NM324 Principal and Application of

Marine Machinery
Introduction:
10 hrs from Peilin Zhou
10 hrs from Gerasimos Theotokatos
Exam: End of semester 2
Final mark: 30% from CW + 70% from exam
Objective
To provide an understanding of major marine
machinery components and systems, their working
principles, design concepts and assembly drawings.
Topics to be covered (PLZ Part)
1. Fluid and pipe flow
2. Centrifugal pumps, including matching of
pumps with systems
3. Hydraulic systems
Recommended Reading
1.
2.

Mechanics of Fluid, B. S. Massey

Marine Auxiliary Machinery, H. D. McGeorge

Chapter 1: FULID AND PIPE FLOW

Reference book:
Mechanics of fluids, sixth edition, BS Massey
Marine engineering systems consist of largely
pipe systems performing the functionality of
ships. Pipe systems include water, fuel, oil,
gas/steam and cargo.
The chapter concentrates on fluid flow in pipe
systems, including flow resistance and
calculation in different pipe systems, starting
with the basics of Bernoullis equation.
Bernoulli's Equation

u12
p2 u22
+
+ z1 g =
+
+ z2 g
1 2
2 2
p1

p1
u12
p2
u22
+
+z =
+
+ z 2 = const.
1 g 2 g 1 2 g 2 g

or

u2
2g

1 P1
a1

u1

Z1

p2 2
a2
u2
Z2

Datum

+ z = const.

Physical meanings:

p
=h
g
u2
2g

(m) -- pressure head

(m) -- potential head

(m) -- velocity (kinetic) head

Total head =

u2
2g

+ z = const.

Laminar and turbulent flow

Laminar Flow
Definition: individual particles of fluid follow
paths that do not cross those of neighbouring
particles.
Therefore there is a velocity
gradient across the flow.
Main features: flow velocity is very low and
viscous force of flow predominates over the
inertia force.
y

Laminar flow along a flat surface

Laminar flow in a pipe

Flow resistance:
Newton's law: =

u
y

du
dy

or

for one dimension

flow
where: -- shear stress (N/m2)
-- dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
du/dy -- velocity gradient.
For flow in a pipe: =

u
r

Flow resistance: F = A
where: A -- total area, for a pipe A = dl
Turbulent Flow
Definition: random fluctuating components
are superimposed on the main flow in a pipe.
Reynolds number:

Re =

ud ud
=

where: Re-Reynolds
number
(nondimension)
-- density of the fluid (kg/m3)
u -- velocity (m/s)
d -- diameter of the pipe (m)
-- dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
= / -- kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
Experiments show that:
for laminar flow,
Re < 2000
for turbulent flow,
Re > 3000
transition flow, 2000< Re < 3000
Head loss in a pipe (turbulent flow)
Darcy equation:
l u2
hf = f
m 2g

where:
f -- friction factor / coefficient
l -- length of the pipe
u -- average velocity
m -- hydraulic diameter
m = cross-section area / perimeter in
contact
with fluid
For a pipe with an internal diameter of d
m=

d 2 / d = d / 4

then,

4l u 2
hf = f
d 2g

Friction factor (f)

f is a function of Reynolds number and the
relative roughness (k/d). where k is called
absolute roughness, ie. the mean diameter of
the grains attached on the inner surface of the
pipe.
MOODY DIAGRAM
For Re < 2000,
f = 16/Re (64/Re)
For a smooth pipe when 2000< Re < 100000,
f = 0.079 Re 1 / 4 -- Blasius's formula.
For the entire range of Re and k/d,
k 1.11
1
6.9
= 3.6 log10{
+(
) }
f
Re 3.71d

--

S.E

Haaland

formula
Accuracy of the above equation is 90-95 %.

Example 1, 2, 3 (page 204, Massey's 6th

edition)
Other head losses in pipes
a). Loss at abrupt enlargement

u1 u2
hl =
2g
2

u2

u1

b). Loss at abrupt contraction

2

u
hl = k 2
2g
d 2 / d1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.5 0.45 0.38 0.28 0.14 0

c). Loss at exit

u1

u1
hl =
2g

d).

Losses

u2 = 0

in
8

pipe fittings
hl = k

2g ,

Fluid power

Work = force x distance

=pAl
=pV
Power =work/time
=p V/t
where: Volume flow rate Q = V/t [m3/s],
Also, Q = V/t = (A l)/t = A (l/t) = A u = area x
flow velocity

Question:
For Q4 in the tutorial sheet, what is the
minimum power required for a pump to
transfer water from reservoir 2 to reservoir 1 at
a flow rate of 50 m3/h?

Transmission of Hydraulic Power By

Pipeline
Assume:
H (m) - total head supplied to the inlet
hp (m) - head at the outlet end
10

hf (m) - head loss by friction

Q (m3/s) - volume flow rate (discharge)
Then,
Power supplied at inlet = gHQ
Power available at outlet = ghpQ
Efficiency of transmission:
h=

where:

gh p Q
gHQ

hp
H

H = h p + hf
hp = H -hf
h =1

hf
H

Variation of hp, power and h with Q

hf is proportional to the square of flow
velocity
i.e. hf u2,
or hf = cu2

11

hp

hf
Q

Qmax

when Q = 0, u = 0,

thus hf = 0

Power = gQhp = gQ(H - hf)

= gAu(H - cu2)
where: Q = Au, and

hf = cu2

when Q (or u) = 0, Power transmitted = 0

Power transmitted , as Q
when cu2 = H, Power transmitted = 0
Power
Pmax

Let:

dPower
= 0,
du

gives, H - 3cu = 0

12

then,

1
3

3 hf = H, or hf = H
1
3

Max. power transmission occurs when hf = H,

2
3

or hp = H.
Multip Pipe systems
1. Pipe in series

Total loss:
Entry loss,
Friction loss in pipe 1,
Abrupt enlargement,
Friction loss in pipe 2,
Exit loss.

13

u22
u12
4l u 2
(u1 u2 ) 2
4l u 2
+(f
+(f
H = 0.5
)2 +
)1 +
d 2g
d 2g
2g
2g
2g

2. Pipes in parallel

Q = QA + QB
When steady flow is established:
(hf)A = (hf)B
4l u 2
4l u 2
(f
)A = ( f
)B
d 2g
d 2g

or

lA = l B
2

then

u
fA A
dA

u
= fB B
dB

fA = f(Re, k/d), and

Re =

14

The trial and error method should be used to

solve the problems involving parallel flow.
Pipe Networks
Piezometer
A

Qa

Za

Qb
J

Zb

Qc
C

Qd
ZJ

Zc

D
Zd

Assume the directions of flow in pipes to be

toward junction J.
At Junction J:
Qa + Qb + Qc + Qd = 0
la 16Qa2
4la ua2

= 4 fa ( ) 2 4
Z a Z J = (h f ) a = f a
da da 2 g
da 2 g
Qa
Q
= da2
Aa 4a

where:

ua =

then,

Qa2
u = 16 2 4
da
2
a

15

Thus,
where:
Now:

64 f alaQa2
Za Z J = 2 5
= kaQa2
da 2 g
64 f l
ka = 2 5a a
da 2 g
Z a Z J = kaQa2
Z b Z J = kbQb2

Z c Z J = kcQc2
Z d Z J = k d Qd2

Qa + Qb + Qc + Qd = 0

To solve 9 unknowns with 5 simultaneous

equations, error and trial method should be
used
For each pipe: h = kQ2, and
then,

dh = 2kQdQ = 2

k = h / Q2

h
dQ
Q

Procedure:
1. Assume an estimate ZJ, with the given
conditions.
2. Calculate ka, kb, kc, and kd
3. Calculate ha, hb, hc, and hd by ha = Za ZJ, etc.
4. Calculate Qa = ha k , etc.
a
5. If Qa + Qb + Qc + Qd = 0 , then, the problem is
solved.
16

6. If Qa + Qb + Qc + Qd = Q , then, correct ZJ as
follow:
Q = Qa + Qb + Qc + Qd
=

Q
Q
Q
Qa
dha + b dhb + c dhc + d dhd
2ha
2hb
2hc
2hd

At J,

dh = dha,= dhb,= dhc, =dhd

then,

1 d
Q = Qd dh
2 i =a
2Q
dh = d
Q
d

and,

i =a

7. Assume a new head at J by ZJ = ZJ + dh,

and go to step 3 until Q 0 .
Example: Four pipes from reservoirs meet at
a point J, viz.:
Pipe

Reservoir level
above datum (m)

Diameter
(m)

100

Pipe
length
(m)
3000

1.5

110

6000

1.00

80

3000

1.0

0.00
4
0.00
7
0.00
6

17

40

10000

2.0

0.00
4

Determine the flow in each pipe, and the

pressure at J.
Solution:
40m < ZJ < 110 m, let ZJ = 80 m first. Then,
Pipe
k
h(m)
Q= h k
a
0.522
100-80=20
6.19
b
13.88
110-80=30
2.16
c
5.95
80-80=0
0
d
13.22
40-80=-40 -3.025
Q =
5.325
dh = 2Q

(Q / h)

= 2 5.325 / 0.457 = 23.27 m

Make the second estimation:

ZJ = 80 + 23.27 = 103.27 m
Pipe
a
b
c
d

h(m)
-3.27
6.73
-23.27
-63.27

Q= h k
-25.03
0.696
-1.978
-2.188
Q =-5.973

Q/h
0.765
0.103
0.085
0.034
= 0.988
18

Q/h
0.31
0.072
0
0.075
Q / h=
0.457

dh = 2 x (-5.973)/0.988 = -12.09 m
Third estimation
ZJ = 103.27 - 12.09 = 91.18 m
Pipe
a
b
c
d

h(m)
8.82
18.87
-11.18
-51.18

Q= h k
4.11
1.165
-1.370
-1.967
Q =1.93873

dh = 2 x 1.938/0.7227 = 5.367 m

Q/h
0.5
0.062
0.122
0.038
= 0.7227

Take the 4th estimation h = dh / 2 = 2.681 m

ZJ = 91.18 + 2.681 = 93.86 m
then, Q = 0.965
Ans. Qa=4.11; Qb=1.165; Qc=-1.37;
Qd=-1.967 m3/s; and ZJ = 93.86 m

19