PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES IN CAIBIRAN, BILIRAN

_____________

A Thesis
Presented to the
College of Engineering
NAVAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Naval, Biliran

_____________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for RES 513
CE Research / Thesis

_____________

TEODORO V. CAETE JR.

October 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and above all, I praise God, the Almighty for providing me this opportunity
and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. This thesis appears in its
current form due to the assistance and guidance of several people. I would therefore
like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them.
It is difficult to overstate my gratitude to our Dean, Dr. Rossini Romero. With
her enthusiasm, her inspiration, and her great efforts to explain things clearly and
simply. Throughout my thesis-writing period, she provided encouragement, good
teaching and lots of good ideas. I would have been lost without her.
I would also like to thank the E.B. Testing Center Inc. for letting me use the
laboratory for free and assisting me, specially to Ronald Angel, Nor Adrian Payomo
and Isagani Laurencio.
My roommates, Cj, Paul, Bobby and Jerome, thank you very much for
making the atmosphere of our room as friendly as possible.
A huge thank you to my partner, Jazcalras, who I have been lucky enough
to have had travelling this same journey alongside me, and whose constant support,
practical advice and optimism has helped to keep me going, and dragged me to the
finish line.
The work reported in this thesis would not have been possible without the
financial support of my auntie Lydia Marcelo, for which I am grateful.
Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my parents, Gemma Caete and
Teodoro Caete Sr. They bore me, raised me, supported me, taught me, and loved
me. To them I dedicate this thesis.
TEODORO VERBA CAETE JR.
ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ................................................................................1
Objective of the Study .....................................................................................3
Framework of the Study ..................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework ........................................................................4
Importance of the Study ..................................................................................6
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ...............................................................6
Definition of terms ...........................................................................................6
Review of Literature ........................................................................................8
CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY
Research Design .........................................................................................15
Research Subject ........................................................................................15
iii

Research Locale ..........................................................................................15

Research Instrument ....................................................................................15
Data Gathering Procedure ...........................................................................16
CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates ...................................................31
Specific Gravity ..................................................................................31
Absorption ..........................................................................................32
Unit Weight ........................................................................................32
Soundness .........................................................................................33
Abrasion .............................................................................................33
Clay Lumps ........................................................................................34
Moisture Content ................................................................................34
Wash Loss on No. 200 Sieve .............................................................35
Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregates ..............................................35
Sieve Analysis ....................................................................................35
Comparison of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregates to
Acceptable Standards ..................................................................................37
CHAPTER IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings ....................................................................................42
Conclusion ....................................................................................................46
iv

Recommendations ........................................................................................47
LITERATURE CITED ..............................................................................................48
APPENDICES .........................................................................................................50
CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................................61

LIST OF TABLES
Table

Page

Size of Samples for Coarse Aggregates ............................................17

Abrasion Charge ................................................................................17

Grading of Test Samples ...................................................................18

Mass of Test Sample .........................................................................18

Prescribed Sieve ................................................................................19

Sample Size for Aggregate ................................................................20

Sieve Size ..........................................................................................21

Maximum Allowable Quantity of Material Retained on a Sieve ..........22

Minimum Mass Required for Test Sample After Drying .....................24

10

Sieve Size Range...............................................................................26

11

Mass Required for Indicated Sizes.....................................................29

12

Test Result on Specific Gravity of Coase Aggregates........................31

13

Test Result on Absorption of Coarse Aggregates ..............................32

14

Test Result on Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate ..............................32

15

Test Result on Soundness of Coarse Aggregate ...............................33

16

Test Result on Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate ...................................33

17

Test Result on Clay Lumps of Coarse Aggregate .............................34

18

Test Result on Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate ......................34

19

Test Result on Wash Loss on No.200 of Coarse Aggregate ..............35

vi

20

Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate ......................................40

vii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Page

Conceptual Framework of the Study ......................................................5

Graph Showing the Size Distribution of Aggregate (Mainit River) ........35

Graph Showing the Size Distribution of Aggregate (Kalambis River) ..36

viii

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix

Page

TEST REPORT ON QUALITY TEST OF AGGREGATES SAMPLES .........51

COMPUTATIONS ........................................................................................53

ix

ABSTRACT
CAETE, TEODORO JR. V., Naval State University, Naval, Biliran, Philippines.
October 2014. PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN CAIBIRAN,
BILIRAN. A Research Study.
Instructor: DR. ROSSINI B. ROMERO
The main purpose of the study was to determine the poperties of coarse
aggregates in Caibiran, Biliran. The physical and mechanical properties of coarse
aggregate were tested at E.B. TESTING CENTER INC. (Tacloban branch). The
sample of coarse aggregate were casted from Mainit river and Kalambis river
Caibiran, Biliran. The coarse aggregates were sampled by the researcher on
September 20, 2014 and submitted to the laboratory at the same date. The laboratory
technician Isagani Laurencio and the researcher, work together on testing the sample
and determining the values of specific gravity, absorption, moisture content, wash
loss on no. 200 seive, and clay lumps which is the physical properties and the grading
which is the mechanical properties of coarse aggregate. Both the sample of coarse
aggregate pass the test in specific gravity, absorption, unit weight, soundness,
abrasion loss, moisture content, clay lumps and sieve analysis, except on the test
for "wash loss on no.200 sieve" which is under the physical properties of aggregate.
So there is a restriction regarding on using both of the aggregate from Mainit river
and Kalambis river for concrete mixture. Their should be enough knowledge and extra
care when using this aggregate for concrete mixture. The physical and mechanical
properties serve as an indicator of the quality of an aggregate.

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Physical properties of aggregates are of interest and utility in many fields of
work, including geology, petrophysics, geophysics, materials science, geochemistry,
and geotechnical engineering. The scale of investigation ranges from the molecular
and crystalline up to terrestrial studies of the Earth and other planetary bodies.
Geologists are interested in the radioactive age dating of rocks to reconstruct the
origin of mineral deposits; seismologists formulate prospective earthquake
predictions using premonitory physical or chemical changes; crystallographers study
the synthesis of minerals with special optical or physical properties; exploration
geophysicists investigate the variation of physical properties of subsurface rocks to
make possible detection of natural resources such as oil and gas, geothermal energy,
and ores of metals; geotechnical engineers examine the nature and behaviour of the
materials on, in, or of which such structures as buildings, dams, tunnels, bridges, and
underground storage vaults are to be constructed; solid-state physicists study the
magnetic, electrical, and mechanical properties of materials for electronic devices,
computer components, or high-performance ceramics; and petroleum reservoir
engineers analyze the response measured on well logs or in the processes of deep
drilling at elevated temperature and pressure. (Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
Aggregate in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement,
bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate
gives volume, stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical
properties to the finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed

or broken stone, gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes (clinkers),
burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed
stone, or crushed slag screenings; coarse aggregate consists of gravel (pebbles),
fragments of broken stone, slag, and other coarse substances. Fine aggregate is
used in making thin concrete slabs or other structural members and where a smooth
surface is desired; coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
(Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
Since rocks are aggregates of mineral grains or crystals, their properties are
determined in large part by the properties of their various constituent minerals. In a
rock these general properties are determined by averaging the relative properties and
sometimes orientations of the various grains or crystals. As a result, some properties
that are anisotropic (i.e., differ with direction) on a submicroscopic or crystalline scale
are fairly isotropic for a large bulk volume of the rock. Many properties are also
dependent on grain or crystal size, shape, and packing arrangement, the amount and
distribution of void space, the presence of natural cements in sedimentary rocks, the
temperature and pressure, and the type and amount of contained fluids (e.g., water,
petroleum, gases). Because many rocks exhibit a considerable range in these
factors, the assignment of representative values for a particular property is often done
using a statistical variation. (Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
Determining the physical properties of aggregates is important to know if the
aggregate is strong and sustainable enough for the end-use it is to be put to. It is
essential that the aggregates used in construction purposes are strong and durable.
The largest single component of bricks, blocks, concrete and coated materials is

aggregagate. It would be disastrous to construct houses or bridges or roads with

building materials made with weak aggregate.
Caibiran is rich in aggregate and other materials for construction. The main
source of aggregate in Caibiran are at the Kalambis river and Mainit river and but
there are still a lot of areas that could be sources of aggregate.
This study is conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties
of coarse aggregates from different sources in Caibiran. The properties of aggregates
indicates its strength, durability and workability when used in construction. The
srength of concrete also depends on the strength of aggregate. Deterimining the
physical and mechanical properties of aggregates is very important before it is used
on construction purposes.

Objective of the study

This study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of
coarse aggregates in Caibiran, Biliran.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives:
1. To determine the physical properties of coarse aggregates in terms of:
1.1 specific gravity;
1.2 absorption;
1.3 unit weight;
1.4 soundness;
1.5 abrasion loss;
1.6 moisture content;
1.7 wash loss on sieve no. 200;
1.8 clay lumps;

2. To determine the mechanical properties of coarse aggregates in terms of:

2.1 sieve analysis;
3. Compare the mechanical and physical properties of coarse aggregates to
acceptable standards.
Framework of the study
This study takes hold of the following conceptual framework as its main and
solid foundation in the due course of its proceedings.
Conceptul Framework. This study aimed to determine the physical and
mechanical properties of coarse aggregate. Specifically, the researchers will
be able to determine the strength and durability of the coarse aggregates from
Caibiran, Biliran.
The diagram shown in figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study.

COARSE AGGREGATES
IN
CAIBIRAN, BILIRAN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SIEVE ANALYSIS

ABSORPTION

UNIT WEIGHT

SOUNDNESS

ASTM
STANDARDS

ABRASION LOSS

MOISTURE CONTENT

WASH LOSS ON NO. 200

CLAY LUMPS

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the study

Importance of the study

This study will be of prime importance to:
1. Civil Engineering Students. This study helps the Civil Engineering Students as
their guide in the experiments/testing of aggregates.
2. Contractor. This study helps the contractor to determine what kind of
aggregates can be used for construction.
3. Engineers. This study helps the engineers to determine the strength and
durability of the aggregate from different sources in caibiran.
4. Future Researchers. The proposed study will benefit and help the future
researchers and serve as their guide to further development.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focused only on determining the physical and mechanical
properties of coarse aggregates at Caibiran, Biliran.

Definition of Terms
In order to give a clearer understanding of the key terms used in this and study,
these terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Aggregate. Are granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone , used
with a cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement concrete or mortar.
Abrasion loss. Is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard
gradings resulting from a combination of actions including attrition, impact, and
grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel spheres, the
number depending upon the grading of the test sample.

Absorption. The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill
permeable pores in a porous solid body; also, the increase in mass of a porous solid
body resulting from the penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores.
Clay lumps. Refers to lumps of clay to fine sand-sized particles that are present
during and after the aggregate processing. The lumps would have to be mechanically
broken up to be efectively dispersed.
Coarse Aggregate. Are the portion of an aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm
(No. 4) sieve.
Moisture content. Is the quantity of water contained in aggregate.
Sieve analysis. Is the classification of aggregates according to size by running
them through special sieves or screens.
Soundness. Is the aggregates resistance to disintegration by weathering and,
in particular, freeze-thaw cycles. Aggregates that are durable (resistant to
weathering) are less likely to degrade in the field and cause premature HMA
pavement distress and potentially, failure.
Specific gravity. The ratio of mass of a volume of a material at a stated
temperature to the mass of the same volume of distilled water at a stated
temperature.
Unit weight. Is the mass per unit volume of an aggregate. (Deprecated term
use preferred term bulk density).
Wash loss on sieve no.200. The amount of material finer than sieve no. 200 in
aggregate.

Review of Literature
Aggregates are one of the fundamental materials used in the Construction
Industry. Aggregates can be obtained from a variety of sources; from natural sands
and gravels of both land and sea origin to crushed rock and artificially produced
materials. They can be used in many ways; as major components of concrete, mortar
or bituminous bound materials, as sub-base or capping, or for more specialised uses
such as track ballast or filter media. With this wide variety of sources and end uses,
evaluation of the characteristics by aggregate testing is very important, providing
information for: New source assessment, Prediction of in-service behavior,
Comparison between materials, Specification compliance, Quality control.
(http://www.sandberg.co.uk/laboratories/construction-materials/aggregatetesting.html, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).
Sampling of aggregates is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler
shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition
of the materials which they represent. Samples for preliminary investigation tests are
obtained by the party responsible for development of the potential source. Samples
of materials for control of the production at the source or control of the work at the
site of use are obtained by the manufacturer, contractor, or other parties responsible
for accomplishing the work. Samples for tests to be used in acceptance or rejection
decisions by the purchaser are obtained by the purchaser or his authorized
representative. (ASTM D75, 2004)
Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and
Impact in the Los Angeles Machine has been widely used as an indicator of the
relative quality or competence of various sources of aggregate having similar mineral

compositions. The results do not automatically permit valid comparisons to be made

between sources distinctly different in origin, composition, or structure. Assign
specification limits with extreme care in consideration of available aggregate types
and their performance history in specific end uses. This test is a measure of
degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination
of actions including abrasion or attrition, impact, and grinding in a rotating steel drum
containing a specified number of steel spheres, the number depending upon the
grading of the test sample. As the drum rotates, a shelf plate picks up the sample and
the steel spheres, carrying them around until they are dropped to the opposite side
of the drum, creating an impactcrushing effect. The contents then roll within the drum
with an abrading and grinding action until the shelf plate picks up the sample and the
steel spheres, and the cycle is repeated. After the prescribed number of revolutions,
the contents are removed from the drum and the aggregate portion is sieved to
measure the degradation as percent loss. (ASTM C 131, 2004)
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates is of primary significance in
determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of
Specification C 33. The estimate of the precision of this test method is provisional
and is based on samples of one fine aggregate which was tested by ten different
operators at nine different laboratories. For that sample, the average percent of clay
lumps and friable particles in the aggregate was 1.2 %, and the standard deviation
was 0.6 %. Based on this standard deviation, the acceptable range of two test results
on samples from the same aggregate sent to different laboratories is 1.7 %. (ASTM
C 142 , 2004)

10

Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying is sufficiently

accurate for usual purposes, such as adjusting batch quantities of ingredients for
concrete. It will generally measure the moisture in the test sample more reliably than
the sample can be made to represent the aggregate supply. In cases where the
aggregate itself is altered by heat, or where more refined measurement is required,
the test should be conducted using a ventilated, controlled temperature oven. Large
particles of coarse aggregate, especially those larger than 50 mm (2 in.), will require
greater time for the moisture to travel from the interior of the particle to the surface.
The user of this test method should determine by trial if rapid drying methods provide
sufficient accuracy for the intended use when drying large size particles. (ASTM C
566, 2004)
Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete is used in making a
preliminary determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the
requirements of Specification C 33 that relate to organic impurities. The principal
value of this test method is to furnish a warning that injurious amounts of organic
impurities may be present. When a sample subjected to this test produces a color
darker than the standard color it is advisable to perform the test for the effect of
organic impurities on the strength of mortar in accordance with Test Method C 87.
When a sample subjected to this procedure produces a color darker than the standard
color, or Organic Plate No. 3 (Gardner Color Standard No. 11), the fine aggregate
under test shall be considered to possibly contain injurious organic impurities. It is
advisable to perform further tests before approving the fine aggregate for use in
concrete. (ASTM C 40, 2004)

11

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates is used primarily to determine

the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as aggregates.
The results are used to determine compliance of the particle size distribution with
applicable specification requirements and to provide necessary data for control of the
production of various aggregate products and mixtures containing aggregates. The
data may also be useful in developing relationships concerning porosity and packing.
Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve cannot be
achieved by use of this method alone. Test Method C 117 for material finer than 75m sieve by washing should be employed. (ASTM C 136, 2004)
Material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger
particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of
dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 m in
fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to
dry sieving in accordance with Test Method C 136. The results of this test method are
included in the calculation in Test Method C 136, and the total amount of material
finer than 75 m by washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving the same sample, is
reported with the results of Test Method C 136. Usually, the additional amount of
material finer than 75 m obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it
is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could also be
an indication of degradation of the aggregate. Plain water is adequate to separate the
material finer than 75 m from the coarser material with most aggregates. In some
cases, the finer material is adhering to the larger particles, such as some clay
coatings and coatings on aggregates that have been extracted from bituminous

12

mixtures. In these cases, the fine material will be separated more readily with a
wetting agent in the water. (ASTM C 117, 2004)
Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of
aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be
compared with specifications, for example Specification C 33, that are designed to
indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test
method is poor (Section 12), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates
without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service
intended. Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually
different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test
results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing
proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test
is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for
percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits
when sodium sulfate is used. (ASTM C 88, 2004)
Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for
calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing
aggregate, including portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other
mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Relative
density (specific gravity) is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate in Test
Method C 29/ C 29M. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the aggregate
is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the relative density
(specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed

13

to be dry. Apparent density and apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity)
pertain to the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore
space within the particles which is accessible to water. Absorption values are used to
calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore
spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is
deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy
most of the absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that
obtained after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period of time. Aggregates
mined from below the water table commonly have a moisture content greater than
the absorption determined by this test method, if used without opportunity to dry prior
to use. Conversely, some aggregates which have not been continuously maintained
in a moist condition until used are likely to contain an amount of absorbed moisture
less than the 24-h soaked condition. The values obtained for absorption by other test
methods will be different than the values obtained by the prescribed soaking, as will
the relative density (specific gravity) (SSD). The pores in lightweight aggregates are
not necessarily filled with water after immersion for 24 h. In fact, the absorption
potential for many such aggregates is not satisfied after several days immersion in
water. Therefore, this test method is not intended for use with lightweight aggregate.
(ASTM C 127, 2004)
Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate is often used to determine
bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures. The bulk density also may be used for determining
mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the
relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or

14

stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates in
hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter
affecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.
A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate
particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method. (ASTM C 29,
2004)
The preceding literatures are considerably connected to present study. They
form the basis of researchers concept and serve as a reference to the researchers
topic.

15

Chapter II
METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the research design, research subjects, research locale,
research instruments, the data gathering procedure, data scoring, and the statistical
tools for the analysis of data gathered.

Research Design
The design of the present study followed the descriptive method. The main
purpose in conducting this study was to detrmine the physical properties of
aggregates and compare the test results to the ASTM Standards.

Research Subject
There are two (2) sources of aggregates in Caibiran, Biliran, where the sample
aggregates came from. These sources of aggregates are in, Kalambis river, and
Mainit river.

Research Locale
The venue of this study were the Kalambis River located at Cabibihan Caibian,
Biliran and Mainit River located at Mainit Caibiran, Biliran.

Research Instrument
This study aimed to determine the mechanical and physical properties of
aggregates using the ASTM Standards Material Testing Procedure.
The test procedure used in determining the physical properties of aggregates
were the: C131-03 Standard test method for resistance to degredation of small size
coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles Machine; C142-97

16

Standard Test method for clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates; C566-97
Standard test method for total evaporable moisture content of aggregate by drying;
C136-01 Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates;
C117-03 Standard test method for materials finer than 75m (No. 200) sieve in
mineral aggregates by washing; C88-99a Standard test method for soundness of
aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate; C127-01 Standard test
method for density, relative density (Specific gravity) and absorption of coarse
aggregate; C29/C 29M-97 Standard test method for bulk density (Unit weight) and
voids in aggregate.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the testing of aggregate, the researcher conduct the sampling of
aggregates. Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler use
every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition of the
materials.
The material was inspected to determine discernible variations.
Table 1 shows the needed mass of sample aggregate in every size of samples.
The sample were transported in containers so constructed as to procedure
loss or contamination of any part of the sample, or damage to the contents from
mishandling during transportation. Containers for aggregate samples have suitable
individual identification attached and enclosed so that field reporting, laboratory
logging, and test reporting may be facilitated.

17

Table 1. Size of Samples for Coarse Aggregates

Aggregate Size
9.5mm
12.5mm
19.0mm
25.0mm
37.5mm
50mm
63mm
75mm
90mm

Field Sample Mass , min, kg.

10
15
25
50
75
100
125
150
175

The test method for resistance to degradation of small size coarse

aggregate by abrasion and impact in the los angeles machine was a measure of
degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination
of actions including abrasion or attrition, impact and grinding in a rotating steel drum
containing a specified number of steel spheres, the number depending upon the
grading of the test sample. As the drum rotates, a shelf plate picked up the sample
and the steel spheres, carrying them around until they were dropped to the opposite
side of the drum, creating an impact crushing effect. The contents then rolled within
the drum with abrading and grading action until the shelf plate picks up the sample
and the steel spheres, and the cycle was repeated. After the prescribed number of
revolutions, the contents were removed from th drum and the aggregate proportion
was sieved to measure the degradation as percent loss.
The charges depending upon the grading of the test sample are as follows:
Table 2. Abrasion Charge
Grading
A
B
C
D

Number of Spheres
12
11
8
6

Mass of charge
500025 g.
458425 g.
333020 g.
250015 g.

18

The table below shows the needed mass of indicated sizes.

Table 3. Grading of Test Samples
Sieve Size (square openings)
Mass of indicated sizes
Passing

Retained on

A
B
C
D
37.5mm(1in.)
25mm(1in.)
125025g.
...
...
...
25mm(1in.)
19mm(3/4 in.) 125025 g
...
...
...
19mm(3/4 in.) 12.5mm(1/2in.) 125010g 250010g
...
...
12.5mm(1/2in.) 9.5mm(3/8in.) 125010g 250010g
...
...
9.5mm(3/8in.) 6.3mm(1/4in.)
...
...
250010g
...
6.3mm(1/4in.) 4.74mm(no.4)
...
...
250010g
...
4.74mm(no.4) 2.36mm(no.8)
...
...
...
500010g
Total
500010g 500010g 500010g 500010g

The test method for clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates covers the
approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.. The
aggregate were dried to substantially constant mass at a temperature of
1105oC(2309oF). The test sample of aggregate consist of particles coarser than
1.18mm(no.16) sieve and have a mass not less than 25g. The test sample of coarse
aggregate are separated into diferent sizes, using the following sieves:
4.75mm(no.4), 9.5mm(3/8in.), 19.0mm(3/4in.) and 37.5mm(1in.). The test sample
have a mass not less than indicated in the following table:
Table 4. Mass of Test Sample
Size Of Particles Making Up Test
Sample
4.75 to 9.5 mm (No.4 to in.)
9.5 to 19.0mm (3/8 to in.)
19.0 to 37.5mm (3/4 to 1in.)
Over 37.5mm (1in.)

Mass Of Test Sample

1000 g.
2000 g.
3000 g.
5000 g.

The mass of the test sample is determined to the accuracy specified in balance
and spread it in a thin layer on the bottom of the container, it is covered with distilled

19

water, and soak for a period of 24. The particles was rolled and squeezed individually
between the thumb and fore finger to attempt to break the particle into smaller sizes.
Any particles that can be broken with the finger into fines removable were classified
by wet sieving as clay lumps of friable particles. After all discernable clay lumps and
friable particles have been broken, the detritus from the remainder of the sample was
separated by wet sieving over the sieve prescribed in the following table:
Table 5. Prescribed Sieve
Size Of Particles Making Up Sample
Fine aggregate (retained on
1.18mm(no.16) sieve)
4.75 to 9.5 mm (no.4 to 3/8in.)
9.5 to 19.0mm(3/8 to in.)
19.0 to 37.5mm(3/4 to 1in.)
Over 37.5 mm (1 in.)

Size Of Sieve For Removing Residue

Of Clay Lumps And Friable Particles
850m (No.200)
2.36mm(No.8)
4.75mm(No.4)
4.75mm(No.4)
4.75mm(No.4)

The wet sieving was perfomed by passing water over the sample through the
sieve while manually agitating the sieve, until all undersize material had been
removed. The retained particles were removed carefully from the sieve, and it was
dried to substantially constant mass at a temperature of 1105 oC(230oF), cooled,
and the mass was determined to the nearest 0.1% of the mass of the test sample.
This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable
moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both surface moisture and moisture in
the pores of the aggregate. The mass of the sample was determined to the nearest
0.1%. The sample was dried thoroughly in the sample container by means of the
selected source of heat, exercising care to avoid loss of any particles. When
excessive heat may alter the character of the aggregate, a controlled temperature
oven was used. The sample was stirred during drying to accelerate the operation and

20

avoid localized overheating. Anhydrous denatured alcohol was sufficiently added to

cover the moist sample. Suspended material was stirred and allowed to settle. The
remaining alcohol were ignited and allowed to burn off during drying over the hot
plate. The sample was thoroughly dried when further heating causes less than 0.1%
additional loss in mass. The test sample have a mass not less than indicated in the
following table:
Table 6. Sample Size for Aggregate
Nominal Maximum Size Of
Aggregate, mm(in)
4.75 (0.187) (No.4)
9.5 (3/8/
12.5 (1/2)
19.0 (3/4)
25.0 (1)
37.5 (1 1/2)
50 (2)
63 (2 )
75 (3)
90 (3 )
100 (4)
150 (6)

Mass Of Normal Weight

Aggregate Sample, min.
Kg.
0.5
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
13
16
25
50

The mass of the dried sample was detemined to the nearest 0.1% after it has
cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance. The apparatus used in this test method
are the balance, source of heat, sample container and stirrer.
The test method for sieve analysis of coarse aggregates covered the
determination of the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving. A
sample of dry aggregate of known mass was separated through a series of sieves of
progressively smaller openings for determination of particle size distribution. The size

21

of the test sample of coarse aggregate shall conform with the standards shown in
Table 7.
Table 7. Sieve Size
Nominal Maximum Size,
Square Openings, mm (in.)
9.5 (38)
12.5 (12)
19.0 (34)
25.0 (1)
37.5 (112)
50 (2)
63 (212)
75 (3)
90 (312)
100 (4)
125 (5)

Test Sample Size,

min, kg (lb)
1 (2)
2 (4)
5 (11)
10 (22)
15 (33)
20 (44)
35 (77)
60 (130)
100 (220)
150 (330)
300 (660)

The sample was dried to constant mass at a temperature of 1105oC

(2309oF). The size of the test sample of aggregate, after drying, shall be 300 g
minimum. Sieves are selected with suitable openings to furnish the information
required by the specifications covering the material to be tested. The sieves are nest
in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and place the sample on
the top sieve. The sieves are agitate by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a
sufficient period, established by trial or checked by measurement on the actual test
sample, to meet the criterion for adequacy or sieving described. The quantity of
material on a given sieve was limited so that all particles have opportunity to reach
sieve openings a number of times during the sieving operation. For sieves with
openings smaller than 4.75-mm (No. 4), the quantity retained on any sieve at the
completion of the sieving operation shall not exceed 7 kg/m2 of sieving surface area.
For sieves with openings 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, the quantity retained in kg shall

22

not exceed the product of 2.53 (sieve opening, mm 3 (effective sieving area, m2)).
This quantity is shown in Table 8 for five sieve-frame dimensions in common use.
Table 8. Maximum Allowable Quantity of Material Retained on a Sieve, kg

Sieve
Opening
Size, mm
125
100
90
75
63
50
37.5
25.0
19.0
12.5
9.5
4.75

Nominal Dimensions of SieveA

203.2-mm
254-mm
304.8-mm
350 by
diaB
diaB
diaB
350 mm
Sieving Area, m2
0.0285
0.0457
0.0670
0.1225
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
30.6
c
c
15.1
27.6
c
8.6
12.6
23.0
c
7.2
10.6
19.3
3.6
5.7
8.4
15.3
2.7
4.3
6.3
11.5
1.8
2.9
4.2
7.7
1.4
2.2
3.2
5.8
0.89
1.4
2.1
3.8
0.67
1.1
1.6
2.9
0.33
0.54
0.80
1.5

372 by 580
mm
0.2158
67.4
53.9
48.5
40.5
34.0
27.0
20.2
13.5
10.2
6.7
5.1
2.6

Overload of material on an individual sieve was prevented by inserting an

additional sieve with opening size intermediate between the sieve that may be
overloaded and the sieve immediately above that sieve in the original set of sieves.
Sieving was continued for a

sufficient period and in

such manner that, after

completion, not more than 1 % by mass of the material retained on any individual
sieve will pass that sieve during 1 min of continuous hand sieving performed as
follows: Hold the individual sieve, provided with a snug-fitting pan and cover, in a
slightly inclined position in one hand. The side of the sieve was striked sharply and
with an upward motion against the heel of the other hand at the rate of about 150
times per minute, the sieve was turned about one sixth of a revolution at intervals of
about 25 strokes. In determining sufficiency of sieving for sizes larger than the 4.75mm (No. 4) sieve, limit the material on the sieve to a single layer of particles.

23

Alternatively, the portion finer than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve may be reduced in size
using a mechanical splitter according to Practice C 702. If this procedure is followed,
compute the mass of each size increment of the original sample as follows:

A = 1
2

where:
A = mass of size increment on total sample basis,
W1 = mass of fraction finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve in total sample,
W2 = mass of reduced portion of material finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
actually sieved, and
B = mass of size increment in reduced portion sieved.
Rotate the particles, if necessary, in order to determine whether they will pass
through a particular opening; however, do not force particles to pass through an
opening. The mass of each size increment was determied on a scale or balance
conforming to the requirements specified in 5.1 to the nearest 0.1 % of the total
original dry sample mass. The total mass of the material after sieving should check
closely with original mass of sample placed on the sieves. If the amounts differ by
more than 0.3 %, based on the original dry sample mass, the results should not be
used for acceptance purposes. If the sample has previously been tested by Test
Method C 117, add the mass finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve determined by that
method to the mass passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve by dry sieving of the same
sample in this method.
This test method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral
Aggregates by Washing covered the determination of the amount of material finer
than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other

24

aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble
materials, were removed from the aggregate during the test. A sample of the
aggregate was washed in a prescribed manner, using plain water as specified. The
decanted wash water, containing suspended and dissolved material, was passed
through a 75-m (No. 200) sieve. The loss in mass resulting from the wash treatment
was calculated as mass percent of the original sample and was reported as the
percentage of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve by washing. The sample
of aggregate to be tested was thoroughly mix and reduce the quantity to an amount
suitable for testing using the applicable methods described in Practice C 702. If the
same test sample was to be tested according to Test Method C 136, the minimum
mass shall be as described in the applicable sections of that method. Otherwise, the
mass of the test sample, after drying, shall conform with the minimum mass
requirements required for test sample after drying in Table 9.
Table 9. Minimum Mass Required For Test Sample After Drying
Nominal Maximum Size
4.75 mm (No. 4) or smaller
9.5 mm (38 in.)
19.0 mm (34 in.)
37.5 mm (112 in.) or larger

Minimum Mass, g
300
1000
2500
5000

The test sample was dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C

(230 9F). The mass was determined to the nearest 0.1 % of the mass of the test
sample. If the applicable specification requires that the amount passing the 75-m
(No. 200) sieve shall be determined on a portion of the sample passing a sieve
smaller than the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, separate the sample on
the designated sieve and determine the mass of the material passing the designated

25

sieve to 0.1 % of the mass of this portion of the test sample. Use this mass as the
original dry mass of the test sample. Calculate the amount of material passing a 75m (No. 200) sieve by washing as follows:

] 100

=[

Where:
A = percentage of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200)
sieve by washing,
B = original dry mass of sample, g, and
C = dry mass of sample after washing, g.
After drying and determining the mass, the test sample was placed in the
container and sufficient water was added to cover it. No detergent, dispersing agent,
or other substance shall be added to the water. Agitate the sample with sufficient
vigor to result in complete separation of all particles finer than the 75-m (No. 200)
sieve from the coarser particles, and to bring the fine material into suspension. The
wash water containing the suspended and dissolved solids was poured immediately
over the nested sieves, arranged with the coarser sieve on top. Second charge of
water was added to the sample in the container, agitate, and decant as before. This
operation was repeated until the wash water was clear. All material retained on the
nested sieves was returned by flushing to the washed sample. The washed aggregate
was dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) and the mass
was determined to the nearest 0.1 % of the original mass of the sample.
This test method for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or
magnesium sulfate covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness
when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is

26

accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium

sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt
precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from
the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on
freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of
aggregates when adequate information was not available from service records of the
material exposed to actual weathering conditions. Coarse aggregate for the test shall
consist of material from which the sizes finer than the No. 4 sieve have been removed.
The sample shall be of such a size that it will yield the following amounts of the
indicated sizes that are available in amounts of 5 % or more:
Table 10. Mass Required For Indicated Sizes
Size (Square-Opening Sieves)
9.5 mm (38 in.) to 4.75 mm (No. 4)
19.0 mm (34 in.) to 9.5 mm (38 in.)
12.5-mm (12-in.) to 9.5-mm (38-in.)
material
19.0-mm (34-in.) to 12.5-mm (12-in.)
material
37.5-mm (112-in.) to 19.0-mm (34 in.)
25.0-mm (1-in.) to 19.0-mm (34-in.)
material
37.5-mm (112-in.) to 25.0-mm (1-in.)
material
63-mm (212 in.) to 37.5-mm (112 in.)
50-mm (2 in.) to 37.5-mm (112-in.)
material
63-mm (212-in.) to 50-mm (2-in.)
material
Larger sizes by 25-mm (1-in.) spread in
sieve size, each fraction

Mass, g
300 5
1000 10
330 5
670 10
1500 50
500 30
1000 50
5000 300
2000 200
3000 300
7000 1000

The sample of fine aggregate was washed thoroughly on a 300-m (No. 50)
sieve, dry to constant weight at 230 9F (110 5C), and separated into the different

27

sizes by sieving, as follows: A rough separation of the graded sample was made by
means of a nest of the standard sieves. The samples were weighed consisting of
100 6 0.1 g out of each of the separated fractions after final sieving and place in
separate containers for the test.
The sample of coarse aggregate was washed thoroughly and dried to constant
weight at 230 9F (110 5C) and separated it into the different sizes by sieving to
refusal. Quantities of the different sizes were weighed out within the tolerances of 6.3
and, where the test portion consists of two sizes, combine them to the designated
total weight. The weights of the test samples were recorded and their fractional
components. The samples in the prepared solution was immersed of sodium sulfate
or magnesium sulfate for not less than 16 h in such a manner that the solution covered
them to a depth of at least 12 in. The containers were covered to reduce evaporation
and prevent the accidental addition of extraneous substances. The samples
immersed in the solution was maintained at a temperature of 70 2F (21 1C) for
the immersion period. After the immersion period, the aggregate sample was
removed from the solution, it was permitted to drain for 15 5 min, and placed in the
drying oven. The samples was dried at the specified temperature until constant weight
has been achieved. Constant weight was considered to have been achieved when
weight loss was less than 0.1 % of sample weight in 4 h of drying. After constant
weight has been achieved, the samples was allowed to cool to room temperature,
when they shall again be immersed in the prepared solution. The process of alternate
immersion and drying was repeated until the required number of cycles was obtained.
After the completion of the final cycle and after the sample has cooled, the sample
was washed free from the sodium sulfate as determined by the reaction of the wash

28

water with barium chloride (BaCl2). Wash by circulating water at 110 10F (43
6C) through the samples in their containers. In the washing operation, the samples
shall not be subjected to impact or abrasion that may tend to break up particles.
This test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption
of coarse Aggregate covers the determination of the average density of a quantity of
coarse aggregate particles (not including the volume of voids between the particles),
the relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the coarse aggregate. The
OD density and OD relative density were determined after drying the aggregate. The
SSD density, SSD relative density, and absorption were determined after soaking the
aggregate in water for a prescribed duration. A sample of aggregate was immersed
in water for 24 4 h to essentially fill the pores. It was then removed from the water,
the water dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass determined.
Subsequently, the volume of the sample was determined by the displacement of
water method. Finally, the sample was oven-dried and the mass determined. Using
the mass values thus obtained and formulas in this test method, it was possible to
calculate density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption. The minimum
mass of test sample to be used is given as follows. Testing the coarse aggregate in
several size fractions was permited. When an aggregate was tested in separate size
fractions, the minimum mass of test sample for each fraction shall be the difference
between the masses prescribed for the maximum and minimum sizes of the fraction.

29

Table 11. Minimum Mass Of Test Sample Required

Nominal Maximum Size, mm (in.)
12.5 (12) or less
19.0 (34)
25.0 (1)
37.5 (112)
50 (2)
63 (212)
75 (3)
90 (312)
100 (4)
125 (5)

Minimum Mass of Test Sample,

kg (lb)
2 (4.4)
3 (6.6)
4 (8.8)
5 (11)
8 (18)
12 (26)
18 (40)
25 (55)
40 (88)
75 (165)

The test sample was dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C,
cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (112-in.)
nominal maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a
temperature that was comfortable to handle (approximately 50C). The aggregate in
water was subsequently immerse at room temperature for a period of 24 4 h. Where
the absorption and relative density (specific gravity) values were to be used in
proportioning concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their naturally moist
condition, the requirement for initial drying is optional, and, if the surfaces of the
particles in the sample have been kept continuously wet until tested, the requirement
in 8.1 for 24 6 4 h soaking is also optional. The test sample was removed from the
water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films of water were removed.
The larger particles was wiped individually. A moving stream of air was permitted to
assist in the drying operation. The mass of the test sample was determined in the
saturated surface-dry condition. Record this and all subsequent masses to the
nearest 0.5 g or 0.05 % of the sample mass, whichever was greater. After determining

30

the mass in air, the saturated-surface-dry test sample was immediately placed in the
sample container and its apparent mass in water at 23 2.0C was determined.
This test method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
covers the determination of bulk density (unit weight) of aggregate in a compacted
or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed
aggregates based on the same determination. This test method was applicable to
aggregates not exceeding 5 in. [125 mm] in nominal maximum size. The size of the
sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 % of the quantity required to fill the
measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate
sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 230 9F [110 5C].
The measure was filled one-third full and the surface is leveled with the fingers. The
layer of aggregate is rodded with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed
over the surface. The measure was filled two-thirds full and leveled again and rod as
above. Finally, the measure was filled to overflowing and rodded again in the manner
previously mentioned. The surface of the aggregate was leveled with the fingers or a
straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the
coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top
of the measure. In rodding the first layer, the rod was not allowed to strike the bottom
of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers, vigorous effort was
used, but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous
layer of aggregate. The mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the
measure alone, and recorded the values to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] determined.

31

CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result and the discussion of the data collected. All
data are presented and analyzed based on objectives stated.
Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate
The study determined the physical properties of coarse aggregate in terms of
specific gravity, absorption, unit weight, soundness, abrasion loss, moisture content,
wash loss on No. 200 and clay lumps.
Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is used in a number of applications
including Superpave mix design, deleterious particle indentification and separation,
and material property change identification.
Table 12. Test Result On Specific Gravity Of Coase Aggregates
Source of aggregate

Mainit River
Kalambis River

Specific gavity
(DRY)
2.173%
2.075%

Specific gavity
(SSD)
2.215%
2.109%

Specific gavity
(Apparent)
2.268%
2.148%

As shown in Table 12, the values of specific gravity of coarse aggregate from
Mainit river was 2.173 percent (DRY), 2.215 percent (SSD) and 2.268 percent
(Apparent). And the values of specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river
was 2.075 percent (DRY), 2.109 percent (SSD) and 2.148 percent (Apparent). The
typical value for specific gravity of natural coarse aggregate was 2.6 percent. There
were no minimum or maximum specific gravity or absorption values in Superpave mix
design.

32

Absorption:
Table 13. Test Result On Absorption Of Coarse Aggregates
Source of aggregate
Mainit River
Kalambis River

Absorption
1.937%
1.645%

As shown Table 13, the values of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river was 1.937 percent. And the values of absorption of coarse aggregate from
Kalambis river was 1.645 percent. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate
was not highly absorptive (less than 5 percent absorption) and does not require more
asphalt binder making the resulting hot mix asphalt less expensive. Absorption
requirements were of concern only regarding aggregates used in hot mix asphalt and
portland cement concrete. The intent was to avoid using highly porous, absorptive
aggregates because extra water and cement or asphalt was needed to make a good
mix.
Unit weight.The unit weight of aggregate affects the density of concrete and dead
load of structure.
Table 14. Test Result On Unit Weight Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of aggregate
Mainit River
Kalambis River

Unit weight (Loose)

1320 kg/m3
1281 kg/m3

Unit weight (Rodded)

1486 kg/m3
1414 kg/m3

As shown in Table 14 the values of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river was 1320 kg/m3 (loose) and 1486 kg/m3 (rodded). And the values of unit weight
of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river was 1281 kg/m3 (loose) and 1414 kg/m3

33

(rodded). Determining the value for unit weight was necessary for use for many
methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness: The soundness determines the aggregates resistance to disintegration
by weathering.
Table 15. Test Result On Soundness Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of aggregate
Mainit River
Kalambis River

Soundness
6.85%
7.27%

Specification
12.0%max

As shown in Table 15, the value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Mainit

river was 6.85 percent. And the value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Kalambis
river was 7.27 percent. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate had
complied to the standard specification for soundness which is 12.0 percent
maximum. The quality of soundness of aggregate or its resistance to the forces of
weathering is one of the most important considerations in the selection of a material
for highway construction.
Abrasion. Abrasion resistance of aggregate often use as general indicator of qualtiy.
It is used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion chararacteristics.
Table 16. Test Result On Abrasion Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of aggregate
Mainit River
Kalambis River

Abrasion loss
29.72%
28.52%

Specification
40.0% max.

As shown in Table 16, the value of abrasion loss of coarse aggregate from
Mainit river was 29.72 percent and from Kalambis river is 28.52 percent.Therefore,
both of the sample of coarse aggregatre had complied to the standard specification

34

for abrasion which is 40.0 percent maximum. The percentage was a measure of the
degradation or loss of material as a result of impact and abrasive actions.
Clay lumps:
Table 17. Test Result On Clay Lumps Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of Aggregate
Mainit River
Kalambis River

Clay lumps
0.200%
0.170%

Specification
1.0% max.

As shown in table 17, the clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was
0.2 0 percent. And the clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river was 0.170
percent. Therefore both of the sample of coarse aggregate had complied to the
standard specification for clay lumps which is 1.0 percent maximum. Clay lumps were
materials that are easily crumbled or mashed with the fingers. So an aggregate for
concrete should not have a clay lumps more than 0.10 percent. The aggregate from
Mainit river complied the requirement for clay lumps, therefore it is safe to use for
concrete.
Moisture Content:
Table 18. Test Result On Moisture Content Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of aggregate
Moisture content
Mainit River
7.21%
Kalambis River
4.89%
As shown in Table 18, the moisture content of coarse aggregate form Mainit
river was 7.210 percent and from Kalambis river was 4.890 percent. Obviously this
aggregate has big amount of moisture content because its from a river. This data can
be used to adjust the ratio of concrete mixture, so that it cant affect to the concrete
structure.

35

Wash Loss on No. 200:

Table 19. Test Result On Wash Loss On Sieve No. 200 Of Coarse Aggregate
Source of aggregate
Wash loss on no. 200
Specification
Mainit River
3.15%
1.0% max.
Kalambis River
7.44%
As shown in Table 19, the wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse aggregate
from Mainiti river was 3.150 percent and from Kalamibis was 7.44 percent. Therefore,
the target had not been achieved for both sample of coarse aggregate, where the
standard specification for wash loss on no. 200 is 1.0 percent maximum.
Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregate:
The study determined the mechanical properties of coarse aggregates in
terms of sieve analysis.

PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION

PERCENT PASSING

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SIEVE SIZE

Figure 2. Graph Showing The Size Distribution Of Aggregate (Mainit River)

36
PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION

PERCENT PASSING

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30

20
10
0
SIEVE SIZE

Figure 3 . Graph Showing The Size Distribution Of Aggregate (Kalambis River)

According to the result, the coarse aggregate from Mainit river passing 3 inch
1

sieve size was 100 percent, passing 2 2 inch sieve size was 100 percent, passing 2
1

inch sieve size was 100 percent, passing 1 2 inch sieve size was 54 percent, passing
1 inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing
inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing 3/8 inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing
no.4 sieve was 3%, passing no.8 sieve is 3%, passing no.16 sieve is 3%, passing no.
200 sieve is 3 percent. And the coarse aggregate from Kalambis river passing 3 inch
1

sieve size was 100 percent, passing 2 2 inch sieve size was 100 percent, passing 2
1

inch sieve size is 100%, passing 1 2 inch sieve size is 69%, passing 1 inch sieve size
is 8 percent, passing inch sieve size was 8 percent, passing inch sieve size is 7
percent, passing 3/8 inch sieve size is 7%, passing no.4 sieve is 7%, passing no.8
sieve is 7%, passing no.16 sieve was 7 percent, passing no. 200 sieve was 7 percent.
Therefore, target grading for coarse aggregate of bothsample had been achieved,

37

where the range for 3 sieve size is 100 percent, for 2 is 90-100 percent, for 1
is 25-60 percent, for 3/4 is 0-10 percent, and for 1/2 0-5 percent. The aggregate in
Mainit River and Kalambis river were coarse aggregate. Aggregate size and
gradation are the most important factors when selecting aggregate. It was one of the
most important characteristics regarding the utilization of aggregates in concrete.
Comparison of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates to
Acceptable Standards
The specification is use to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal
maximum size of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements.
Abrasion. The standard specification for Abrasion was 40.0 percent maximum.
The value of abrasion of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was 29.72 percent and
from Kalambis river was 28.52 percent. Therefore both samples of coarse aggregate
had complied to the specification.
Specific gravity. The value of Specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Mainit
River was 2.173 percent (OD), 2.215 percent (SSD), 2.268 pecent (APP) and from
Kalambis River was 2.075%(OD), 2.109%(SSD), 2.148%(APP). There were no
standard specification for specific gravity, but there was a typical value for specific
gravity of natural coarse aggregate which is 2.6 percent. Therefore the values of
specific gravity of samples of coarse aggregate was acceptable because its not that
far and does not exceed from the typical value of specific gravity of natural coarse
aggregate.
Absorption. The value of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit River
was 1.937 percent and from Kalambis River was 1.645 percent. Therefore the
samples of aggregate was not highly absorptive because its value of absorption was

38

less than 5 percent. The absorption is important in determining the net water-cement
ratio in the concrete mix.
Unit weight. The value of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit River
was 1320 kg/m^3 (Loose) and 1496 kg/m^3 (Rodded) and from Kalambis River was
1281 kg/m^3 (Loose) and 1414 kg/m^3 (Rodded). The value of unit weight was
necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness. The standard specification for Soundness was 12.0 percent
maximum. The value of soundness of coarse aggregate from Mainit River was 6.85
percent and from Kalambis river was 7.27 percent. Therefore both samples of coarse
aggregate had complied to the specification. The durability of aggregates or their
resistance to the forces of weathering was one of the most important considerations
in the selection of a material for highway construction.
Moisture Content. The value of moisture content of coarse aggregate from
Mainit River was 7.21 percent and from Kalambis River is 4.89 percent. Obviously,
this aggregate has big amount of moisture content because it's from a river. This data
can be used to adjust the ratio of concrete mixture, so that it can't affect to the
concrete structure.
Wash loss on no.200. The standard specification for the wash loss on no. 200
sieve was 1.0 percent maximum. The value of wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse
aggregate from Mainit River was 3.15 percent and from Kalambis River was 7.44
percent. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate had not complied to the
specification.

39

Sieve Analysis. Coarse aggregate shall conform to the requirements

prescribed in table 29 for the size number specified.

Table 30. Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate

40

41

According in table 14 (from ASTM c33), the aggregate was size numer 3. As
a general rule, the largest aggregate should be no greater in diameter than one-third
the depth of the slab, or one-fifth the smallest dimension of the form. Generally coarse
aggregate was blended with finer aggregates (such as sand) to fill in the spaces left
between the large pieces and to lock the larger pieces together. This reduces the
amount of cement paste required and decreases the amount of shrinkage that could
occur.

42

Chapter IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This

chapter

presents

the

summary

of

results,

conclusions,

and

recommendations appropriate to the findings of the study.

Summary Of Findings
This study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of
coarse aggregate from Mainit river and Kalambis river of Caibiran, Biliran.
The following are the result of the study:
Physical properties of coarse aggregate
Specific gravity. The values of specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river was 2.173 percent (DRY), 2.215 percent (SSD) and 2.268 percent (Apparent).
And the values of specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Kalambis River was 2.075
percent (DRY), 2.109 percent (SSD) and 2.148 percent (Apparent). The typical value
for specific gravity of natural coarse aggregate is 2.6 percent.
Absorption. The values of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit River
was 1.937 percent. And the values of absorption of coarse aggregate from Kalambis
River was 1.645 percent. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate was not
highly absorptive (less than 5% absorption) and does not require more asphalt binder
making the resulting hot mix asphalt less expensive.
Unit weight. the values of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was
1320 kg/m3 (loose) and 1486 kg/m3 (rodded). And the values of unit weight of coarse
aggregate from Kalambis River is 1281 kg/m3 (loose) and 1414 kg/m3 (rodded).

43

Determining the value for unit weight was necessary for use for many methods of
selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness. The value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Mainit River was
6.85 percent. And the value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Kalambis River was
7.27 percent. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate had complied to the
standard specification for soundness which was 12.0 percent maximum. The quality
of soundness of aggregate or its resistance to the forces of weathering was one of
the most important considerations in the selection of a material for highway
construction.
Abrasion. The value of abrasion loss of coarse aggregate from Mainit River
was 29.72 percent and from Kalambis River was 28.52 percent.Therefore, both of the
sample of coarse aggregatre had complied to the standard specification for abrasion
which was 40.0 percent maximum. The percentage was a measure of the degradation
or loss of material as a result of impact and abrasive actions.
Clay lumps. The clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Mainit River was 0.2
percent. And the clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Kalambis River was 0.17
percent. Therefore both of the sample of coarse aggregate had complied to the
standard specification for clay lumps which is 1.0 percent maximum. Clay lumps are
materials that are easily crumbled or mashed with the fingers.
Moisture Content. The moisture content of coarse aggregate form Mainit River
is 7.21 percent and from Kalambis River is 4.89 percent. Obviously this aggregate
has big amount of moisture content because its from a river.
Wash loss on no. 200. The wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse aggregate
from Mainiti River was 3.15 percent and from Kalamibis River was 7.44 percent.

44

Therefore, the target had not been achieved for both sample of coarse aggregate,
where the standard specification for wash loss on no. 200 is 1.0 percent maximum.
Mechanical properties of coarse aggregate
Sieve analysis. the coarse aggregate from Mainit river passing 3 inch sieve
1

size was 100%, passing 2 2 inch sieve size is 100 percent, passing 2 inch sieve size
1

was 100%, passing 1 2 inch sieve size was 54%, passing 1 inch sieve size was 3
percent, passing inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing inch sieve size was 3
percent, passing 3/8 inch sieve size was 3 percent, passing no.4 sieve was 3 percent,
passing no.8 sieve was 3 percent, passing no.16 sieve was 3 percent, passing no.
200 sieve is 3 percent. And the coarse aggregate from Kalambis river passing 3 inch
1

sieve size was 100 percent, passing 2 2 inch sieve size was 100%, passing 2 inch
1

sieve size was 100 percent, passing 1 inch sieve size was 69 percent, passing 1
2

inch sieve size was 8 percent, passing inch sieve size was 8 percent, passing
inch sieve size was 7 percent, passing 3/8 inch sieve size was 7 percent, passing
no.4 sieve was 7 percent, passing no.8 sieve was 7 percent, passing no.16 sieve was
7%, passing no. 200 sieve was 7 percent. Therefore, target grading for coarse
aggregate of bothsample had been achieved, where the range for 3 sieve size was
100 percent, for 2 is 90-100 percent, for 1 is 25-60 percent, for 3/4 is 0-10
percent, and for 1/2 0-5 percent.
Comparison of mechanical and physical properties of coarse aggregates to
acceptable standards
Abrasion. The value of abrasion of coarse aggregate from Mainit River was

45

29.72 percent and from Kalambis river was 28.52 percent. Both samples of coarse
aggregate complied to the standard specification for Abrasion which was 40.0 percent
maximum.
Specific gravity. The value of Specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Mainit
River was 2.173 percent (OD), 2.215 percent (SSD), 2.268 percent (APP) and from
Kalambis river was 2.075 percent (OD), 2.109 percent (SSD), 2.148 percent (APP).
There are no standard specification for specific gravity, but there is a typical value for
specific gravity of natural coarse aggregate which is 2.6%.
Absorption. The value of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was
1.937 percent and from Kalambis river was 1.645 percent. The samples of aggregate
is not highly absorptive because its value of absorption is less than 5 percent.
Unit weight. The value of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was
1320 kg/m^3 (Loose) and 1496 kg/m^3 (Rodded) and from Kalambis river was 1281
kg/m^3 (Loose) and 1414 kg/m^3 (Rodded). There are no specification for unit weight
but the values of unit weight is necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness. The value of soundness of coarse aggregate from Mainit river was
6.85 percent and from Kalambis river is 7.27%. Both samples of coarse aggregate
had complied to the standard specification for soundness which is 12.0 max.
Moisture Content. The value of moisture content of coarse aggregate from
Mainit river is 7.21 percent and from Kalambis river was 4.89 percent. The aggregate
has big amount of moisture content because it's from a river. The value of moisture
content was used to adjust the ratio of concrete mixture, so that it can't affect to the
concrete structure.

46

Wash loss on no.200. The value of wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse
aggregate from Mainit river was 3.15 percent and from Kalambis river was 7.44
percent. Both of the sample of coarse aggregate had not complied to the standard
specification for the wash loss on no. 200 sieve which was 1.0 percent maximum.
Sieve Analysis. The coarse aggregate from Mainit river and Kalambis river had
complied to the requirements for the size number specified for coarse aggregate.
Good gradation of aggregates is one of the most important factors for workable
concrete.
Conclusion
The physical and mechanical properties of aggregate is very important
because it indicates the strength and duarability of the coarse aggregate for concrete
mixture. Both of the sample of coarse aggregate from Mainit River and Kalambis
River had complied to the standard specification for specific gravity, absorption loss,
moisture content, clay lumps, and sieve analysis, except on wash loss on no. 200
where the values of both sample are greater than the maximum value of standard
specification for the test. To achieve a quality of an aggregate it needs to comply in
specification of all test for coarse aggregate. Therefore, this aggregates were not
suitable for some types of construction. These aggregates can only be used if it meets
the requirement of contract for construction base on its physical and mechanical
properties.

47

Recommendations
From the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations were made:
1. Values of properties of aggregate should be considered when using the
aggregate for concrete mixture.
2. The value of moisture content of both aggregate should be considered to
adjust the ratio of concrete so that it cant affect to the concrete structure.
3. Less cement paste or binder should be used when using this aggregates.
4. The value of unit weight of aggregates should be considered in selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures.
5. It is highly recommended to conduct a quality test of an aggregate before
it can be used on construction purposes.

48

LITERATURE CITED
"aggregate." Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.
"properties of aggregate." Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.
"materials testing." Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.
"rocks." Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.
http://www.in.gov/indot/files/chapter_03.pdf, retrieved on 09-03-14
http://www.sustainableaggregates.com/overview/uses.htm, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014
http://www.sandberg.co.uk/laboratories/construction-materials/aggregatetesting.html, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014
C 131-03 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse
Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine ASTM 2004
Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates
C 33-03 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02
Concrete and Aggregates
C 142 97 Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in
Aggregates ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates
C 566 97 Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates
D 75 03 Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02
Concrete and Aggregates
C 136 01 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates
C 117 03 Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in
Mineral Aggregates by Washing ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and
Aggregates
C 88 99a Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium
Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and
Aggregates
C 127 01 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity),

49

and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and
Aggregates
C 125 03 Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates
C 29/C 29M 97 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids
in Aggregate ASTM 2004 Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregates

50

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX B
COMPUTATIONS
COMPUTATIONS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Coarse Aggregates (Mainit River)
1.) wt. in air saturated surface dry (SSD)

3052.0

2.) wt. in air oven dry sample (OD)

2994.0

3.) wt. of sample in water (H2O)

1674.0
2994

A. Specific Gravity, (DRY)

2
1-3

B. Specific Gravity, (SSD)

1
1-3

2
2-3

C. Specific Gravity, (Apparent)

D. Absorption, %

1-2

100

= 2.173

1378
3052

= 2.215

1378
2994

= 2.268

1320
58
2994

X 100

Coarse Aggregates (Kalambis river)

1.) wt. in air saturated surface dry (SSD)

2843.0

2.) wt. in air oven dry sample (OD)

2797.0

3.) wt. of sample in water (H2O)

1495.0

A. Specific Gravity, (DRY)

B. Specific Gravity, (SSD)

D. Specific Gravity, (Apparent)

E. Absorption, %

1-2
2

1-3
1
1-3
2

2-3

100

2797
1348
2843

= 2.075

1348
2797

= 2.109

1302
46

= 2.148
X

2797

COMPUTATION OF UNIT WEIGHT

Coarse Aggregate (Mainit River)

Loose
A. Trial no.
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample
C. Wt. of Mold
D. Vol. of Mold

1
5.091
1.125
0.00296

2
4.962
1.125
0.00296

3
5.042
1.125
0.00296

100

= 1.645

= 1.937

54
E. Wt. of Sample

3.966
Ave :

3.837
3.907

3.917

wt. of sample
vol. of mold

Unit wt.=

3.907
0.00296

1320 kg/m3

1486 kg/m3

Rooded
A. Trial no.
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample
C. Wt. of Mold
D. Vol. of Mold
E. Wt. of Sample

1
5.563
1.125
0.00296
4.438
Ave :

2
5.539
1.125
0.00296
4.414
4.397

3
5.465
1.125
0.00296
4.34

wt. of sample
vol. of mold

Unit wt.=

4.397
0.00296

Coarse Aggregate (Kalambis river)

Loose

C. Wt. of Mold

1
4.912
1.125

2
4.923
1.125

3
4.916
1.125

D. Vol. of Mold

0.00296

0.00296

0.00296

E. Wt. of Sample

3.787
Ave :

3.798
3.792

3.791

A. Trial no.
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample

wt. of sample

Unit wt.=

vol. of mold

3.792

0.00296
Rodded

C. Wt. of Mold

1
5.245
1.125

2
5.289
1.125

3
5.397
1.125

D. Vol. of Mold

0.00296

0.00296

0.00296

4.12

4.164

4.272

A. Trial no.
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample

E. Wt. of Sample

1281 kg/m3

55
Ave :

4.185
wt. of sample
vol. of mold

Unit wt.=

4.185
0.00296

1414 kg/m3

COMPUTATION OF SOUNDNESS
Coarse aggregate (Mainit river)

Original
Grading

Sieve Size

of Sample
%

Weight of
Test
Fractions
Before Test,
g

Weight of
Test
Fractions
After Test,
g

Percentage
Passing
Designated
Sieve After
Test

Weighted
Percentage
Loss

SOUNDNESS TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATES

2 in to 2 in
2 in to 1in

20

4783

4105

14.18

2.84

45

1525

1467

3.80

1.71

in to 3/8

13

1008

906

10.12

1.34

3/8 in to NO. 4

12

298

274

8.05

0.97

Totals

90

7614

6752

36.15

6.85

1 in to 1 in
1 in to in
in to in

Coarse Aggregate (Kalambis river)

Sieve Size

Original
Grading

of Sample
%

Weight of
Test
Fractions
Before Test,
g

Weight of
Test
Fractions
After Test,
g

Percentage
Passing
Designated
Sieve After
Test

Weighted
Percentage
Loss

SOUNDNESS TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATES

2 in to 2 in
2 in to 1in

20

4783

4101

14.26

2.85

1 in to 1 in

45

1525

1461

4.20

1.89

56
1 in to in
in to in
in to 3/8

13

1008

901

10.62

1.41

3/8 in to NO. 4

12

298

270

9.40

1.13

Totals

90

7614

6733

38.47

7.27

COMPUTATION OF ABRASION LOSS

Coarse Aggregate (Mainit River)

A. Grading Used

B. No. of Spheres
C. Grading of Samples

12

Grading Of Samples For Abrasion Test (Mainit River)

Passing Sieve
Size

Retained Sieve
Size

Weight ( Gms.)

1 1/2"

1"

1250

1"

3/4"

1250

3/4"

1/2'

1250

1/2"

3/8"

1250

Total Weight

5000

D. Dry Weight Retained on Sieve No. 10 (After washing)

3514

E. Dry Weight Passing Sieve No. 10

1234

F. Abrasion Loss ( % )

29.72
40.0 Max

G. Specification ( % )

Coarse Aggregate (Kalambis river)

A. Grading Used

B. No. of Spheres

12

C. Grading of Samples

Grading Of Sample For Abrasion Test (Kalambis River)

57
Passing Sieve
Size

Retained Sieve
Size

Weight (Gms.)

1 1/2"

1"

1250

1"

3/4"

1250

3/4"

1/2'

1250

1/2"

3/8"

1250

Total Weight

5000

D. Dry Weight Retained on Sieve No. 10 (After washing)

3574

E. Dry Weight Passing Sieve No. 10

1234

F. Abrasion Loss ( % )

28.52
40.0 Max

G. Specification ( % )

COMPUTATION FOR CLAY LUMPS

Coarse Aggregate (Mainit River)

Size of Particles

Mass of

Mass of

Mass of

Clay Lumps

Making Up Test

Test

Test

Test

Sample Retained

Sample,

Sample,

Sample,

( 1 -2 / 1 ) x 100

before

after

min, g

soak,g

wash,g

No. 4 to 38-in.)

1000 min

0.0

38 to 34-in.)

2000 min

0.0

(34 to 112-in

3000 min

3005.2

2999.2

0.200

over 112-in.

5000 min

0.0

mm ~ inches

%Average Clay Lumps =

0.200

58

Coarse Aggregate (Kalambis River)

Size of Particles

Mass of

Mass of

Mass of

Clay Lumps

Making Up Test

Test

Test

Test

Sample Retained

Sample,

Sample,

Sample,

( 1 -2 / 1 ) x 100

before

after

min, g

soak,g

wash,g

No. 4 to 38-in.)

1000 min

0.0

38 to 34-in.)

2000 min

0.0

(34 to 112-in

3000 min

3002.5

2997.4

0.170

over 112-in.

5000 min

0.0

mm ~ inches

0.170

%Average Clay Lumps =

COMPUTATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse Aggregate (Mainit River)

Total :

Sieve Size
(inc.)

Wt. Retained
(gms)

% Retained

% Passing

Specification

3"
2 1/2"
2"
1 1/2"
1"
3/4"
1/2"
3/8"
#4
#8
#16
#200
Pan

0.0
0.0
0.0
1368.0
1522.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-

0.0
0.0
0.0
45.8
51.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-

100
100
100
54
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-

100
90 - 100
25 - 60
0 - 10
0-5
-

2,984.00

Original Wt. :

2890.0

Over Dry:

Mass of original sample: 3199 g.

Mass of dried sample: 2984 g.
Dry mass of sample after washing: 2890 g.

3,199.00

59
( )

Moisture Content =

=
Sieve Size

(31992984)
2984

100

100 = 7.21

(inc.)

Wt. Retained
(gms)

% Retained

% Passing

Specification

3"
2 1/2"
2"
1 1/2"
1"
3/4"
1/2"
3/8"
#4
#8
#16
#200
Pan

0.0
0.0
0.0
958.0
1923.0
0.0
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
-

0.0
0.0
0.0
30.7
61.6
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-

100
100
100
69
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
-

100
90 - 100
25 - 60
0 - 10
0-5
-

3,119.50

Original Wt. :

Total :

2887.3

Over Dry:

3,272.00

Mass of original sample: 3272 g.

Mass of dried sample: 3119.5 g.
Dry mass of sample after washing: 2887.3 g.
=

(32723119.5)
3119.5

100 = 4.89 %

COMPUTATION OF WASH LOSS ON SIEVE NO. 200

Coarse Aggregate (Mainit River)

Wash Loss =

( )
100

Wash Loss =

(2984 2890)
2984

100 = 3.15%

60

Coarse Aggregate (Kalambis River)

Wash Loss =

(3119.5 2887.3)
3119.5

100 = 7.44%

61

TEODORO VERBA CAETE JR.

__________________________________________________________________
Victory, Caibiran, Biliran

Mobile No: 09462823264

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information
Name

TEODORO VERBA CAETE JR.

Date of Birth

MARCH 24, 1994

Place of Birth

Victory, Caibiran, Biliran

Sex

Male

Civil Status

Single

Height

5.6

Weight

55 kilo

Father

Teodoro A. Caete Sr.

Mother

Gemma V. Caete

Religion

Roman Catholic

61

62

Educational Background
Elementary

Caibiran SPED Center

Caibiran, Biliran
2005-2006

Secondary

Manlabang National High School

Caibiran, Biliran
2009-2010

Collegiate

Naval State University

Naval, Biliran

62