Report Text adalah teks yang mendeskripsikan sesuatu atau benda-benda secara umum,

contohnya berbagai benda atau fenomena alam, buatan dan sosial yang ada atau terjadi di
lingkungan kita. Teks report mengupas suatu hasil pengamatan, penelaahan, penelitian, observasi,
atau study tentang benda atau binatang, orang atau tempat.
Contoh :
ELEPHANT
Elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs,
huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant
has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it is hard to find in its natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water
by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lifts
leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An
elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an
elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry
heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.
NARATIF
Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis
ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung
Contoh :
. Blind Listening
A stupid man was sent by his father to sell salt. He first went to a mining area but nobody there wanted
his salt. When he returned home, his father told him that if he had helped the miners to dig, they would
have bought his salt.
The man next went to a house where a wedding was taking place. There he dug a huge hole. This made
the people angry and they chased him away. When he returned home, his father told him that if he had
beaten a drum and danced instead, the people there would have bought salt from him.
Then, he went to a village where there happened to be a fire. Rushing to the place, he started drumming
and dancing, only to be thrown out by the people. His father told him that he should have poured water on
the fire instead, if he wanted to sell salt there.
In the next place he went to, a couple were fighting with each other. The foolish man poured a bucketful
of water on them, again to be chased away. His father later told him that he should have tried to settle the
quarrel, in which case they would have bought salt from him.
In the final event, the man saw two bulls fighting with each other. He stepped in to stop the fight and was
gored to death by angry bulls.

Analytical Exposition

Analytical Exposition adalah jenis teks yang termasuk keadalam jenis

Argumentation Text dimana teks tersebut berisi tentang pemikiran terperinci penulis
tentang sebuah penomena yang ada di sekitar.
Contoh :

The Problem of Being Too Fat

Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body
fat inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart
will work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol
and blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause
diabetes and other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming
too fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that
overweight is not good enough for healthy life.

SPOOF
Spoof Text adalah sebuah teks yang menceritakan kisah yang benar-benar terjadi, namun pada akhir
ceritanya dibelokkan sehingga menjadi cerita yang lucu. Tujuannya yaitu untuk menghibur dan
menceritakan kisah yang sebenarnya namun lucu untuk membuat pembacanya tertawa.
Contoh :
A Bumpy Flight

This is your captain speaking. We have had a failure in one of our engines. There is no cause for
alarm as we still have three engines left. Unfortunately this means that we will be one hour late.
A short time later captain again spoke to the passengers. There is no cause alarm, but we have just
lost another engine. We will now be two hours late.

When the captain spoke to the passengers for the third time, he again had bad news. Ladies and
gentlemen, I assure you that we are in no danger, but I must inform you that we have had another engine
failure. This means that we will now be three hours late.

Finally, the captain announced that the fourth engine had failed. One of the passengers turned to
another passenger and said, Oh no, that means well be four hours late!

Hortatory Exposition Text adalah jenis teks yang menyajikan argumen atau alasan untuk mendukung
pendapat. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memengaruhi pembaca untuk melakukan sesuatu atau bertindak dalam
hal tertentu.
Contoh :
Example of hortatory exposition about Country Concern / Kepedulian Negara
Thesis
In all discussion over the removal of leaded vehicles from petrol (and atmosphere) there doesnt seem to
have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.
Argument 1
While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel
through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as
severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Argument 2
Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners dont seem to appreciate that
in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon and ones own vehicle is the only way to get
about.
Recommendation
I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already
spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.
PAST TENSE

Past Tense adalah tata kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu gagasan atas peristiwa
yang telah terjadi.
Rumus Past Tense
- Untuk yang menggunakan kata kerja : S + Verb 2
Untuk yang menggunakan tobe saja : S + Was/were + Keterangan ( Noun, Adjectives, Adverb )
Was digunakan untuk subyek : I, He, She, It, dan nama orang.
Were digunakan untuk subyek : You, We, They.
Contoh Past Tense
- Menggunakan kata kerja.
I studied math last hour.
She ate mango last week.
They played music 2 days ago.
We spent holiday with family last week.

 Menggunakan tobe.
I was sleepy last hour.
They were here 2 hours ago.
We were short 2 years ago.
Those laptop were on this table one hour ago.
Cara Merubah Kalimat Past Tense Positif Menjadi Kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif.
Rumus kalimat negatif : S + Did + Not + Verb 1.
Rumus kalimat interogatif : Did + S + Verb 1
*Contoh Kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif Past Tense.
1.
(+) I wrote some articles yesterday.
(-) I did not write articles yesterday.
(?) Did I write some articles yesterday ?
2.
(+) He began business last week.
(-) He didnt begin business last week.
(?) Did he begin business last week ?
3.
(+) They danced on those yard 2 days ago.
(-) They didnt dance on those yard 2 days ago.
(?) Did they dance on those yard 2 days ago ??
Cara Mengubah Kalimat Past Tense Menjadi Kalimat Interogatif yang Lebih Bervariasi.
Rumus : Question + Did + S + Verb 1.
Contoh :
1. What did I write some articles yesterday ?
2. When did he begin business ?
3. Where did they dance 2 days ago ?
Cara Merubah Kalimat Past Tense yang Menggunakan Tobe Menjadi Kalimat Negatif dan
Interogatif.
- Rumus kalimat negatif : S + Was/were + Not + Verb 1
Rumus kalimat interogatif : Was/were + S + Keterangan ( Noun, Adjective, Adverb )

Contoh :
1.
(+) He was sick last monday.
(-) He was not sick last monday.
(?) Was he sick last monday ?
2.
(+) They were uglied man last afternoon.
(-) They were not ugly man last afternoon.
(?) Were they ugly man last afternoon ?
3.
(+) I was there 2 hours ago.
(-) I was not there 2 hours ago.
(?) Was I there 2 hours ago ?
Mari belajar tenses dengan sebah komitmen, satu hari satu tenses. Ikuti update selanjutnya
mengenai Tenses Present Contunious Tense Semoga Berguna, Semangat !
Pengertian Passive Voice
Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak
melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer
of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject berhubungan
langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi
pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Catatan:

Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being),
kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) atau antara primary
dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).

Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive.

Contoh: She cant drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice,
intransitive)

Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular atau irregular.

Contoh: play (base form) > played (past participle), sing (base form) > sung (past participle)
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
Komponen
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject
be
PP
I

am paid

I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)

the red velvet recipe

is

The red velvet recipe is used by many people.

(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)

all of my shoes

are washed

large amounts of meat

and milk

Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people

in the countries.
are consumed
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang
di negara-negara tsb.)

the book

was edited

The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.

(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

the books

were edited

The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.

(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

used

All of my shoes are washed every month.

(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja
tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya
ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.
Contoh:

I have a great new idea. > tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.

The snack contains aspartame. > tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by
the snack.

Pengertian Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi
telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Aksi yang telah selesai dimasa
lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali. Selain itu, past perfect tense juga dapat
digunakan untuk membentuk conditional sentence tipe 3 dan reported speech.

Rumus Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb had, dan past participle (verb-3). Had digunakan baik
untuk singular maupun plural subject. Sedangkan past participle dapat berupa irregular atau regular verb.
Dengan demikian rumus past perfect tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai
berikut.
Kalimat

Rumus Past Perfect Tense

positif (+)

S + had + Verb-3/past participle

negatif (-)

S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle

interogatif (?)

had + S + Verb-3/past participle

Contoh Past Perfect Tense

My brother had slept
They had come
My brother hadnt slept
They hadnt come
Had my brother slept
Had they come

Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense

Beberapa contoh kalimat past perfect tense dengan fungsi-fungsinya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai
berikut.
Fungsi
Past perfect tense untuk
mengekspresikan aksi di masa
lampau yang telah selesai
terjadi sebelum past event
lainnya. Subordinate
conjunction yang dapat
digunakan antara lain:

after, before, when

by the time

prior to

Contoh Kalimat Past Perfect Tense

When he came last night, the cake had run out.
(Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)
The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.
(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan verbal sebelum orangtuanya
ditelepon.)
I had already eaten my breakfast by the time he picked me up.
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan for 3
years.
(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah dijajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.)

Past perfect tense untuk

I had read the book three times.
menunjukkan seberapa sering (Saya membaca buku itu tiga kali.)
sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau.
They had met twice before married.
(Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)
Yulia had gone to the gym every two days until 2012.

(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.)
He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
Past perfect tense digunakan (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh
pada reported speech setelah perhatian.)
verbs: said, told, asked,
I thought he had changed to be better man.
thought, wondered.
(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.)
Past perfect tense untuk
mengekspresikan
harapan/impian yang tidak
kesampaian (conditional tipe
3).

If he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the train.

(Jika dia telah mandi cepat, dia tidak akan ketinggalan kereta.)
Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.
(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar
lebih keras.)