Professional Documents
Culture Documents
contohnya berbagai benda atau fenomena alam, buatan dan sosial yang ada atau terjadi di
lingkungan kita. Teks report mengupas suatu hasil pengamatan, penelaahan, penelitian, observasi,
atau study tentang benda atau binatang, orang atau tempat.
Contoh :
ELEPHANT
Elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs,
huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant
has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it is hard to find in its natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water
by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lifts
leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An
elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an
elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry
heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.
NARATIF
Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis
ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung
Contoh :
. Blind Listening
A stupid man was sent by his father to sell salt. He first went to a mining area but nobody there wanted
his salt. When he returned home, his father told him that if he had helped the miners to dig, they would
have bought his salt.
The man next went to a house where a wedding was taking place. There he dug a huge hole. This made
the people angry and they chased him away. When he returned home, his father told him that if he had
beaten a drum and danced instead, the people there would have bought salt from him.
Then, he went to a village where there happened to be a fire. Rushing to the place, he started drumming
and dancing, only to be thrown out by the people. His father told him that he should have poured water on
the fire instead, if he wanted to sell salt there.
In the next place he went to, a couple were fighting with each other. The foolish man poured a bucketful
of water on them, again to be chased away. His father later told him that he should have tried to settle the
quarrel, in which case they would have bought salt from him.
In the final event, the man saw two bulls fighting with each other. He stepped in to stop the fight and was
gored to death by angry bulls.
Analytical Exposition
SPOOF
Spoof Text adalah sebuah teks yang menceritakan kisah yang benar-benar terjadi, namun pada akhir
ceritanya dibelokkan sehingga menjadi cerita yang lucu. Tujuannya yaitu untuk menghibur dan
menceritakan kisah yang sebenarnya namun lucu untuk membuat pembacanya tertawa.
Contoh :
A Bumpy Flight
This is your captain speaking. We have had a failure in one of our engines. There is no cause for
alarm as we still have three engines left. Unfortunately this means that we will be one hour late.
A short time later captain again spoke to the passengers. There is no cause alarm, but we have just
lost another engine. We will now be two hours late.
When the captain spoke to the passengers for the third time, he again had bad news. Ladies and
gentlemen, I assure you that we are in no danger, but I must inform you that we have had another engine
failure. This means that we will now be three hours late.
Finally, the captain announced that the fourth engine had failed. One of the passengers turned to
another passenger and said, Oh no, that means well be four hours late!
Hortatory Exposition Text adalah jenis teks yang menyajikan argumen atau alasan untuk mendukung
pendapat. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memengaruhi pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu atau bertindak dalam
hal tertentu.
Contoh :
Example of hortatory exposition about Country Concern / Kepedulian Negara
Thesis
In all discussion over the removal of leaded vehicles from petrol (and atmosphere) there doesnt seem to
have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.
Argument 1
While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel
through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as
severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Argument 2
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners dont seem to appreciate that
in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon and ones own vehicle is the only way to get
about.
Recommendation
I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already
spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.
PAST TENSE
Past Tense adalah tata kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu gagasan atas peristiwa
yang telah terjadi.
Rumus Past Tense
- Untuk yang menggunakan kata kerja : S + Verb 2
Untuk yang menggunakan tobe saja : S + Was/were + Keterangan ( Noun, Adjectives, Adverb )
Was digunakan untuk subyek : I, He, She, It, dan nama orang.
Were digunakan untuk subyek : You, We, They.
Contoh Past Tense
- Menggunakan kata kerja.
I studied math last hour.
She ate mango last week.
They played music 2 days ago.
We spent holiday with family last week.
Menggunakan tobe.
I was sleepy last hour.
They were here 2 hours ago.
We were short 2 years ago.
Those laptop were on this table one hour ago.
Cara Merubah Kalimat Past Tense Positif Menjadi Kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif.
Rumus kalimat negatif : S + Did + Not + Verb 1.
Rumus kalimat interogatif : Did + S + Verb 1
*Contoh Kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif Past Tense.
1.
(+) I wrote some articles yesterday.
(-) I did not write articles yesterday.
(?) Did I write some articles yesterday ?
2.
(+) He began business last week.
(-) He didnt begin business last week.
(?) Did he begin business last week ?
3.
(+) They danced on those yard 2 days ago.
(-) They didnt dance on those yard 2 days ago.
(?) Did they dance on those yard 2 days ago ??
Cara Mengubah Kalimat Past Tense Menjadi Kalimat Interogatif yang Lebih Bervariasi.
Rumus : Question + Did + S + Verb 1.
Contoh :
1. What did I write some articles yesterday ?
2. When did he begin business ?
3. Where did they dance 2 days ago ?
Cara Merubah Kalimat Past Tense yang Menggunakan Tobe Menjadi Kalimat Negatif dan
Interogatif.
- Rumus kalimat negatif : S + Was/were + Not + Verb 1
Rumus kalimat interogatif : Was/were + S + Keterangan ( Noun, Adjective, Adverb )
Contoh :
1.
(+) He was sick last monday.
(-) He was not sick last monday.
(?) Was he sick last monday ?
2.
(+) They were uglied man last afternoon.
(-) They were not ugly man last afternoon.
(?) Were they ugly man last afternoon ?
3.
(+) I was there 2 hours ago.
(-) I was not there 2 hours ago.
(?) Was I there 2 hours ago ?
Mari belajar tenses dengan sebah komitmen, satu hari satu tenses. Ikuti update selanjutnya
mengenai Tenses Present Contunious Tense Semoga Berguna, Semangat !
Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak
melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer
of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject berhubungan
langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi
pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
Catatan:
Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being),
kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) atau antara primary
dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
Contoh: She cant drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice,
intransitive)
Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular atau irregular.
Contoh: play (base form) > played (past participle), sing (base form) > sung (past participle)
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
Komponen
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject
be
PP
I
am paid
I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
is
all of my shoes
are washed
the book
was edited
the books
were edited
used
I have a great new idea. > tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
The snack contains aspartame. > tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by
the snack.
positif (+)
negatif (-)
interogatif (?)
by the time
prior to
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.)
He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
Past perfect tense digunakan (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh
pada reported speech setelah perhatian.)
verbs: said, told, asked,
I thought he had changed to be better man.
thought, wondered.
(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)
Past perfect tense untuk
mengekspresikan
harapan/impian yang tidak
kesampaian (conditional tipe
3).