroughthebarrel.Insmallstructures,theedgebeamcanbeomittediftheshel
listhickened.Thecurveoftheshellisdeterminedbythepropershapeofthearchandmaybeacir
cleforsmallstructuresormayconformtothethrustlineofthearchforongspanstructures.:
Pure Arch and Shell
PUREARCHANDSHELL
Massive Abutments
MASSIVEABUTMENTS
RIGIDFRAMES
Shortshellsmaybeusedwithconcreterigidframesastheprinciplestructuralelement.
Therigidframewithoutahorizontaltieatthelowpointoftheshellissuitableonlyforshorts
pansbecauseofthemassiveproportionsrequiredforthknees.Itisnotnecessarytohavethesp
ansofalltherigidframesequal,andthebendingmomentsintheframesmaybereducedifshorter
sidespansareused.
Skylightsmaybeusedinashortshellandtheymaybecontinuoustransverselyiftheyareplaced
ineveryotherspansotheshelloneachsideoftheskyligtcantileversoutfromtheadjacentspa
n.Rigidframesareusuallybuiltwithtierodsconnectingthebaseofthecolumns,especiallyi
fsoilconditionswillnotpermitlateralloadsonthesoilmaterial.

Domes
Theprimaryresponseofadometoloadingisdevelopmentofmembranecompressivestressesalon
gthemeridians,byanalogytothearch.
Thedomealsodevelopscompressiveortensilemembranestressesalonglinesoflatitude.Thes
eareknownas hoopstresses andaretensileatthebaseandcompressivehigherupinthedome.
C:\SAP2000N\tom\half dome example.emf
Meridional
Compressive
Stress
Circumferential
Hoop Stress
(comp.)
Circumferential
Hoop Stress
(tens.)
SPHERESEGMENT-COLUMNSUPPORTS
Ifadomeisbuiltaslessthanahalfsphere,atensionringofsteelbars,plates,orwiresisrequi
redatthebasetocarrythethrustsoftheshell.
Inthiscase,theringhasbeenmadebigenoughsothatitassistsindistributingthereactionoft
hecolumnsintothedome.
Thedirectstressesintheshellaremostlycompressiveinthisstructureandaresosmallthatth
estresscalculationsarehardlynecessary.Therearebendingstressesintheshellwalldueto
restraintofthethrustringandtochangeintemperature.T
herefore,thethicknessoftheshellisincreasedinthevicinityofthethrustring.
Otherwise,theshellthicknessisaminimumandmaybe21/2to3inchesforspansupto150ft.
Multiple Domes
MULTIPLEDOMES
Shallow Square Intersection Shell
INTERSECTIONSHELLS
combiningportionsoftheprevioustypesarrangedtoformmorestablecombinationsthanthein
dividualelementsalone.Themostappropriatenameis"intersectionshell"becausethesurfa
cesthatproducetheshellappeartomeetatanintersection.Anyofthebasictypesmaybeusedin
thismannerbutthebarrelshellisthemostfamiliaranduseful.Thestructuralefficiencyoft
heintersectionshelldependsontheangleoftheintersectionofthesurfaces.Iftheangleiss
mall(calledherefordescriptivepurposes,sharp),thenanaturalribisformedbytheadjacen
telementsofthebasicshellswhichismuchstifferthantheadjacentshellsoneachside.
Anitersectionforwhichtheangleisverylargeiscalledhereashallowintersection.Aninter
sectionof90degreesistheoptimumvaluebecauseitgivesastiffrib.

C:\SAP2000N\tom\folded plate example.emf

Folded Plates
Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along the
ir
edges.in such a way so as to make the structural system capable of carrying
loads without .the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.
Types of folded plates :
1-Prismatic : if they consist of rectangular plates.
2-Pyramidal : when non-rectangular plates are used.
3-Prismoidal, triangular or trapezoidal.
Perpendicular to the main span,
the shell acts as short span
plates in transverse bending
In the main span direction, the
shell develops membrane tension at
the top and compression at the
bottom, in analogy to a beam in
bending
classified as:
single.
Multiple.
Symmetrical.
Unsymmetrical.
Simple.
Continuous.
Folded plates with
Folded plates with
Folded plates with
sectional.
Folded plates with
sectional.

simple joints.
multiple joints.
opened cross
closed cross

FoldedPlateBehaviors:
Eachplateisassumedtoactasabeaminitsownplane,thisassumptionisjustifiedwhentherati
oofthespan"length"oftheplatetoitsheight"width"islargeenough.Butwhenthisratioissm
all,theplatebehavesasadeepbeam.
Assumptions For the analysis of Folded Plates :
1-Material is homogenous, elastic, isotropic, Hook's Law is valid, thickness of
plate is small when compared to plate dimensions.
2-Problem will be treated as one-dimension if plate is assumed to behave in
beam action, but in two dimensions if based on the theory of elasticity.
3-Joints are assumed to be rigid enough.

NOTE :
The main problem of folded plates is the analysis, not the design.

When can ridge displacements be neglected ?

Ridge displacements be neglected if there is no ridge displacement such as:
-closed systems.
-If the folded plate system is under symmetrical loading.
-In folded plate systems with interior symmetrical planes, subjected to
symmetrical loads. But in other cases ridge displacements may take place, yet
they are such a small order of magnitude that their effects can be neglected, as
folded plate system provided with adequate number of intermediate diaphragms.
Folded Plates With Simple Joint
When the folded plate is that with simple joint , which mean that no more than 2
elements are connected to the joint. But when more than 2 elements are
connected to the joint, it can be named as multiple joint. The width of any plat
e
should not be larger than 0.25 its length to be considered to act as beam.
Actions of Folded plate due to loads :
1-Slab action : loads are transmitted to ridges by the bending of plates normal
to
their planes.
2-Beam action : Loads are transmitted through plates in their planes to
diaphragms.
TAPERED FOLDED PLATES
BASIC ELEMENTS
The principle components in a folded plate structure are illustrated in the sket
ch above. They consist of, 1) the inclined
plates, 2) edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide plates, 3) stiffen
ers to carry the loads to the supports and
to hold the plates in line, and 4) columns to support the structure in the air.
A strip across a folded plate is called a slab
element because the plate is designed as a slab in that direction. The span of t
he structure is the greater distance
between columns and the bay width is the distance between similar structural uni
ts. The structure above is a two
segment folded plate. If several units were placed side by side, the edge plates
sould be omitted except for the first and
last plate. If the edge plate is not omitted on inside edges, the form should be
called a two segment folded plate with a
common edge plate.The structure above may have a simple span, as shown, or multi
ple spans of varying length, or the
folded plate may cantilever from the supports without a stiffener at the end.
FOLDED PLATE RIGID FRAME

REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF FLAT SLAB ?

SPACING:
The spacing of bars in a flat slab, shall not
exceed 2 times the slab thickness.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT :
When the drop panels are used, the
thickness of drop panel for determining area
of reinforcement
shall be the lesser of the following:
(a) Thickness of drop, and
(b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the
distance between edge of drop and edge of
capital. The minimum percentage of the
reinforcement is same as that in solid slab
i.e., 0.12 percent if HYSD bars used and
0.15 percent, if mild steel is used.
MINIMUM LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT
:At least 50 percent of bottom bars should be
from support to support. The rest may be
bent up. The minimum length of different
reinforcement in flat slabs should